2014年英语考试大纲说明解读及语法填空解题策略与专练.doc

2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲的说明-英语学科 I.关于考试要求的说明 一、语言知识要求考生了解和掌握普通高中英语课程标准（实验附录中所列出的各项内容，包括语音项目、语法项目、功能意念项目、话题项目和词汇。 二、语言运用 1.听力 听力是与外国人直接交往中必不可少的一种语言能力。该部分要求考生听懂有关日常生活中所熟悉话题的简短独白和对话。考生应能： (1)理解主旨和要义任何一段对话或独白总会围绕一个主旨或者一个中心思想展开。有时，主旨要义会比较明确；有时则会贯穿整个对话或独白，考生需自己去归纳、概括。（2）获取事实性的具体信息为了说明和支持主旨，对话或独白中总会出现一些具体信息，如时间、地点、人物等。这些信息是理解和把握对话或独白主旨必不可少的内容，也常常是听力部分的重点考查项目。（3）对所听内容作出简单推断话语发生的场合、说话者之间的关系等对话语含义的理解起着举足轻重的作用，对这些背景知识的推断能力在一定程度上可以体现一个人对口语的理解能力，因而也是听力测试所要考查的重点项目之一。(4)理解说话者的意图、观点和态度一般来讲，说话者总会有说话的意图，或是提出或回答问题，阐述自己的想法，或是表明自己的态度或意见，对此的理解或推断在一般交往中非常重要。有时，说话者的意图或观点是明说出来的，有时则隐含在对话的字里行间，需要听者自己去揣摩、推断。 2. 阅读理解 阅读文章是我国考生接触外语的最主要途径，因此，阅读理解在试卷中占权重较大。该部分要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：（1）理解主旨和要义任何一篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落， 甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义，从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么（即文章的主题），亦会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断。这类试题主要考査考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，它对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。（2）理解文中具体信息文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人员往往会要求考生根据不同的要求，阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。这类试题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。（3）根据上下文推断生词的词义正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础，不懂单词含义根本就谈不上理解文章。但英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。此外，阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断生词含义的能力，是一个合格的读者所必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读测试中经常检测的一种能力。(4) 作出简单判断和推理阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息，即作者所要传达的信息。在实际的阅读活动中，有时需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性等。（5）理解文章的基本结构英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句可能在一段的开头，也可能在中间或末尾，作用是交代该段的中心思想，再由全段展开或讨论这个意思。各个段落通常由某些起连接作用的词语连接，以使文章行文连贯。如果希望准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。(6)理解作者的意图、观点和态度每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。而这些信息通常并不是明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。因此，这类问题要求考生在理解文章总体内容的基础上，去领会作者的言外之意。 3. 写作写作是四项语言技能中不可分割的一个重要部分，更是语言生成能力的重要表现形式。该部分要求考生根据题示进行书面表达。考生应能：(1) 准确使用语法和词汇语言的准确性是写作中不可忽视的一个重要方面，因为它直接或问接地影响到信息的准确传输。应用语法结构和词汇的准确程度是写作部分评分标准中的一项重要内容。(2)使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思任何一篇文章都需要有一个主题，作者应该围绕该主题，借助一些句型、词组等的支持，清楚、连贯地表达自己的思想。 II.关于考试形式与试卷结构的说明 试卷由第I卷和第II卷组成。第I卷包括第一、二部分和第三部分的第一节，为选择题。第II卷包括第三部分的第二节和第四部分，为非选择题。 第一部分听力本部分共两节，测试考生理解英语口语的能力。第一节：共5小题，每小题1.5分。要求考生根据所听到的5段简短对话，从每题所给的3个选项中选出最佳选项。每段录音材料仅读一遍。第二节：共15小题，每小题1.5分。要求考生根据所听到的5段对话或独白，从每题所给的3个选项中选出最佳选项。每段录音材料读两遍。听力考试进行时，考生将答案标在试卷上；听力部分结束后，考生有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。本部分所需时间约为20分钟。 第二部分阅读理解本部分共分两节，测试考生阅读理解书面英语的能力。第一节：共15小题，每小题2分。要求考生根据所提供短文的内容不少于900词），从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。第二节：共5小题，每小题2分。在一段约300词的短文中留出5个空白，要求考生从所给的7个选项中选出最佳选项，使补足后的短文意思通顺、前后连贯。本部分所需时间约为35分钟。 第三部分语言知识运用本部分共分两节，考査考生对语法、词汇和语用知识的掌握情况。第一节：共20小题，每小题1.5分。在一篇约250词的短文中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项，使补足后的短文意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。第二节：共10小题，每小题1.5分。在一篇200词左右的语言材料中留出10个空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容（不多于3个单词）或所提供单词的正确形式。本部分所需时间约为30分钟。 第四部分写作本部分共两节，测试考生的书面表达能力。第一节：满分10分。本题给出一篇约100个单词的短文，文中有10处错误，错误类型包括词法、句法、行文逻辑等。要求考生对每个句子进行判断，如有错即将其改正。第二节：满分25分。要求考生根据所给情景，用英语写一篇100 个单词左右的短文。情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等；提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲等。本部分所需时间约为35分钟奇速英语全国名师大联盟名师将在腾讯认证QQ757722345空间针对2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试考试说明进行解读，欢迎网友继续前往关注。2014高考语法填空题解题技巧与语法填空专题训练 2014年英语高考大纲最重要的变化就是题型有重大调整，取消原来的15道单选题，新增10道语法填空题，分值不变总分仍为15分。 同样都是考语法知识，但单选和语法填空题却有很大不同。语法填空题是给出200字左右的一段短文或对话，段落中给出10个填空，其中填空是给出一个单词，填写它的正确词形，如形容词的比较级等，其余填空是结合上下文直接填词，这要求考生既要掌握熟练的语法知识，还要有一定的语言阅读能力。从单选题那种单独句子中的单独的语法考核，到短文中的语法实际应用，此次题型转变得更加灵活。针对语法填空题如何复习，奇速英语名师提醒考生，应继续进行语法知识的复习，加强对词汇本身用法，如主、被、动，固定短语搭配，冠词、连词等运用进行复习。下面从考纲解读、应试点睛、专题训练三个方面进行详细说明： 【考纲解读】 语法填空是考查“词法与句法知识”的项目。词法部分侧重考查动词时态及语态、非谓语动词、情态动词、冠词、代词、并列连词、形容词与副词、介词等； 句法部分侧重考查定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、虚拟语气、强调句型、倒装、省略句等。试题本着“突出语境、重在运用、符合表达、体现能力”的原则，强调语法知识在具体语境中的运用，因此掌握一定的文化背景、揣摩说话人的意图成了解决语法填空的关键。【应试点睛】1.要仔细阅读题干，抓住关键词，捕捉句中隐含信息。题干中的关键词或关键符号具有提示信息的作用，一旦抓住了它，就能掌握选择的依据。几乎每年的高考题在题干设计上都有所创新，所以考生在考试之前应该有相应的心理准备。例1.Theres a _ in our office that when its somebodys birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share.Atradition Bbalance Cconcern DRelationship解析 A考查名词词义辨析。句意：在我们办公室有一个传统，那就是在某一个人过生日时，那个人就带一个蛋糕到办公室和大家一起分享。tradition传统； balance平衡； concern关心； relationship关系。根据句意可知选A。2 灵活采用还原法(把倒装式、强调式或疑问式的题干变换为陈述句，再选择就容易多了)、归类法(根据句意，把选项分组归类，缩小范围，提高做题的速度和确保准确性)、推理法(根据前后文进行逻辑推理，在四个选项都可填入的情况下，要认真阅读全句，仔细体会其语境，进行综合判断)、排除法(对于难度较大的题要逐个试填，最后，选取最符合语境的选项)等做题方法。例2. I _ sooner but I didnt know that they were waiting for me.Ahad come Bwas coming Cwould come Dwould have come解析 D似乎本题与虚拟语气不沾边，但是我们把“but I didnt know that they were waiting for me.”变化一下就成了“if I had known that they were waiting for me.”这样我们就知道，本空是虚拟语气的主句，与过去事实相反。3. 多从交际的角度，即上下文的情景考虑问题，不要单一地局限于某项语法理论。近年来，高考题重视考查学生的语言实践能力，将语法语言知识放置于一定的语言环境中进行考查，这是近年来高考英语改革的一个方向。所以考生在做题的过程中应该树立全局观、整体观，不能顾此失彼，只注意语法知识的正确性而忽略了语境使用中的合理性。例3. If you _ smoke, please go outside.Acan Bshould Cmust Dmay解析 C句意：如果你非要吸烟，请到外面去。考查情态动词的用法。can能够；should应该；must非要，偏要；may可以。根据语境可知选C。4. 高考中的单选考点分布相对稳定、集中。英语的时态、语态、非谓语动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词、冠词、情态动词出现的频率较高，尤其要引起重视的是动词、动词短语、各种习惯表达法及交际用法。例4. The exam results will be _ on Friday afternoon.Aput down Bput off Cput up Dput away解析 C句意：考试结果会在周五的下午被张贴出来。本题考查动词短语用法辨析。A项意为“放下，镇压”，B项意为“推迟，阻止”，C项意为“张贴，举起，建造”，D项意为“收好，储存”。故选C。5.对于含插入成分的句子，要抓住主干，排除冗余信息。例5.It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine._， wed better take it to the garage immediately.AOtherwise BIf not CBut for that DIf so解析 D句意：听起来好像车的发动机出了问题。如果那样的话，我们最好立即把它送到修理厂。本题考查省略。otherwise在其他方面，否则；if not如果不这样的话，否则； but for that要不是那样的话； if so如果那样的话。根据句意应选D。【专题展示】（1）短文体One of my fathers favorite 1 (say) as I was growing up was “Try it!” I couldnt say I didnt like something, 2 it might be, until after I tried it. Over the years Ive come to realize how much of my success I owe to my 3 (accept) of those words as one of my values. My first job was just one I decided to try for a couple of years until I determined what I wanted to do as a career (职业). 4 (actual) I believed I would work for a few years, get 5 (marry), stay home and raise a family, so I didnt think the job I took mattered that much. I couldnt 6 more mistaken. I mastered the skills of that 7 (begin) level position and I was given the opportunity (机会) to move up through the company into 8 (differ) positions. I accepted each new opportunity with the thought, “Well, Ill try it; 9 I dont like it I can always go back to my 10 (early) position.” But I was with the same company for the past 28 years.短文中设有10个空，其中7个给出了提示词，考生需要根据句意使用恰当的词填空，且词性和词形要正确；另外3个空没有给出任何提示，考生需要根据语篇逻辑填空；填入的单词数量不得多于3个。各题答案如下：1. sayings 2. whatever 3. acceptance 4. Actually 5. married 6. have been 7. beginning 8. different 9. if 10. earlier（2）对话体Mum: (putting on her coat) Im going to have to go down to the shop for more bread.Alan: Why?Mum: Im not sure what 1 (happen). I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table 2 I went to answer the phone. But someone must have taken them because theyre 3 (go).Alan: Oh, it must have been Dad. Im sure he was in the kitchen 4 (early).Mum: No, he went off to his tennis match before I finished 5 (make) them, so he couldnt have done it. 6 , he couldnt carry a plate of sandwiches as well as all his tennis stuff, so Im sure 7 wasnt him.Alan: (opening the fridge door) Well, it wasnt me. But Mum, look! Are these your sandwiches here on the bottom shelf of 8 fridge?Mum: Are they there? Oh, my goodness. I 9 (put) them in there when the phone rang. Oh, dear. I really must be losing my 10 . Now, why did I put on my coat?对话中设有10个空，其中5个给出了提示词，考生需要根据句意使用恰当的词填空；另外5个没有给出任何提示，考生需要根据语篇逻辑填空；填入的单词数量不得多于3个。各题答案如下： 1.happened 2.when 3. gone 4. earlier 5. making 6. Anyway 7. it 8. the 9. must have put 10. mind/memory【专题训练】(一)Elevenyearold Angela was stricken with a disease involving her nervous system. The doctors did not hold out much hope of her ever recovering 1._ this illness. They predicted shed spend the rest of her life in a wheelchair. 2._ Angela firmly believed that she was definitely going to be walking again someday. The doctors were charmed by her 3._ (defeatable) spirit. They taught her about imagingabout seeing herself 4._ (walk)Angela would work as hard as possible in physical therapy(治疗), lying there faithfully doing her imaging, visualizing herself moving, moving, moving!One day, 5._ she was straining all her might to imagine her legs moving again, 6._ seemed as though a miracle happened: the bed moved! She screamed out, “Look, what I 7._ (do)! Look! Look! I can do it! I moved! I moved！” Of course, 8._ this very moment everyone else in the hospital was screaming, too. It was the San Francisco earthquake. But dont tell 9._ to Angela. She was 10._(convince) that she did it. And now only a few years later, she was back in school on her own two feet. No walking sticks, no wheelchair.【要点综述】 靠轮椅行走的安吉拉，连医生对她的康复都不抱希望，但她始终没有放弃，一次地震让她觉得是她自己的腿动了，并对此坚信不疑，几年后她真的靠自己的双脚重新走进了学校。1fromrecover from an illness意为“从疾病中恢复过来”。2But与前句是转折关系。3undefeatable在名词前作定语，要用形容词；由语境可知，此处应表示“不败的”，故填undefeatable。句意：医生为她永不言败的精神所折服。4walkingsee sb doing sth看见某人在做某事。5asas表示“正当时”。6it句式搭配：it seems as if/as though仿佛是。7am doing8atat this very moment意为“就在此刻”。9that/it代替前文说的地震这回事。10convinced用形容词形式。be convinced of/that 深信，坚信。(二)One Sunday morning in August I went to a local music festival. I left it early because I had an appointment 1._ (late) that day. My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me 2._ the bus arrived. I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man 3._ (sit) at the front. He 4._ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice. He must be 5._ (mental) disabled.Behind him were other people to 6._he was trying to talk, but after some minutes 7._ walked away and sat near me, looking annoyed.I didnt want to be laughed at for talking to him but I didnt like leaving him 8._ his own either.After a while I rose from my seat and walked to the front of the bus. I sat next to the man and introduced myself. We had 9._ amazing conversation. He got off the bus before me and I felt very happy the rest of the way home.Im glad I made the choice. It made 10._ of us feel good.【要点综述】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了“我”的一次乘车经历：在公交车上遇到一个好像是弱智的人，其他人都躲开了，而“我”走近了他，和他聊起来，一路上“我俩”都很高兴。 1later考查副词的用法。“我”离开得较早因为那天晚些时候“我”有个约会。 2till/until考查状语从句的连接词。“我”的朋友一直陪“我”直到公共汽车来。 3sitting/sit考查动词的用法。notice sb doing/do sth意为“注意到某人正在做某事/做某事”。4was pretending考查动词的时态。由giving it a voice可知用过去进行时。5mentally考查副词的用法。此处disabled是形容词，用副词修饰。69完整答案详见/757722345/main空间10both考查代词的用法。由上文“We hadamazing conversation.”可知“我们俩”都很高兴。(三)What would you do if you failed? Many people may choose to give up.1._， the surest way to success is to keep your direction and stick 2._ your goal.On your way to success, you must keep your 3. _(direct)It is just like a lamp, guiding you in darkness and 4._ (help) you overcome obstacles on your way.5._， you will easily get 6. _(lose) or hesitate to go ahead.Directions mean objectives.You can get nowhere 7._ an objective in life.You can try to write your objective on paper and make some plans to achieve 8._Only in this way will you know how to arrange your time and to spend your time 9._(proper)And you should also have a belief 10._ you are sure to succeed as long as you keep your direction all the time.【要点综述】 本文告诉我们，要想成功，最可靠的方法就是坚持你的方向和目标。答案及解析详见QQ757722345空间(四)The air we breathe is freely available, without which we could not survive more than a few minutes. For the most part, air is available to everyone, and everyone 1._ (need) it. Some people use the air to sustain them while 2._(seat) around and feel sorry for themselves. 3._ breathe the air and use the energy it provides to make 4._ magnificent life. Opportunity is 5._ the same way, and it is everywhere. It is 6._ freely available that we take it for granted. Yet opportunity alone is not enough to create success; it must7._ (seize) and acted upon in order to have value. So many people are so anxious to “get in” on a “ground floor opportunity”， as if the opportunity will do all the work thats 8._ (possible). Just as you need air to breathe, you need opportunity to succeed. It takes more than just breathing the fresh air of opportunity, 9._. You must make use of it. Thats not up to the opportunity; thats up to you. It doesnt matter what “floor” the opportunity is on, but 10._ matters is what you do with it.答案及解析详见QQ757722345空间(五)A man recognized as a genius in business circles was invited as an honour guest to a TV interview. Everybody was eager to hear a success story from him. He, 1._， only said with a slight smile, “Wouldnt it be better for me to ask you for 2._ (advise) on a certain problem？”Here is the problem he raised：“People all