语言学十套题名词解释.doc

A lingua franca:A lingua franca is a language or way of communicating which is used between people who do not speak one anothers native language. (讲不同母语的人之间的)通用语Argument论元:In logic,an argument is a stem which refers to some entity about which a statement is being made.Applied linguistics应用语言学:Applied linguistics is the research associated with language teaching in its narrow sense.In its broad sense it refers to the research regarding means of application of linguistics in other disciplines.Bound root:Bound root are those which cannot occur alone.They must appear with at least another morpheme.Such as -ceive in receive,perceive,and conceive.Bilingual双语现象:Bilingual means involving or using two languages.Connotation内涵: Philosophers use connotation,opposite to denotation,to mean the properties of entity a word denotes.Creole混合语:Creole is a Pidgin that has become the primary language of a speech community and is acquired by the children of that community as their native language.Cooperative Principle:Cooperative Principle(CP for short )was proposed by Paul Grice.It suggests that in making conversation the participants must be willing to co-operate,otherwise it would not be possible for them to carry on the conversation.To specify the CP further,Grice introduced four Maxims:Maxim of Quality,Maxim of Quantity,Maxim of relevance,Maxim of Manner.The significance of Grices CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for speaker to convey more than what is literally said.Context语境:The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer. Converse antonymy反向反义:Converse antonymy is a special type of antonymy in that the members of a pair do not constitute positive-negative opposition.They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities. Co-hyponym:several members of the same superordinate.Complementary distribution互补分布:The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context.When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.Complementary antonymy互补反义词:Means the members of a pair in this type are complemtary to each other. That is they divide up the whole of a semantic field completely. Displacement:Displacement means that human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.Dialect方言：a form of a language that is spoken in a particular area.Diacritics变音符: a mark, point, or sign added or attached to a letter or character todistinguish it from another of similar form, to give it a particular phonetic value, to indicate stress,etc., as a cedilla, tilde, circumflex, or macron.Diachronic linguistics:Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history;therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.Derivational affixes派生词缀:refer to affixes that are added to words in order to change its grammatical category or its meaning.Descriptive study描述性研究:is a linguistic approach which studies what language ought to be and it tries to find the rules that the members of a language community actually conform instead of imposition on other rules,norms.Esperanto世界语:is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language.Equivalence对等:refers to the extent which the source language is similar to the target language in terms of form and meaning or stylistic features.Entailment衍推:is a logical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of second necessarily follows from the truth of the first,while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second.Inflectional affixes屈折前缀:such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.Grimms law格林法则: (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or the Rasks-Grimms rule), named for Jacob Grimm, is a set of statements describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European(PIE) stops as they developed in Proto-Germanic(PGmc, the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family) in the 1st millennium BC. It establishes a set of regular correspondences between early Germanic stops and fricatives and the stop consonants of certain other centum Indo-European languages (Grimm used mostly Latin and Greek for illustration). As it is presently formulated.Grammatical marker语法标记:Grammatical relations语法关系:the structural and logical function relation of constituents are called grammatical relation.The grammatical relation of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentences relates to the verb.In many cases,grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom.Gradable language:qualitative adjectives that vary the adjectives grade or intensity.General linguistics普通语言学:The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. Langue 语言 & parole 言语:langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Locutionary act,illocutionary act,and perlocutionary act:Locutionary act发话行为:When we speak we move our vocal organs and produces a number of sounds,organized in a certain way with a certain meaning.The act performed in this sense is called locutionary act.Illocutionary act行事行为: Illocutionary act refers to the action of making clear the purpose of speaking by producing utterances.That is,to say sth.is to do sth.For example,when we make utterance”Hello”,we perform the action of greeting.perlocutionary act取消行为:perlocutionary act refers to the act that the speakers perform through a locutionary act,and brings about effects upon hearers.LAN:Language transfer语言转化:refers to the learners will subconsciously use their knowledge in learning a second language.Narrow transcription严式标音:diacritics are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.Negative transfer负迁移:is the obstruction of or interference with new learning because of previous learning, and relates to the experience with one set of events could hurt performance on related tasks.Prescriptive规定性and descriptive描述性:A prescriptive approach to something involves telling people what they should do, rather than simply giving suggestions or describing what is done. Descriptive language or writing indicates what someone or something is like. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Polysemy多义词: refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning.Pragmatics语用学:is the study of meaning in context,is concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured.Reference指称:Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world;it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example,if we say, “The dog is barking,”we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog”refers to in this particular situation in the reference of the word “dog” .Synchronic and diachronic共时与历时：The description of a language at some point of time (as if it stopped developing) is a synchrony study .The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. Semantic broadening语义扩展:is the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation.Selectional restrictions:In order to block the generation of odd sentences like Colorful green ideas sleep furiously,some linguists introduce some selection restrictions as constraints on the combination process.选择限制，为了防止Colorful green ideas sleep furiously这样怪异的句子，语言学家提出了一些选择限制以制约意义组合过程。Speech act theory言语行为理论:A speech act is an act that a speaker performs when making an utterance, including the following:A general act (illocutionary act) that a speaker performs, analyzable as including -the uttering of words (utterance acts) - making reference and predicating (propositional acts), and - a particular intention in making the utterance (illocutionary force) An act involved in the illocutionary act, including utterance acts and propositional acts The producti