2012公共英语等级考试语法全解析.doc

2012公共英语等级考试语法全解析(一)人称代词主格： I we you she he it they 宾格： me us you her him it them形容词性物主代词：my our your her his its their名词性物主代词： mine ours yours hers his its theirs2.形容词和副词的比较级(1) 一般在形容词或副词后+er older taller longer stronger, etc(2) 多音节词前+more more interesting, etc.(3) 双写最后一个字母，再+er bigger fatter, etc.(4) 把y变i，再+er heavier, earlier(5) 不规则变化：well-better, much/many-more, etc.3.可数词的复数形式Most nouns + s a book booksNouns ending in a consonant +y - y+ ies a storystoriesNouns ending in s, sh, ch or x + es a glassglasses a watch-watchesNouns ending in o +s or +es a pianopianos a mangomangoesNouns ending in f or fe - f or fe +ves a knife knives a shelf-shelves4.不可数名词(单复数形式不变) bread, rice, water ,juice etc.5. 缩略形式Im = I am youre = you are shes = she is hes = he isits = it is whos =who is cant =can not isnt=is not etc6. a/an a book, a peach an egg an hour7. Preposition: on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at, behind.表示时间： at six oclock, at Christmas, at breakfast on Monday on 15th July On National Dayin the evening in December in winter8. 基数词和序数词one first two-second twenty-twentieth9. Some /any I have some toys in my bedroom.Do you have any brothers or sisters?10. be 动词(1) Basic form: am/are/is(2) 肯定和否定句 I am(not) from London.My eyes are(not) small. My hair is(not) long.(3)一般疑问句： Am I a Chniese? Yes, you are. No, you arent.Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they arent.Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isnt.11. there be 结构肯定句： There is a There are 一般疑问句:Is there ? Yes, there is./ No, there isnt.Are there? Yes, there are. /No, there arent. 否定句： There isnt . There arent.12. 祈使句Sit down please . Dont sit down, please.1. 现在进行时.通常用“now”.形式： be + verb +ingeg: I am(not) doing my homework.You/We/They are(not) reading.He/She/It is(not) eating.动词 ing 的形式Most verbs +ing walkwalkingVerbs ending in e -e + ing comecomingShort verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant run running swimswimming2 一般现在时。通常用 “usually, often, every day, sometimes”。形式：肯定句：I go to school on foot every day.She goes to school on foot every day.在英语里的词性有如下这些：1，名词，Nouns (n.) 表示人或事物的名称 box, pen,tree,apple2，代词，Pronouns (pron.)代替名词、数词、形容词We, this, them,myself3，形容词， Adjectives(adj.) 用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征 good, sad, high, short4，数词，Numerals(num.)表示数目或顺序 one,two, first5，动词，Verb (v.) 表示动作或状态 Jump,sing,visit6，副词，Adverbs(adv.) 修饰动、形、副等词，表示动作特征 there,widely,suddenly7，冠词，Articles (art.) 用在名词前，帮助说明名词所指的范围 a, an, the8，介词，Prepositions (prep.) 用在名词或代词前，说明它与别的词的关系 in,on,down,up9，连词，Conjunctions (conj.) 表示人或事物的名称if,because,but10，感叹词， Interjections (int.) 代替名词、数词、形容词等 oh,hello,hi,yeahvt.是及物动词，vt.后必须跟宾语：sing a songvi.是不及物动词，vi.后不直接带宾语或不带宾语:jump high情态动词情态动词，在英文中主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等。它很接近中文里的能愿动词。从用法上来说，它有这样几个特点： 1)各个情态动词自身都有一定的词义。 2)情态动词不能在句中独立担当谓语。 3)情态动词在句中不受任何人称,性,数变化的影响。常见的情态动词如下：can(could)shall(should)/will(would)may(might)mustneeddareought(除这个是接to以外，以上各个词都是直接接动词原形)1.主谓一致1.1并列结构作主语时谓语用复数例如：Reading and writing are very important. 读和写都是非常重要的。注意： 当主语由and连接时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.钢铁工业对于我们的生活来说是非常重要的。1.2主谓一致中的靠近原则1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：There is a pen， a knife and several books on the desk桌上有笔、小刀和几本书。2)当either or 与neither nor， 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：Either you or she is to go.要么是你走，要么是她走。Neither I nor he is to blame.我和他都不应该受责备。1.3谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语后面跟有with， together with， like， except， but， no less than， as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与最前面的主语一致。例如：The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.老师和一些学生在参观工厂。He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我都想去划船。1.4谓语需用单数的情况1) 代词each和由every， some， no， any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each， every， 谓语需用单数。例如：Each of us has a tape-recorder.我们每个人都有一台录音机。There is something wrong with my watch.我的表出问题了。2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。3) 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.允许用三周的时间做必要的准备工作。Ten yuan is enough.十元钱足够了。1.5指代意义决定谓语的单复数1) 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family， audience， crew， crowd， class， company， committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该集体。例如：His family isnt very large.他家不是一个大家庭。His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。但集合名词people， police， cattle， poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：Are there any police around?周围有警察吗?2)有些名词，如variety， number， population， proportion， majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：A number of +名词复数+复数动词The number of +名词复数+单数动词例如：A number of books have lent out.不少书都被借出去了。The majority of the students like English.大多数学生喜欢学英语。1.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致1) 用half of， part of， most of， a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。例如：Most of his money is spent on books.他的钱大多用来买书了。Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.大部分学生都能积极参加体育活动。2) 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。.名词和代词一致2.1 代词与其代替或修饰的名词在人称和性别上必须保持一致。例如：(错误) Those of us who are over fifty years old should get their blood pressure checked regularly.(正确) Those of us who are over fifty years old should get our blood pressure checked regularly.我们中五十岁以上的人应该定期地检查血压。3.同等成分一致3.1句子中的同等成分应该在结构上保持一致，否则会失去平衡和协调。例如：(错误)She is not only famous in China but also abroad.(正确)She is famous not only in China but also abroad.她不仅在中国，在国际上也很有名气。3.2在比较结构中，被比较的事物应是同等成分。例如：(错误)The workers in that factory are fewer than our factory.(正确)The workers in that factory are fewer than those in our factory.那个工厂的工人比我们厂的工人少。代词、数词、介词、和连词上面我们已经讲了动词、名词、形容词和副词的用法。中考中当然也会涉及到其他诸如代词、数词、介词、和连词等的用法。下面我就简单提醒大家每类词需注意的地方。1.代词同学们需掌握以下不定代词：all， each， both， either， neither， one， none， little， few， many， much， other， another， some， any， no以及由some， any， no， every构成的合成词如 nobody等，并注意不定代词的定语后置，如something English2.数词同学们需要记住一些特殊拼写的序数词。如：第1 first 第2 second 第3 third 第5 fifth 第9 ninth第12 twelfth 第20 twentieth另外需要记住以下短语：hundreds of 数以百计thousands of 数以千计tens of thousands of 数以万计several millions of好几百万 但表示确切的百或千时不能用复数形式，如：ten thousandthree million3.介词介词的考察内容主要是介词短语，特别是那些有固定搭配和固定用法的介词短语。这类短语比较多，这里我不再一一赘述，大家可以看初中英语复习指导第204页至208页上的词组。但我要特别提几个以前旧教材所没有的短语，请大家注意。如，speak highly of高度赞扬 regard as 视为，把看做 make a contribution to doing sth 为做贡献4.连词同学们需要特别记忆以下连词或连词短语：neithernoreitherornot onlybut alsobothand前三个短语引导主语时，谓语动词需遵循就近原则。如，Neither you nor I am right. 你和我都不正确。Either Lucy or Lily is going there. 不是Lucy就是Lily要去那儿。那么bothand连接主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如，Both Lucy and Lily are going there.句子的种类1.应特别注意掌握的简单句有介词的特殊疑问句在特殊问句中，作为介词宾语的疑问代词可以与介词分离，放在句首，而把介词放在句尾。如，Whom do you travel with?当然，也可以把介词放在句首。总之，不要把介词丢掉。有插入语的特殊疑问句在特殊问句中，经常可以看到这样的句子：Where do you think they may go?其中，do you think 是疑问式插入语，其余部分是think的宾语从句。注意，疑问式插入语同句子的其余部分不用逗号分开。疑问式插入语还有do you hope， do you guess 等。在肯定句中也有插入语。如：That man， I guess， is neither a policeman nor a soldier. 在肯定句的插入语要用逗号与句子的其他部分分开。去掉插入语，该句子仍然是个完整的句子。Youd better (not) (do sth.) 这个说法常用于提出“劝告，建议，告戒”。 比较委婉的有礼貌的说法是 Would you like ? 或 What about (doing)?如，Its too dark. Youd better leave at once. Im afraid (that) Im afraid (that) I cant go with you today. 常用来委婉地表示自己的看法或预料一件令人不悦的事情。2.并列句并列句的考查重点是并列连词。并列连词有and， or， but， both and， neither nor， either or， not only but also等。3.复合句复合句考查的主要内容是宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。宾语从句宾语从句的考查要点是：时态的呼应、人称的一致、词序等。A.宾语从句的连接词：宾语从句本身是叙述句是，用that 引导。He said (that) he would leave on March 12 next weeek.宾语从句本身是特殊疑问句时，用疑问词引导。 Do you know where we can find our teacher?宾语从句本身是一般疑问句时，用if 或whether引导。I dont know if / whether he has done that.B. 宾语从句与主句时态的呼应。主句谓语是现在时和将来时的时候，宾语从句的动词时态不受影响。如，It is said that the panda was sent to America last month.主句是过去时态，从句谓语要做适当调整：a)由现在时调整为过去时。I didnt know you were also here.b)由将来时调整为过去将来时He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.c)过去时态多数不受影响，但“一般过去时”常调整为“过去完成时”，尤其是从句中有before， since 一类的时间状语时，多调整为“过去完成时”如：She said she had worked at this school before her father came to this city.状语从句状语从句有时间状语从句(常由when， while， before， after， until， as soon as等词引导)、地点状语从句(常有where 引导)、原因状语从句(常有because， since， as 引导，这三词所表达的语气由because到as逐渐减弱，由why提出的问题必须用because 来回答)， 条件状语从句(常由if引导)、结果状语从句(常由such that， sothat， so that等引导 )、让步状语从句(常由though， although引导)。定语从句其考查内容主要是正确使用关系代词who(指人)、that(指人或物)、which(指物) ， etc. 定语从句一般紧跟在修饰词的后面，如：She is the person who I want to see. 她就是我想见到的人。有时，为了使句子平衡，也可把定语从句与所修饰词分开。同学们还记得这样一句话吗?Then a screen came up that read，“Congratulations!” 这是第三册第54课中的一个句子。 要友善，你一定要给人友好的感觉：快乐是友善的基础。一个快乐的人总会面带微笑。微笑好似有吸引力的磁铁，你对别人微笑，你也会得到他微笑的回报。无论在哪里，友善之人都会让陌生人有居家般自在舒适的感觉，设身处地为陌生人考虑，让他有备受欢迎的感觉。Friends and valuative-On Making FriendsEveryone needs friends,and if you fail to make friends,you should examine yourself and see if there is something wrong with your personality.May be you have social faults such as snobbishness,talkativeness and using slang etc. which drive away your new acquaintances.Whatever your social faults may be,look at them honestly and make real effort to correct them.To be friendly you must feel friendly.Cheerfulness is the basis of friendliness.A cheerful people smiles.A smile is a magnet which draws people.Smile at someone and you are almost sure to get a smile in return.A friendly person does his best to make a stranger feel at home,wherever he happens to be.Put yourself in the other fellows place and make them feel welcome.Try to remem