非谓语ing讲解及用法.doc

Ing 用法 By Zhou CanhuaV.ing形式“回眸”动词-ing形式我们已经比较系统地学习过动词ing形式的用法，现在简要回顾一下：判断其作何种成分。(1) This is an interesting book. ( )(2) The woman sitting by the window is our maths teacher. ( )(3) Seeing the bird, the bear suddenly stood up. ( )(4) I saw the man walking on the street yesterday. ( )(5) Playing football is his favorite sport. ( )(6) I didnt stop working last night. ( )(7) My work is teaching English. ( )动词-ing是动词非谓语形式中的一种, 单独使用时, 能在句中做除 _ 之外的任何其他句子成分。如: 主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾补等。作状语时，可表时间、条件、原因、让步或伴随。动词-ing形式的否定式是在其前加not；动词-ing形式的完成式为 ；动词-ing形式的被动式为 ；动词-ing形式的完成被动式为 ；动词-ing形式之前可以有自己的逻辑主语，这种逻辑主谓结构称为 ，在句中作状语，如本单元中出现的句子： The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this being my first experience, I stayed at the top and watched them.聚焦V-ing形式作状语V-ing形式作状语，可表示时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件等。试判断下面句子属于何种状语：1. She sat at the desk reading a newspaper. ( ) 2. Hang Wei went to school, taking a train. ( ) 3. While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. ( ) 4. Not having received a reply, we wrote again. ( )5. Heating water，we can change it into vapor ( )一、现在分词短语作时间状语有以下情况：1分词动作一发生，谓语动作紧跟着发生，这时用现在分词的一般式作时间状语，其逻辑主语为句中的主语。常用hear,see,arrive,return,getto,look,open,close,leave,turnaround,walk等，表示一个极短暂动作。此种情况可以换作on+动名词，表示相同的意思。译作一（刚）就。此种情况也可以换作是when引导的时间状语从句，该从句的动词多用一般过去时表示。如：Hearingtheirteachersvoice,thepupilsstoppedtalkingatonce.（=Onhearingtheirteachersvoice=Whentheyheardtheirteachersvoice,thepupils）一听到教师的声音，学生们立即停止讲话。2谓语动作发生在分词所表示的动作过程之中，则用when/while+现在分词的一般式，分词的逻辑主语为句中的主语。此种情况可以用in+动名词的一般式代替。也可以换作when、while引导的时间状语从句，该从句的谓语动词用进行时态。如：Dontbecarelesswhen/whilehavinganexam.=Dontbecarelessinhavinganexam.=Dontbecarelesswhen/whileyouarehavinganexam.考试时不要粗心。二 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday.由于生病，他昨天没有上学。(= Since he was ill.)Because I didnt master the way of studying, I didnt get a good result. = Not mastering the way of studying, I didnt get a good result.As I was so worried, I couldnt go to sleep.= Being so worried, I couldnt go to sleep.三 表示结果，相当于一个结果状语。His father died, leaving him a lot of money.= thus, left him a lot of money.他父亲死了，留给他许多钱.四 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.=If you work hard at your lessons如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。If you pass the three years, youll grow up.= Passing the three years, youll grow up.If you dont make use of the time, youll regret.= Not making use of the time, youll regret.五 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.= Although they knew all this.尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。Although I studied from morning till night, I didnt pass the exam.= Studying from morning till night, I didnt pass the exam.Even though I made up my mind, I still wanted to play.= Making made up my mind, I still wanted to play.六 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。 He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.= .and stared at the sky for a long time他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。一般情况下，动词-ing所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，它没有相应的状语从句可以转换，但可以用并列句转换。The girl came into the classroom, singing and dancing.= The girl came into the classroom and they sang and danced.特别提醒：为了使动词-ing形式作状语所表达的时间、条件、让步等意思更加明确，可在动词-ing形式前加上适当的连词(when, while, if，though，unless, even if等)。例如：Dont talk while having dinner.学习V-ing形式作状语的用法时,需要注意以下四点:(一)与过去分词作状语的区别。一般来说,-ing形式表示主动、进行;过去分词表示被动、完成。试比较:The enemy fled in a panic, leaving behind a lot of dead bodies and weapons.Defeated and frightened, the enemy fled in a panic. 分析:前一例中的-ing形式短语在句子中作伴随状语,它与其逻辑主语the enemy之间为主动关系;后一句中的过去分词defeated和frightened表原因,它与其逻辑主语the enemy之间为被动关系。(二) 关于逻辑主语的问题。-ing形式作状语时,一般情况下,其逻辑主语应与主句的主语保持一致。如:Comparing all the great people with each other, youll find that they have much in common.Finding her car stolen, she hurried to a policeman for help.(上海2001,28)Having suffered from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.(上海2001春,38)Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.分析:前三例中,-ing形式的逻辑主语均为主句的主语。最后一例中,having suffered的逻辑主语是the river,并不是主句的主语it。这种用法极为少见,有的语法家称其为垂悬分词,我们在学习中不宜模仿。如果状语与主语不一致，可给从句加上主语，变成主从复合句。例如：【错误】While reading the book, the telephone rang.【正确】While she was reading the book, the telephone rang.她看书的时候，电话铃响了。（reading的动作不是the telephone发出）【错误】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful.【正确】Looking out through the window, we found a beautiful garden.(三) -ing形式的否定式。其基本结构是:not + -ing形式,无论在完成式还是被动式里,not必须置于-ing形式之前。如:Not having finished his homework, the boy was still doing it in the classroom.(四) -ing形式(短语)的功能有时相当于一个状语从句。根据这个性质,我们在使用-ing形式作状语时,切记不要在前面或后面的句子前用连词连接。如:Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn, so youll feel very comfortable.()分析:如前所述,-ing形式短语相当于一个状语从句,所以后半句中的连词so的使用是错误的,应该去掉。原句应改为:Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn, youll feel very comfortable.(五)主动语态ing完成式（having done）句中的主语是它的形式主语，它所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：Having answered the letter，she went on to read an English novel.先回信再读小说，主语都是she1. （write）the letter, John went to the post office.2. (see) the beautiful sight, the children felt excited. 被动语态ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：Having been shown the lab，we were taken to see the library.3. _ _ (tell)him the answer several times, I didnt know if he could understand.4. _ (tell)the answer several times, he still couldnt solve the questionhaving done 主句主语为动作的发出者having been done 主句主语为动作的承受者巩固性练习:：5._ _(live) in a southern city of China, I have never seen such a wonderful snow view.6._ _(not grow) up yet, youre not allowed to enter the bars.7. _(encourage) by the director, the actors performed wonderfully in the play.8._ _(Know) all this, they made me pay for the damage.9. The students are sitting in the reading-room,_ _(read) all kinds of books.10. A: Having worked in the company for four years, I decide to give it up. B: Well, maybe you are right. But _ _(生活在竞争如此激烈的世界中), we should treasure the jobs we have before we find a better one.A: The work is not promising, making it hard for me to put my heart into it. I always wake up every morning feeling tired and bored.B: _ (了解到你有你自己的想法), I will support your decision. By the way, having walked such a long distance, we should have a rest. 11. A: _ (还没有收到录取通知书), I have to make another call.B: I think you should post your TOEFL score report, letting them know your English communication abilities.A: _ (已受到这么多次打击), I have little confidence. B: Be confident please, taking it as an experience of life. 12. A: Although you didnt achieve your goal, I dont think you lack ability.B: I see. Its my fault. Thinking that I had done it successfully many times, I ignored the deadline. _ (你再给我一次机会的话), I promise I will give you a great surprise. A: I believe in you, taking into consideration what you have done for our company. (六)其他特殊分词作状语情况(1)独立主格。独立主格结构（AbsoluteStructure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语。亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. 下课了，学生都离开了教室。【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。名词(代词)+形容词The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse 特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。名词(代词)+副词The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。名词(代词)+名词His first shot failure，he fired again 他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。名词(代词) +介词短语Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过13 I send you 100 dollars，the rest in a year.（2005湖南卷34题）A. follow B. followed C. to follow D. being followed14 He came in and was seated in the chair. Please come in and be seated. So many directors_, the board meeting had to be put off. (CET 4 2000,6)A were absent B being absent C been absent D had been absent(2)“with或without 名词或代词 分词” 的复合结构。常用作补充说明或表示伴随情况。He fell asleep with the lamp burning.The young man was taken out with his hands tied.(3)某些固定结构。generally/frankly speaking ，judging from/by 中，分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这种结构只限于为数很少的几个动词。Judging by his dress，he comes from a wealthy family.Frankly speaking，I dont like him at all.Supposing he is ill, who will do the work?Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls.(4)有些现在分词可以作介词用。如concerning，considering，regarding，respecting等。Considering his age，he is tall.考虑到他的年龄，他个子高。I have nothing to say concerning his speech.关于他的演讲，我无话可说。-ing形式的补充1.作以下及物动词及短语的宾语advise，suggest，risk，bear/stand(忍受)，delay，stop，regret，miss，enjoy/appreciate，excuse，escape，avoid，consider，forbid, permit，mind，imagine，finish，practice devote oneself to，look forward to，give up，put off，keep (on)/insist on/stick to，feel like，pay attention to，object to，cannot help，be/get used to，be accustomed to，be worth，set about等The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river.Im looking forward to hearing from you soon.注意：在want，need，require，be worth等动词后，常用动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思(主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系)。My hair needs cutting.( My hair needs to be cut.)2.动名词的复合结构。动名词的复合结构由“物主代词或名词所有格 动名词”构成，在句中可作主语、宾语等。如果这种结构在句中作宾语，其形式还可为“名词的普通格或人称代词宾格动名词”构成。My closing the door made him angry.I cant stand Lao Changs talking (Lao Chang talking) like that about other comrades.Would you mind my opening (me opening) the window?3动名词的某些固定结构。It is no use，no good (fun，a great pleasure，a waste of time, )等名词 doing sth.It is no use crying.It is useless doing sth.It is useless speaking.be on the point of doing “濒临，将要”He was on the point of leaving.on (upon) doing “一就”On hearing the news，I changed my plans.( As soon as I heard the news，I changed my plans.)go doing (大部分指运动和游戏)He went shopping/hiking/swimming/fishing.动名词短语常用在以下结构中：have difficulty (in) doing sth.have trouble (in) doing sth.have fun (in) doing sth.have a good time (in) doing sth.have a hard time (in) doing sth.feel like doing “想要”would like to 原形动词Do you feel like going to a movie?4不定式和动名词的比较一般来说，不定式和动名词成分相同时，表示客观性、一般性行为多用动名词表示，而表示一次性、具体性行为则多用不定式。I like swimming，but I dont like to swim today because I dont feel well.注意下列重点内容：1)begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式。When we came in，they were beginning to have supper.After his explanation，I began to understand it/realize that I was wrong.2)有些词后面既可以接不定式，亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意：Aremember，forget，regret接动名词，表完成意义 (having done)，接不定式，表将来意义。Please remember to bring me the book I want next time.I remember seeing her (having seen her) somewhere before.Bmean to dowant to do打算，想要 mean doing意味着，就是I am sorry I didnt mean to hurt your feelings.Learning a foreign language doesnt mean just working in class.Cstop to do停下来做，要干另一件事(不定式作目的状语) stop doing停止做(动名词作宾语)After some time，they stopped walking and had a rest.After walking some time，they stopped to have a rest.Dtry to do努力，试图干 try doing 试着干He searched everywhere and tried to find his key.They tried to succeed and tried doing their experiments again and again.Ecant help doing情不自禁做 cant help (to)do不能帮助做Hearing the news，I couldnt help jumping with excitement.Your suggest couldnt help solve the dispute between them.Fgo on to do继续干和原来不同的另一件事(不定式作目的状语)go on doing继续干原来同一件事(动名词作宾语) After a smoke，he went on telling us that interesting story.After writing the composition he went on to work out his maths problems.G动词advise，allow，permit，forbid接动名词作宾语，接动词不定式作宾补。Doctors advise giving up smoking to benefit ones health.The doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve his health.Hbe considered to have done被认为已经做了 consider to be认为是consider doing考虑做某事He is considered to have written a great work.I consider him to be my best friend.I consider writing him a letter this weekend.Ibe(get)used to doing习惯于 be used to do被用来做I am used to getting up early recently.The room will be used to store all these books.一单选题1. _ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. (上海2001春)A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having suffered D. Being suffered2. Finding her car stolen, _. (上海2001)A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help3. He sent me an e-mail, _ to get further information. (上海2000)A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope4. While building a tunnel through the mountain, _. (上海2000春)A. an underground lake was discovered B. there was an underground lake discoveredC. a lake was discovered underground D. the workers discovered an underground lake5. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods. (上海2004春)A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing6. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left hiswallet at home. (北京2004)A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited7. European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. (NMET 1998)A. making B. makes C. made D. to make8. _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. (广东2004)A. Not completing B. Not completed D. Having not completed C. Not having completed9. Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university. (上海2002)A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in10. Having been attacked by terrorists, _. (上海2004)A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsedC. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists11. The next thing he saw was smoke _ from behind the house. （2011新课标全国卷）A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen12. Do you wake up every morning _ energetic and ready to start a new day? （湖南2011）A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt 13. Look over there theres a very long, winding path _ up to the house. （山东2011）A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead14. At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, _ that he could do nothing to help. （上海2011）A. to realize B. realized C. realizing D. being realized 15. Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some _ a life span of around 20 years.（浙江2011）A. having B. had C. have D. to have16. On receiving a phone call from his wife _ she had a fall, Mr. Gordon immediately rushed home from his office. （江西2011）A. says B. said C. saying D. to say17. _ around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people. （辽宁2011）A. Gather B. To gather C. Gathering D. To be gathering18. Recently a survey _ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. （江苏2011）A. compared B. comparing C. compares D. being compared19. _ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if shed like that little doll on her bed. （08北京）A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen20. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _. (08全国卷I)A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed21. -Did the book give the information you needed?-Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book. (08北京)A. to find B. find C. to be findi