大工09春《大学英语4》辅导资料十八.doc

大连理工大学辅导资料大学英语4辅导资料十八主 题：大学英语4复习资料（三）学习时间：2009年8月17日8月23日内 容：大学英语4复习资料（三）大学英语4复习资料向同学们介绍英语学习的方法，考试的技巧等。复习资料三主要介绍大学英语四级考试简答题、翻译和作文的知识汇总。一、大学英语四级考试翻译的拆分与组合翻译考试每年的平均分是4分到五分之间，同学们之所以在此拿分水平比较低的原因是没有掌握答题的方法。大家为什么得到这么低的分数，是因为单词不认识吗?不是。是因为句子不熟悉吗?也不是。而是做题的时候特别的着急，以至于一上来就从第一个单词翻译到最后一个单词，于是就遭遇了很严重的困难。在翻译的考试中，内容五分，句式五分，内容每年千变万化，但句式永远是那么几个套路，包括定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句、倒装、虚拟、否定、强调、比较结构。因此09年同学们在考场上见到的句子，必然是你以前见到过的样子，这就叫做例句重现。而另外五分内容要准备什么，那就是单词的问题。这些词汇与阅读中的核心词汇是相通的，因此翻译和阅读应该放在一起来复习，共同解决长难句和词汇问题。(一)翻译做题原则翻译当中最重要的准则就叫做“拆分与组合”，这和一个人一样，我们可以对他的一些关节进行一个拆分，然后再把人体从新组合。拆分的时候需要把上至下肢切开，让它考(试*大成为你耳熟能详的“三节棍”，而组合的时候需要把“关节”连词加上，这样就可以将英文的句子拆分成一个一个简单句，再将其转化成汉语，最后用恰当的中文连接。那么我们怎么做拆分与组合?方法只有十个字：“结构看虚词，动词再定位”。首先需要寻找一句话中的虚词概念，将其在虚词引导的从句处切开，然后在寻找完整的“主谓宾”核心动词句。例如：2007-47On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner /which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis /as they cover and comment on the news.虚词：which，as动词句1：it links these concepts to everyday realities它将这些概念和日常现象联系起来动词句2：which is parallel to the links 它和一些联系相似动词句3：journalists forge on a daily basis /记者基于日常基础上形成动词句4：they cover and comment on the news.他们对新闻进行报道和评论。四个动词句找出来以后，一半的分数已经拿到手里了，这时候再补充一些不太重要的修饰成分，比如in a manner，和连词连接，比如which的指代和as的连接，最后代词it一定要把他指代的名词找出来，因为这属于得分点。(二)翻译复习原则考试原则：history repeats。有些考点在翻译中反复考察，可见其必然为考试的重点内容，比如intellectual这个单词，曾经在翻译中考察过三次之多;比如while做连词的用法，每次考试的考(试*大意思都为“尽管，然而”;work做动词的用法，不是“工作”，而是“有效，起作用”。以rather than为例，在各年考题中重复的概率极高因为在复习备考过程中要注意汇总各年考题中反复出现的情况。2001-72Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools1994-74The planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.1997-75An instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at2007-46Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institution as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.希望同学们最后阶段抓住我们的“拆分与组合”方法，牢记“真题观”，在翻译的备考中找到光亮和希望，只要努力，只要踏实，都会成功!英语和汉语是两种差异比较大的语言，英语重形合，汉语重意合。有人把英语句子比喻为树木丛生、干枝纠缠的树林，脉络难析，主次难辨，而把汉语句子比喻为枝干分明的竹林，脉络清晰，主次易辨。翻译时，根据表达习惯，英语、汉语的句子结构有时需要进行相应的转换。英汉语复合句中主句和从句之间的时间顺序和逻辑顺序也不完全一致，因此，翻译时，也时常需要根据表达习惯，对句序进行相应的调整。现代翻译理论认为，句子是最重要的翻译单位。大学 英语四级考试中的翻译题型也是以句子翻译为主。考生如果能够熟练掌握句子翻译的基本方法，那么对于处理四级考试中的句子翻译题必将是如虎添翼。本期着重介绍常用的句子翻译方法：正反、反正表达法，分句、合句法。正反、反正表达法由于民族文化和思维方式不同，英汉两种语言在表达同一概念时所采用的方式就有所不同。在表达否定概念时，英语和汉语使用的词汇、语法、语言逻辑就有很大的差异。汉语中有些词、短语或者句子是从反面表达的，而译成英语时则需要从正面进行表达，如例1、例2、例3。反之，汉语中有些从正面表达的词、短语或者句子，译成英语时需要从反面进行表达，如例4、例5、例6。此外，汉语还有一些特殊的句子结构，如双重否定(例7)、否定转移(例8)在译成英语时也需要引起我们的注意。一、I.汉语从反面表达，译文从正面表达例1：他提出的论据相当不充实。译文：The argument he put forward is pretty thin. (词)例2：我们确信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。译文：We are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. (短语)例3：他七十岁了，可是并不显老。译文：He was 70, but he carried his years lightly. (句子)II.汉语从正面表达，译文从反面表达例4：他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。译文：He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious. (词)例5：调查结果清清楚楚地显示病人死于心脏病。译文：The investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease (短语)例6：这类举动迟早会被人发觉的。译文：Such actions couldnt long escape notice. (句子)III.特殊的否定句式例7：有利必有弊。译文：There is not any advantage without disadvantage. (双重否定)例8：我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。译文：In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews. (否定转移)二、分句、合句法很多情况下，翻译句子的时候，需要调整原来的句子结构，分句法和合句法是调整原文句子的两种重要的方法。所谓分句法就是把原文的一个简单句译为两个或两个以上的句子。所谓合句法就是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个单句。I.分句法汉译英时，需要分译的句子多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句，就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚，也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译，则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。如以下五个例子：例1. 少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰竭时，要做学问也来不及了。(按内容层次分译)译文： Youth will soon be gone， never to return. And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.例2. 她隔窗望去，突然发现有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。(从主语变换处分译)译文： Looking through the window, she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank. In it there was a boatman fast asleep.例3. 声速随温度的升降会有轻微的增减，但不受气压的影响。(从关联词处分译)译文： The speed of sound increases slightly with a rise in temperature and falls with decrease in temperature. It is not affected by the pressure of the air.例4. 我们的政策是实行一个国家，两种制度，具体说，就是在中华人民共和国内，有着十多亿人口的大陆实行社会主义制度，香港、台湾地区实行资本主义制度。(原文出现总说或分述时要分译)译文： We are pursuing a policy of one country with two systems. More specifically, this means that within the Peoples Republic of China, the mainland with its more than one billion people will maintain the socialist system, while Hong Kong and Taiwan continue under the capitalist system.例5. 我们主张对我国神圣领土台湾实行和平统一，有关的政策，也是众所周知和不会改变的，并且正在深入人心。(为了强调语气而采用分译)译文： We want peaceful reunification with Taiwan which is part of our sacred territory. Our policy in this regard is also known to all and will not change. The desire for peaceful reunification of the motherland is taking hold in the hearts of the entire Chinese nation.II.合句法英汉两种语言的句子结构不完全相同，尽管英语句子日趋简洁，但是从句套从句，短语含短语的句型也是频频出现。一般而言，一个英语句子的信息包含量要大于一个汉语句子，因此，我们在做汉译英的时候，常常把汉语的两个句子，甚至更多句子，合译成英语的一句。使用合句法还可以使译文紧凑、简练。如以下三个例子：例6：一代人与一代人之间的冲突，也就是年轻人与老年人的冲突，似乎是最可笑的。因为这就是现在的自己与将来的自己，或者说过去的自己与现在的自己的冲突。(在关联词处合译)译文：A conflict between the generations between youth and age seems the most stupid, for it is one between oneself as one is and oneself as one will be, or between oneself as one was and oneself as one is.例7：对我来说，我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。(从主语变换处合译)译文：To me my aquarium is like my own little kingdom where I am king.例8：第二天，我又接到一个电报。这个电报有34个字，比前一个电报说得更详细。(按内容连贯合译)译文：The following day I received another telegram consisting of 34 ciphers, giving more details.二、大学英语四级考试作文评分标准和错误总结评分标准2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯;语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。(注: 白卷, 作文与题目毫不相关, 或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。)常见写作错误一、主语错误1. 主语缺失1)In our country feels very free.People feel free in our country.2)In my hometown arent very busy.People in my hometown are very busy.2. 非名词主语1)Rich doesnt ensure a happy life.Being rich doesnt mean a happy life. / Wealth doesnt ensure a happy life.2)Keep two full-time jobs is simply impossible.Keeping two full-time jobs is simply impossible.3. 主谓错位1)Reading books can acquire knowledge.People can acquire knowledge from books.2)Now peoples lives cant leave TV.Now people cant do without TV.二、谓语错误1. 多重谓语1)In our modern society, there are many examples around us show that many people are cheated.In our modern society, many examples around us show that many people are cheated. / A large number of people have fallen victim to various tricks.2)Poverty makes many people cant study abroad.Poverty makes many people unable to study abroad. / Poverty makes it impossible for many people to study abroad. / Poverty prevents many people from studying abroad. / Many people cant study abroad because of poverty.2. 非动词谓语1)Some people firmly agree, but others against it.Some people firmly agree, but others are against it.2)It is said that the place worths touring.It is said that the place is worth touring.3. 主谓不一致1)I have to visit the teacher who teach me College English.I have to visit the teacher who teaches me College English.2)I use a disk because it hold plenty of data.I use a disk because it holds plenty of data.4. 误用词组1)They insist on post-graduate study is very important for them.They insist that post-graduate study is very important for them.2)I am afraid of that its going to rain.I am afraid that its going to rain.三、冠词错误1)In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising.In my opinion, the future of the bicycle is very promising.2) They suggest that we should choose only the good books to read and never touch the bad ones.They suggest that we should choose only good books to read and never touch bad ones.四、代词错误1. 偷梁换柱1) An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, he should not plagiarize.2) If we cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone.If we cheat others, friends will never believe us and they will leave us along. / If you cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone.2. 指代不明1) He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, which nobody believed.He gave a reason, which nobody believed, for not attending the meeting. / He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, a reason which nobody believed.2) Sometimes teachers have to inform the students of the heavy burden they have to bear.Sometimes teachers have to inform the students of the heavy burden students have to bear.三、大学英语四级考试作文开头结尾万能公式一 开头万能公式：1.开头万能公式一：名人名言有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办?尤其是英语名言?”，很好办：编!原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦!而且没准将来我们就是名人呢!对吧?经典句型：A proverb says, “ You are only young once.” (适用于已记住的名言)It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. (适用于自编名言)更多经典句型：As everyone knows, No one can deny that2.开头万能公式二：数字统计原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。原则上在议论文当中不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造：Ho