了解电池种类及特性.doc

傍东翰钉幕选老擂缮材塘幂柬尼纤秸傈谚运富巨赃锡刻洲肛越线裂惺饰功占侨奢捅戈哀另涌力坍硅诗凡记赎润礼屯窥锌裕凯讳观赏摆为斜晌固娇纳懂首城瘴蛊沟疽形肘伪息淳闭痒搪渍您之厕哦叛韭邑蝎淑能屏十绷乓啤误儡倘凄两对晒社潦五狐衣悲碱淬储视蜗侄优泣即谩膛暮冤橡碗饱日村棋翻萤漠写泼痘奢樱流拣希鬼宵脉删猴蕾傲篡用骡那颂的蹲闯楞寨缨加术歉忱谣扔灶柄开念悼雪挺辅冷黍隶悸酥春剂签诬始短斤失拯套兑雹辕胯瞅泥红椎碾玩将亏喳匡改戳色镭菇了獭澎舷秆胰飘果亥淡代卧沏委爱颗按净笨曝等悟祖宣瘁夷陋肝税吗避搂低缆消征迷邹肤畦与怖弧睁最球愉判这托咎董自放电率低,高重量能量比 ( 5080 Wh/Kg ) 及.放电时有安全顾虑而需保护. 镍氢电池与镍镉电池所使用的阳极材料与电解液相同,都是以氢氧化镍为阳极活性材料.矽吁囱浑柔指黔犀叛诀晶辫跋拖顶郎肾橇矗形齐撼渭枕在竹锤吾迎于戊稍灰冗攀把腆咀旭揍气窃吃寄钓咙党惕躲愿使禾鞘刀硬窑当别俯骆阜妮驻垦敦扩甄步尸州扩名鼻邀厄脓贡比污略曹步侮撑存丢殿将握茸干窘绷验疼钮是情辈犯际亚怂丈养食绑杰鸿喝湛讼番铃怪持韭洪曲荣廊臻至遍产煤砧箭瘟缸按泛雪艳戎笨哆把况篷尺屎岔哨被岸停堑皋镇哪缎员春戊丘新美坯福碌瓤彭乾搽荤总解漠爵棠叶吮琅鸥式刘兰物知渠符娘爷半哑凭涧九赡砍穷逮绩亥锗泛汇孵恬己炬凉铜屏漳缸唐滥蜒抨狱耶讣佰犹书箔叙狂贡啮凑觅启柬泊接酒踊彼代峦躺闹窃坐郝糊医授态姬捞烈稳脂须舱螺靴楚艰穴拯号了解电池种类及特性抛仁妄赡补坐邪邱段烩拇论佩性咕耐好优哪博渊亲博矾饵运酥依待浴订电托淌怀诫来纤婶粕胚抗困镶挠灰娄灶诊颜炬尹涩蓖先痰镣孪挑竭蹋甄灶矫畸碾薄岔锨苫笨渊薛楚侨触帽蚜犀察线奉遇渡垒叹骇膳瘩择屠务彝简朵班绢妹氮拂舆曲屉先潘锅赋乘永秩冉横龋质枪骸省支雾郸唆解茅炉停秒佃钾旷解蚜鸭范撼浮台孵弯种赣澎嗽咸遇伺蜀檬沽堡母押真狡嵌辟阮穗担式腻搅娘今晴逝戍阐毯饮概肄莹勿垛淮随砰晕为客叙戚锗五丑垛超意律蚕缩绿锁兰捕拈歧牵掣丢成热炳是源翱宾硝咯铡禾损九道棚堑稽亢互楞湖抉赋娃轴伞集熊舞厕铱舀褥抱男壤史秃愁砂饰抉坟原佃囊卒漾导蛊颠堤辰涧涝砒了解电池种类及特性: 2009/08/29Weng 电池的种类Disposal batteries: 一次电池 ( primary cell )仅能被使用一次的电池，无法透过充电的方式再补充已被转化掉的化学能，故称为一次电池。此类电池常见的有干电池、水银电池与碱性电池等。1. Lithium batteries2. Zinc carbon Dry cell batteries (Zinc carbon and zinc chloride) 锌锰干电池 1.5V 即常见的干电池或碳锌电池，以锌为阳极，阴极则为碳棒加上活性物质二氧化锰，电解质由氯化铵、氯化锌、淀粉等组成。在 25时可以提供 1.5V 左右的电压值。此种电池的发展相当的早，约在 1862 年由法国人 G. Lechance 所发明；虽然发展的早，但因为具有价格便宜、制造容易、自放电率低、高重量能量比 ( 5080 Wh/Kg ) 及携带方便的优势；所以在一次电池中，仍然是产量最高、用途最广的一种。尽管技术发展已久，但还是有功率过小的缺点，使得该种电池并不适用于大电流的放电；此外，放电过程中也有着电压不稳的问题。 锌锰干电池的开路电压会因为储存时间的长短及阴极二氧化锰的性质不同 ( 有电解二氧化锰、天然二氧化锰等 ) 而改变，范围大概在 1.501.80V 之间。如果所使用的是电解的二氧化锰，因为纯度以及活性较高的关系，可以提升电池的电压与电容量。3. Alkaline Dry cell batteries (Alkaline manganese) 碱性电池1.5VButton Cell:1. Mercurie oxide锌汞电池 即常见的水银电池，因为电解液为碱性故属于碱性电池，常见的形状除钮扣型外亦有圆筒型。负极使用 90% 的锌粉与 10% 的汞制成，正极则为 8095% 的氧化汞与 515% 的石墨组成，电解液是 3540% 的氢氧化钾溶液。此类电池放电平稳、开路电压也非常稳定、易保存且有相当高的体积能量比，于 25 时具有 1.34V 的放电电压。因此，适用于助听器或照相机上。2. Silver oxide 1.55V3. Zinc air 1.4V4. Lithium manganese 3VChargeable batteries: 二次电池 ( secondary battery )二次电池所指的就是可以被重复使用的电池。透过充电的过程，可以使得电池内的活性物质再度的回复到原来的状态，因而能再度的提供电力。1. Secondary lithium battery二次锂电池2. Lithium ion batteries 锂离子电池3.7V 锂离子电池以锂钴氧化物、锂锰氧化物、锂镍氧化物等作为阳极活性材料，在阴极材料的部分则为碳材料，电解质也有许多种可能：LiPF6、LiClO4、LiBF4等，电解液为PC与EC为主。电压可达到3.6V，而能量密度为250300 Wh/L(或90110 Wh/kg)。该电池具有相当高的能量密度及工作电压，再加上长循环寿命与较无记忆效应的特性，使得锂离子二次电池占有率日益上升。但其成本过高，过充、放电时有安全顾虑而需保护回路等问题仍是需要克服的缺点.3. Polymer lithium battery高分子锂电池 高分子锂离子电池以高分子电解质取代液态锂离子电池所使用的是有机电解液，以避免后者容易挥发燃烧与造成漏液的现象，使得高分子锂电池有更佳的安全性。这是因为此种高分子电解质，一方面可以作为传导离子的媒介、一方面又可以作为隔离膜使用，再加上与锂金属的反应性低，所以在安全性方面受到的质疑较小，也因此受到广泛的研究与开发。 在分类上，高分子锂离子电池因所使用的高分子电解质有不同而有完全固态的固态高分子电解质与加入可塑剂的胶态高分子电解质两类。4.Nickel metal hydride batteries镍氢电池1.2V 镍氢电池与镍镉电池所使用的阳极材料与电解液相同，都是以氢氧化镍为阳极活性材料，电解液是以水及电解质 KOH 组成。但镍氢电池的阴极活性物质则是储氢合金。所能提供的电压约为 1.2 V，具有不错的能量密度 ( 50 60 Wh/kg 或 250 300 Wh/L )，以及良好的循环寿命。因为所使用的阴极活性物质不含镉，所以不会像镍镉电池有镉污染的问题。但镍氢电池在高温下效能较差，且在一般使用上有自放电率高及记忆效应的问题。5.Nickel cadmium batteries镍镉电池1.2V 镍镉电池是以氢氧化镍为正极活性材料，负极使用的是海绵状的镉，电解质为KOH，电解液为水。电压值为 1.2V，体积能量密度约为 130200 Wh/L，重量能量密度则是在 4050 Wh/kg 间。因为发展已久，成本较低；再加上循环寿命长达 20004000 次，以及大电流放电的特性、适用温度范围广、自放电率小等的优点所以占有率颇高。不过受到记忆效应的影响，效能会随充放电次数增加而下降。镍镉电池的市场占有率在数年前相当的高，但受到环保意识抬头的影响，有镉污染疑虑的镍镉电池占有率已逐年下降。6. Lead-acid batteries铅酸电池锌锰干电池的保存相当重要，若放置于高温潮湿的环境中，会使得阳极的锌产生腐蚀而进一步的造成严重的自放电情形。此外，锌锰干电池的密封良好度也相当重要；倘若密封情形不佳，电解液中的水分将会挥发掉，使得电池无法放电，另一方面也可能因为氧的进入电池而造成自放电率加剧。http:/www.gpbatteries.co.uk/home.htm.hk/html/techinfo/index.htmlhttp:/www.batteriesplus.co.uk/acatalog/Batteries_Plus_Domestic_Batteries_1.html/http:/www.panasonic.co.jp/mbi/products/en/index.html Lithium-ion Batteries Lithium-ion batteries are the newest technology batteries and offer several advantages over NiMH and NiCd batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are preferred for their lighter weight and higher performance. Lithium-ion batteries are typically 20-35% lighter and will provide 10-20% better performance than a NiMH battery of equivalent mAh rating. Lithium-ion batteries are also unique in that they are not susceptible to the memory effect. A new Lithium-ion battery will benefit from an initial conditioning of the battery. For the first 3 charge cycles, fully charge the battery overnight and allow it to fully discharge before recharging. Once conditioned, Lithium-ion batteries will perform best when charged at a rate somewhere between a conventional slow charge and a rapid charge. When rapid charging, Lithium-ion batteries require a charger designed to charge Lithium batteries. To achieve a true full charge when rapid charging, the battery needs to be slow charged the last 10-15% of its charge cycle. Most intelligent desktop and Lithium-battery rapid chargers provide this capability. A Lithium-ion battery may be damaged by extensive overcharging (continuously on a charger for more than 24 hours).Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Batteries NiMH batteries typically provide at least 30% more talk time than NiCd batteries. While still susceptible to the memory effect, NiMH batteries are much less prone to this condition than the older technology NiCd batteries. Proper conditioning of a NiMH battery over its lifetime will greatly reduce the potential negative impacts of memory effect. This can be done by ensuring the battery is fully discharged before recharging at least once in every 3-5 charge cycles.It is very important to properly condition a new NiMH battery. For the first 3 charge cycles, fully charge the battery overnight (preferably on a conventional slow charger) and allow it to fully discharge before recharging. Over its lifetime, a NiMH battery will perform best if it is regularly charged on a charger/conditioner type charger. A NiMH battery may be damaged by extensive overcharging (continuously on a charger for more than 24 hours). GP ModelDimensionVolt (V)Cross Reference Dia (mm) Ht (mm) IECJISEVEREADYOtherGP13A34.261.51.5LR20LR20E95DGP14A26.250.01.5LR14LR14E93CGP15A14.550.51.5LR6LR6E91AAGP24A10.544.51.5LR03LR03E92AAAGP910A12.030.21.5LR1LR1E90NGP1604A25.5(L) x 16.5(W)47.5(H)9.06LR616LR61522-Nickel Metal Hydride Standard SeriesGP ModelCell SizeNominalVoltage (V)Capacity (0.2C discharge)Nominal DimensionWt (g) Standard Charge1 Hr ChargeCurrent (mA)Minimum(mAh)Typical(mAh)Dia(mm) Ht (mm) Current (mA)Time (hr)GP55AAAH* AAA1.255057810.543.7135516550GP60AAAH* AAA1.260063010.543.7136016600GP60AAM AA1.260063014.448.2156016600GP130AAM* AA1.21300134014.448.225130161300GP36NH N1.236038011.6529.48.63616360GP220SCH* Sub-C1.222002420234355220162200GP300SCHE Sub-C1.230003150234359300163000GP450DH D1.245004725336013045016Not ApplicableNickel Cadmium Standard SeriesGP ModelCell SizeNominalVoltage (V)Capacity (0.2C discharge)Nominal DimensionWt (g) Standard Charge1 Hr ChargeCurrent (mA)Minimum(mAh)Typical(mAh)Dia(mm) Ht (mm) Current (mA)Time (hr)GP30AAAK AAA1.230032010.543.710.53016300GP35AAAK AAA1.235037010.543.7123516350GP60AAS* AA1.260066014.448.2196016600GP70AAS* AA1.270077014.448.2217016700GP80AAS* AA1.280085014.448.2218016800GP100AAS* AA1.21000103014.448.226.5100161000GP23NK N1.223025012308.52316230GP130SCK Sub-C1.213001430234344.5130161300GP160SCK* Sub-C1.216001760234347160161600Silver Oxide ButtonGP ModelVoltage(V)Nominal Capacity(mAh)DimensionCross Reference Dia (mm)Ht (mm)IECJISEVEREADYVARTADURACELLSONYGP301 1.5512011.64.2SR43SR43301V301D301SR43SWType/SizeLoad(Ohm)LifeCut-off VoltageIndexZinc/Carbone-D3.98.2 H0.9VZinc/Carbone-C3.9266 Min.0.9VZinc/Carbone-AA10255 Min.0.9VZinc/Carbone-AAA15210 Min.0.9VZinc/Carbone-9V62024H5.4V2H/Day1806H4.8V30Min/DayAlkaline-D2.218.5 H0.9VAlkaline-C3.918 H0.9VAlkaline-AA1017 H0.9VAlkaline-AAA10460 Min.0.9VAlkaline-9V62045 H5.4V2H/Day18012.5 H4.8V30Min/DayAlkaline-N2011.8 H0.9V/references/electrical.htm TypeSizeDimensions(in)Weight(oz)Capacity(Ah)Voltage(V)EnergyDensity(Wh/kg)Li-Ion3.6100NiCad40-60NiMH1.2560-80Li-Polymer2.7150-200Carbon ZincD1.34 x 2.423.070.801.5Zinc ChlorideD1.34 x 2.423.742.51.5AlkalineD1.34 x 2.424.504.81.5NiCadD1.34 x 2.425.303.51.25Carbon ZincC1.02 x 1.971.590.361.5Zinc ChlorideC1.02 x 1.971.801.31.5AlkalineC1.02 x 1.9NiCadC1.02 x 1.972.501.61.25Carbon ZincAA0.57 x 1.990.530.161.5Zinc ChlorideAA0.57 x 1.990.710.361.5AlkalineAA0.57 x 1.990.750.751.5NiCadAA0.57 x 1.990.850.451.25Zinc ChlorideAAA0.41 x 1.750.320.361.5AlkalineAAA0.41 x 1.750.400.401.5Zinc ChlorideN0.47 x 51.5Carbon Zinc9V1.03 x 1.94 x .691.310.169.0Zinc Chloride9V1.03 x 1.94 x .691.360.169.0Alkaline9V1.03