汉译英长句的翻译方法.ppt

1,汉译英长句翻译的基本方法,主讲教师：徐剑平,2,每日练习,我们恢复和采取这些贸易方式的原因很简单：我们出口商品就是为了满足国外客户消费方面的需要。 The reason why we have restored and adopted these trade practices is very simple. Our export commodities are to meet the need of the consumption of our foreign customers. .,3,也许有些人很可恶，有些人很卑鄙（despicable）。而当我设身为他想象的时候，我才知道：他比我还可怜。所以请原谅所有你见过的人，好人或者坏人 Some may be wicked, and some may be despicable. Only when I put myself in his position did I know he is more miserable than I. So forgive all that you have met, no matter what kind of persons they are.,4,形合和意合问题,5,基本方法,合并法 正译法和反译法 倒置法 插入法,6,合并法,合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句 (1)根据原文各句之间的逻辑关系，在译文的句与句之间加上连接词语如and,while,for.with,7,Case 1,中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。 China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses. 旧历新年快来了。这是一年中的第一件大事。除了那些负债过多的人以外，大家都热烈地欢迎这个佳节的到来,8,Case 2,The traditional New Year was soon approaching, the first big event of the year, and everyone, except those who owed heavy debts was enthusiastically looking forward to it 男人在结婚前觉得适合自己的女人很少，结婚后觉得适合自己的女人很多 Man might think that few women fit him before his marriage, and contrarily when they get married.,9,Case 3,农民缺乏培训，许多农场生产效率低，使得绝大多数农村人口在国内处于不利的地位。 译：Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the vast majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own country.,10,Case 3,没有农业，人类便不能生存，社会生产也就不能继续下去。 译：But for agriculture, man could not exist, nor could social production proceed. (2)原文是并列句，排比句。 我们不能出卖我们的国格，不能出卖我们的人民。 We can neither give up our national dignity nor betray our people.,11,主从区分法,汉语复句中往往不用关联词，分句之间的逻辑关系在很多情况下主要靠顺序来表示，即采用所谓“意合法”。同时，汉语复句里接二连三出现的动词，从形式上看，它们都是平等的，没有主从，偏正之分；从逻辑上分析，分句之间也有主从之分。一般说来，凡是为主的分句即正句，用英语限定式动词结构来表达；从属的分句即偏句，用非限定式动词短语，介词短语，或增加从属关联词，或通过其他各种从句形式来处理。,12,Case 1,表示原因或结果的部分，一般应从属于表示结果的部分 他们患得患失，拒绝接受分配给他们的任务。 Considering the gain and loss,they refused to accept the jobs assigned to them. 没有农业，人类便不能生存，社会生产也就不能继续下去。 译：But for agriculture, man could not exist, nor could social production proceed.,13,Case 2,表示方式或状态的部分，一般应从属于表示行为或动作的部分。 其后走过三个人，都有四五十岁光景，手摇白纸扇，缓步而来。 Behind him came three men, all some forty to fifty years old. Fanning themselves with white paper fans, they advanced slowly.,14,Case 3,表示方法和手段的部分，应从属于表示目的的部分 我们用自己动手的方法，达到了丰衣足食的目的。 By using our own hands we have attained the objective of “ample food and clothing”.,15,Case 4,属于修饰或说明关系的分句或短语，一般应译作从属部分。 这个战争，在东方历史上是空前的，在世界历史上也将是伟大的，全世界人民都关心这个战争。 The people of the whole world are concerned about this war,which has no precedent in the history of the East,and which will be a great war in world history,too.,16,Case 5,背景情况描述部分，一般应从属于结论部分 帝国主义国家对外侵略扩张，争夺世界霸权，必然走向战争。 Engaged in aggression and expansion abroad for the purpose of the world hegemony,the imperialist inevitably will go to war.,17,Case 6,否定或反说部分，一般应从属于肯定或正说部分。 国际争端在此基础上予以解决，而不诉诸武力威胁。 International disputes should be settled on this basis, without resorting to the use of threat or force.,18,正译法和反译法,这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。,19,Case 1,在美国，人人都能买到枪。 译1：In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译) 译2：In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译),20,Case 2,他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。 译1：He still could not understand me. (正译) 译2：Still he failed to understand me. (反译),21,倒置法,在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。,22,Case 1,改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。 译：Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.,23,Case 2,我原来计划今年二月访问美国，后来不得不推迟，这使我感到很扫兴。 译：It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to U.S. in February.,24,插入法,指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。,25,Case,如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的“带来灾难性的影响”，那我们要勇敢地面对这个灾难，做出决策。 译：If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, “disastrous effects,” we will face up to that disaster and make a new policy decision. (用前后逗号插入信息）,26,连动式表达法,所谓“连动式”即同一主语可以有两个或以上的动词做谓语。连动式分为并列式，从属式和链式三种。 并列式连动式中的几个动词表示动作间先后关系或同时关系。表示两个动作的同时或几乎同时关系，常将其中比较次要的译作英语中的现在分词（作伴随状况的状语）；表示两个动作先后关系时，常译作两个谓语动词，并用and连接. 这个犯罪团伙，持枪抢劫，杀人越货，真是罪大莫及。,27,Case 1,This band of criminal gunman hijacked trucks,killed drivers and looted the goods.Even death cannot atone for their offence. 从属式连动式的几个动词有主次之分，主要动词与次要动词之间有目的，方式，条件，因果关系，翻译时，一般将主要动词译成英语的谓语动词，将其他的动词译成恰当的形式（不定式，分词，介词短语等），以表示出它们与谓语动词的逻辑关系。,28,文学翻译练习,Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; 黄色的树林里分出两条路 , 可惜我不能同时去涉足 , 我在那路口久久伫立 , 我向着一条路极目望去 , 直到它消失在丛林深处。,29,Part 2,Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, 但我却选了另外一条路 , 它荒草萎萎 , 十分幽寂 , 显得更诱人 , 更美丽 ; 虽然在这两条小路上 , 都很少留下旅人的足迹,30,Part 3,And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black.? Oh, I kept the first for another day! 虽然那天清晨落叶满地 , 两条路都未经脚印污染。 呵 , 留下一条路等改日再见 !,31,Part 4,Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh 但我知道路径延绵无尽头 , 恐怕我难以再回返。 也许多少年后在某个地方 ,32,Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. 我将轻声叹息将往事回顾 : 一片树林里分出两条路一一 而我选了人迹更少的一条 从此决定了我一生的道路,33,Hamlet,To be，or not to be- that is the question： Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them.,34,是生存还是毁灭，这是一个问题。 默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭。 或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难， 在奋斗中结束了一切， 这两种行为，哪一种是更勇敢的？,35,My Heart Will Go On 我心依旧,Every night in my dreams I see you, I feel you. That is how I know you go on. Far across the distance, and spaces between us You have come to show you go on. 夜夜长梦梦见你 , 抚摩你。 所以你爱依旧我心知 跨越我们之间的距离和空间 梦里相见表明你爱依旧。,36,Near, far, wherever you are, I believe that the heart does go on. Once more, you open the door And youre here in my heart, And my heart will go on and on. 近在咫尺远在天涯 , 不论你在何方 , 我相信爱心依旧。 再一次 , 你推开门扉 你出现在我的心里 , 我心依旧我心依旧。,37,Love can touch us one time and last for a lifetime. And never let go till were gone. Love was when I loved you, one true time I hold to. In my life well always go on. 爱情触动我们一回 , 持续一生 , 只要生命存在就别放弃爱情 钟爱你的时候 , 爱情是我忠贞不渝的一段光阴 在我的生活中我们将永远相爱,38,爱情触动我们一回 , 持续一生 , 只要生命存在就别放弃爱情 钟爱你的时候 , 爱情是我忠贞不渝的一段光阴 在我的生活中我们将永远相爱。,39,Near, far, wherever you are, I believe that the heart does go on. Once more, you opened the door. And youre here in my heart, And my heart will go on and on. 近在咫尺远在天涯 , 不论你在何方 , 我相信爱心依旧。 再一次 ,你推开门扉 你出现在我的心里 , 我心依旧我心依旧。,40,Youre here, theres nothing I fear, And I know that my heart will go on. Well stay forever this way, You are safe in my heart, And my heart will go on and on. 你在这里 , 我就无所畏惧 , 我知道我心依旧 我们将永不变心。 你安然元恙在我的心里。 我心依旧我心依旧。,41,静夜思 李白,床前明月光，疑是地上霜。 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 1. In the still of the night I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be grey frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tilt back my head. I yearn, while stooping , for my homeland more.,42,1. A tranquil Night Abed, I see a silver light, I wonder if its frost aground. Looking up, I find the moon bright; Bowing, in homesickness Im concerned.,43,1. In the Quiet Night So bright a gleam on the foot of my bed- Could there have been a frost already? Lifting my head to look, I found that it was moonlight. Sinking back again, I thought suddenly of home.,44,寓言故事,(1). The Dogs and the Fox Some dogs found the skin of a lion and began to tear it to pieces with their teeth. A fox, seeing them, said, “ If this lion were alive, you would soon find out that his claws were stronger than your teeth.” It is easy to kick a man that is down.,45,Translating version,(1) 狗和狐狸 几条狗捡到一张狮子皮 , 他们就用尖牙把它撕成一片片。狐狸看见了就说 :“ 这狮子如果是活的 , 你们就会懂得狮子的爪子比你们的牙齿还厉害得多哩。 “ 打落水狗并不难。,46,2,(2). The Countryman and the Snake A countryman returning home one winters day, found a snake by the hedge-side, half dead with cold. Taking compassion on the creature, he laid it in his bosom and brought it home to his fire-side to revive it. No sooner had the warmth restored it, than it began to attack the children of the cottage. Upon this the countryman, whose compassion had saved its life, took up a club and laid the snake dead at his feet.,47,Translating version,一个冬日里 , 有个农夫在回家路发现篱笆旁边有一条冻得半死的蛇。他对这条蛇起了怜悯之心 , 便把它抱在怀里带回家去 , 放在炉边 , 让它暖和过来。温暖的炉火才使蛇醒不久 , 它就开始追咬屋里的小孩。这位好心把蛇救活了的农夫 , 只好举起棍子 , 把它打死在脚下。,48,3,(3). The Thief and the Dog A thief coming to rob a house would have stopped the barking of a dog by throwing bread to him. “Away with you!” said the dog. “ I had my suspicious of you before, but this excess of civility assures me that you are a rogue.” A bride in hand betrays mischief at heart.,49,Translating version,一个小偷来到一户人家偷东西 , 为了让狗不再吠叫 , 就扔给狗一块面包。狗说 :“ 你滚吧 ! 起初我还只是有点怀疑 , 但你这样过分礼貌却使我断定你是个坏蛋。 “ 手里的贿赂暴露了心中的险恶。,50,4,A crowd of students was gathered on the campus of Oxford University. “You can have no doubt,” shouted a young man excitedly, “ that if the Dean does not take back what he said to me this morning, Ill leave Oxford this very evening!” A buzzing noise followed. “What a man of action!” one said in admiration. “How should we support him and learn from him!” said another. Suddenly, a girl asked, “Well,erer Miss Rose, er he told me to get clean away from Oxford this evening!”,51,Translating version,牛津大学的校园里 , 有一群学生聚集在一起 , 一位男生在慷慨陈词 :“ 请你们相信 , 如果教务长不收回今晨他对我说过的话 , 我就在今晚离开牛津大学 !“ 接着 , 学生们议论纷纷。这个叹服地说 :“ 真不愧是个说话算话的大丈夫啊 !“ 那个说 :“ 我们应该支持他并向他学习哪 !“ 忽然 , 一位女生问 :“ 霍布 , 教务长跟你说什么来着 ?“ 他弯下腰来 , 小声地对她耳语 :“ 这个 , 嗯嗯罗斯小姐 呀 , 嗯他叫我就在今晚滚出牛津 !,52,Chinese humors,(1) 一起走 女 :“ 这个家 , 我再也呆不下去了 , 我马上就离开 男 :“ 这个家 , 我也呆不下去了 , 等等我 , 我和你一起走。 (1) Leave Together Wife, “This home is a wreck. I cant stand it anymore, Im leaving. “ Husband , “Youre right. This home is a wreck. Wait, Ill go with you. “,53,2,(2) 别老迟到 女儿：“ 我每次跟他约会 , 他下巴的胡子总是没刮干净 , 不知什么原因？ 父亲 :“ 以后约会 , 你不要再迟到太久就行了。 “ 2) Dont Always Arrive Late Daughter, “Every time I have a date with him. he never shaves. I just dont know why. “