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肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿蒄蚈袈肈蚇蒁膆肇莆螇肂肇葿薀羈肆薁螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薈螂羁膁莇薄袇膁蒀袀螃膀薂蚃肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂节莅蕿肁芁蒇螄羇莀蕿薇袃荿艿螂螈荿莁薅膇莈薄袁肃莇蚆蚄罿莆莆衿袅羃蒈蚂螁羂薀袇肀肁芀蚀羆肀莂袆袂聿 山东建筑大学本科毕业设计（论文）英文摘要撰写指南为进一步规范本科毕业设计（论文）英语摘要的写作，提高撰写质量，特制定山东建筑大学本科毕业设计（论文）英文摘要撰写指南，供撰写英文摘要时参考。一、英文摘要撰写的几条原则1汉英对译原则 中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性，从毕业生所撰写的英语摘要来看，存在两个误区，一是认为内容“差不多就行”或为了“好写”，在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，造成文摘重心转移；二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，这往往造成英文摘要用词累赘、重复，拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容，不能随意增删，但也不意味着一个字也不能改动，可有所出入。2. 行文风格英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样，一般包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。英文摘要的撰写应简明扼要，不属于上述“四部分”的内容不必写入。比如，在撰写英文摘要时可写出方法名称，而不必描述其操作步骤。另外，在写作英文摘要时，要避免过于笼统的、空洞无物的一般论述和结论。要尽量利用文章中的最具体的语言来阐述你的方法、过程、结果和结论，这样既可以给读者一个清晰的思路，又可以使你的论述言之有物、有根有据，使读者对你的工作有一个清晰、全面的了解。3. 特殊字符特殊字符主要是指各种数学符号、上下脚标及希腊字母。在摘要中尽量少用或不用特殊字符及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式，改用文字表达或文字叙述。缩写字及首字母缩写词，如radar、laser、CAD等为大家所熟知的，可以直接使用。对于那些仅为同行所熟悉的缩略语，应在其首次出现时用全称。 4. 时态与语态英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用；用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等多用一般现在时。不管是过去还是现在，涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，要用一般现在时；叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查等过程)等，要用一般过去时。采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。因摘要的篇幅较短，尽量不要随便混用，要么主动、要么被动，不要在一个句子里混用。二、英文摘要常用词汇与句型由于摘要的英文表达要求用词简明、层次清楚, 因此掌握一些特定的规范表达，对于摘要的撰写是很有帮助的（原文所选皆为主动语态，有些句子作了被动语态的转换，仔细研读，定会收益）。 1开头部分（1）描述研究背景。常用review,summarize, present, outline, describe等，例如：原句：We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction. 被动：Evidence is reviewed for this view of addiction and its implications are discussed for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.(注意被动转换句子结构的调整，相对讲，主语不能太长，谓语不能太短，要平衡调整) 原句：This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. 被动：Outlined are some of the basic methods and strategies and discussed are some related theoretical and practical issues in this paper. (如果简单的转换成被动语态就会显得头重脚轻，宜用倒装平衡) （2）阐明写作或研究目。常用purpose,attempt,aim等，另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达，如：We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data.To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2s effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins.（3）提出重点内容或研究范围。常用study,present,include,focus,emphasize,emphasis,attention等，例如： Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex.This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself.2方法部分（1）介绍研究或试验过程。常用test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等，例如： 原句：We use N-body simulations to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony. 被动：N-body simulations are used to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony. （此处被动好于主动） 原句：We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33. 0 kton yr (535-day) exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector.被动：An analysis is presented of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33. 0 kton yr (535-day) exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector.(主语割裂式平衡) （2）说明研究或试验方法。常用词汇有：measure,estimate,calculate等，例如： 原句：We have developed a global model to estimate emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural sources (NVOC). 被动割裂：A global model is developed to estimate emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural sources (NVOC). （3）介绍应用、用途。常用use,apply,application等，例如：原句：Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach and is based on version 3. 3 of Felsensteins dnaml program. 被动转换：Based on version 3. 3 of Felsensteins dnaml program, a maximum likelihood approach is used in Our program. As an application,we implement a compact image coding algorithm that selects important edges and compresses the image data by factors over 30. 3结果部分 （1）展示研究结果。常用show,result,present等，例如：We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of c-myc protein and to occur by apoptosis. 原句：Our results suggest a widespread role for the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system. 被动：A widespread role for the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system is suggested in our results. 这是常犯的中式英语，头重脚轻，稍调即可：A widespread role is suggested in our results for the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system （2）介绍结论。常用summary,introduce,conclude等，例如： By means of informal mathematical arguments,simulations and a series of worked examples,we conclude that PQL is of practical value for approximate inference on parameters and realizations of random effects in the hierarchical model. 4讨论部分（1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点。常用suggest,report,present,explain,expect,describe等，例如： The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development induced by p, p-DDE and related environmental chemicals may be mediated at the level of the androgen receptor. In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. （2）阐明论证。常用support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。例如：We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent only 1% of the total population. These results demonstrate that p53 is required for radiation-induced cell death in the thymus but is not necessary for all forms of apoptosis.（3）推荐和建议。常用suggest, suggestion, recommend, propose, expect, recommendation, necessity, necessary等，例如： The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for the prevention of adolescent alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused approach.三、摘要分析样例及参考翻译样例一：东山河桥设计摘要：按照三叉河桥设计任务书的要求，提出两个设计方案：方案一为预应力混凝土箱形简支梁桥，方案二为预应力混凝土T形简支梁桥，本着“安全、经济、实用、美观”的原则，最后确定预应力混凝土箱形简支梁桥为推荐方案。将所推荐桥梁进行了全面的计算分析，利用横向分布系数确定活载分布，求得上部结构主梁的内力，从而确定主梁配筋，然后进行主梁强度和应力验算，并分析验算了横梁和桥面板。对下部结构桥墩、桥台和基础作出了详细的内力计算与验算。同时，根据计算结果绘制了桥梁的全套施工图。关键词：预应力混凝土简支梁桥；配筋；强度；应力Abstract：According to designing assignment of Dongshan river, two projects are provided.介词短语后移平衡句子; 是“桥”不是“河”的设计 One is prestressed concrete simply supported box beam bridge. The other is prestressed concrete simply supported T beam bridge.Beam修饰语太长 In line with词性错，主语长显头重脚轻 the rule of “safe, economical,practical and artistic”, the prestressed concrete simply supported box beam bridge is suggested finally. The suggested bridge is calculated and analyzed fully“桥不能被计算”，应为有关桥的数据被计算与分析. Live load is determined with traverse coefficient. Beam force of up structure is got and prestressed steel bar is confirmed几句缺乏联系手段，逻辑联系不严密. Beam strength and亦缺乏联系手段 stress checking calculations are proceeded. Traverse beam and surface plate are analyzed and checking calculated. Piers, bents and foundations of low structure are calculated for force and analyzed. (a)In the same time, full construction(b)drawings are drawn改为meanwhile; 英语中典型的repitition according to the calculation result.Key words：Prestressed concrete simply supported beam bridge; steel bar deployment第1个关键词太长，拆成两个。; strength; stress参考翻译：（Suggested Abstract）Abstract：Two projects are provided according to designing assignment of Dongshan River Bridge. One is box beam bridge simply supported by prestressed concrete and the other is T beam bridge also simply supported by prestressed concrete. The box beam bridge is finally decided in line with the rule of “safety, economy, practicality and artistic decoration”. Data regarding the agreed bridge are fully calculated and analyzed: live load is determined with reference to traverse coefficient; beam force of upper structure is figured out and prestressed steel bar is confirmed. Checking calculations are proceeded for beam strength and stress; analysis and checking calculations are made of Traverse beam and surface plate. And then calculated and analyzed is the force of piers, bents and foundations of lower structure. Meanwhile, full construction drawings are laid out according to the calculation results.Key words： beam bridge; prestressed concrete support; steel bar ; strength & stress样例二：洛水市洛神工业园区给水工程设计摘要：本设计为洛水市洛神工业园区给水工程设计，主要包括给水管网和给水处理厂的设计。设计水量9104 m3/d，根据工业园区的地形及水量，在英文摘要中漏译。在工业园区的给水管网设计中，选择环状网配水系统，增加供水的可靠性。通过最高时管网平差以及消防时和事故时管网平差校核计算，确定了管网的布置和水力参数。本设计为高浊度水源，根据原水水质特点，选择了常规处理工艺，即：原水预沉混凝沉淀过滤消毒用户。主要构筑物为：幅流式沉淀池、往复隔板絮凝池、平流式沉淀池和普通快滤池。水厂布置采用了直线型。关键词：城市管网；给水厂；处理工艺；高浊度Abstract: This is a water supply engineering design 标点缺失including water supply pipe network design & water supply treatment design in介词错误。 Luoshen Industry District of Luoshui city. In order to increase reliability of water supply冠词和标点缺失，语义不明。 ring network layout and hydraulic parameter were definited误用词 by Check & calculation of 方式状语by doing sth. 及重复用词。pipe network adjustment when water consumption were at the Peak, fire fighting & accident词性错误 time According to the raw water quality characteristic定语太长，应后置。 of high turbidity conventional water treatment technology主语不对，语序颠倒。, which was: raw waterthe primary sedimentationflocculation & coagulationfiltrationdisinfectionconsumer, was determined in water supply treatment design. The main structures include该词仅在补充内容时用。 radial flow settling tank, reciprocation baffled flocculation tank, horizontal flow settling tank & conventionally词性错误 rapid filter. The straight line type多余。 layout was applied误用词。 in the Water Supple Plant.Key Words: city pipe network; Water Supple Plant大小写错误，拼写错误; treatment technology; High turbidity参考翻译：（Suggested Abstract）Abstract：This is a design of water supply engineering, including water-supply pipe network design & water-supply treatment design for Luoshen Industry District in Luoshui City. In order to increase the reliability of water supply, a ring network layout was adopted with reference to the local landform and water output, and a 9104 m3/d water output is preferred. The pipe network layout and hydraulic parameters were determined by checking the pipe network adjustment happening at the peak hour on maximum day and fire fighting or accidental time. According to the quality characteristic of high turbidity of the raw water, a conventional water treatment process was used, which was: raw water the primary sedimentation flocculation & coagulation filtration disinfection consumer. The main structures consist of radial flow settling tank, reciprocation baffled flocculation tank, horizontal flow settling tank & conventional rapid filter. The straight line layout was chosen in this water works.Key Words: city pipe network; water works; treatment process; high turbidity样例三：焊接应力对奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头耐腐蚀性的影响摘要：课题首先确定了奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头在硫酸-硫酸铁中腐蚀率变化最缓慢的时间为煮沸1.5h，并发现了奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头的腐蚀率随腐蚀时间的延长而下降，且下降的幅度越来越小，直至趋于平稳。同时“同时”与开头的“首先”讲不通。病句。研究采用了对奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头进行部分去应力和完全去应力等热处理工艺，结果发现，部分去应力可显著提高接头的耐蚀性，而完全去应力因加热温度过高而导致组织粗大耐腐蚀性下漏字。，而前面对“固溶处理”没有叙述，前后不对应。固溶处理却不能有效提高其耐腐蚀性。关键词：晶间腐蚀；贫铬理论；敏化处理；固溶处理Abstract: The topic选词有误 had first determined时态错