机械工程英语第二部分翻译.doc

Unit5 INDUSTRIAL ROBOT工业机器人INTRODUCTION介绍Industrial robots are relatively new electromechanical devices that are beginning to change the appearance of modern industry. Industrial robots are not like the science fiction devices that possesshuman-like abilities and provide companionship with space traveler、Research to enable robots to“see，hear，“touch，and listen has been underway for two decades and is beginning to bearfruit. However，the current technology of industrial robots is such that most robots contain Onlyan arm rather than all the anatomy a human possesses. Current control only allows these devicesto move from point to point in space，performing relatively simple taskes. The Robotics Instituteof America defines a robot as“a reprogramrnable multifunction manipulator designed to movematerial，parts, tools，or other specialized devices through variable programmed motions for theperformance of a variety of tasks. A NC machining center would qualify as a robot if one wereto interpret different types of machining as different functions- Most manufacturing engineers donot consider a NC machining center a robot，even though these machines hive a number of situ-ilarities. The power drive and controllers of both NC machines and robots can be quite similar.Robots, like NC machines can he powered by electrical motors，hydraulic systems，or pnetinlat tcsvsterns. Control for either device can lye either open-loop or closed-loop. In fact，many of thedevelopments used in robotics have evolved from the NC industry，and many of the manufactur-ers of robots also manufacture NC machines or NC controllers. 工业机器人是相对来说较新的机电设备，它已经开始改变现代工业的面貌。工业机器人不像科幻小说中的那个模样具有人一样的能力并且能与其它移动物建立友谊。机器人能够看见听到触觉听的研究已经进行了20多年，现在开始开花结果了。然而，通常所说的工业机器人技术是是大多数机器人只包含了一条臂而不是拥有人解剖学上的全部结构。通常的控制只允许这些机器人在空间上从点到点的移动，完成相对简单的工作。美国机器人学会定义机器人为“一个可再编程序，多功能的机器手，它通过各种可编程的运行来完成不同的任务，用于搬用原料、零件、刀具、以及专用装置。如果认为不同类型的加工有不同的作用。那么一个数控加工中心也可以被认为是机器人。大部分制造工程师认为数控加工中心不是机器人，尽管他们有很多相似之处。数控机构和机器人的动力驱动和控制十分相似。想数控机构一样机器人能够由发动机、液压系统、气压系统提供动力。两种设备都能由开环控制或闭环控制。实际上，许多应用于机器人发展技术由数控工业演变过来并且许多机器人制造商也制造数控机床和数控控制器。 A physical robot is normally composed of a main frame (or arm) with a wrist and some tool-ing (usually some type of gripper) at the end of the frame. Art auxiliary power system may alsobe included with the robot. A controller with some type of teach pendant，joy-stick. or key padis also part of the system. I1 typical robotic system is shown in Fig. 5. 1. 实际的机器人由带有腕（或称为臂）的主机身和机器端部的工具（通常是某些的支撑器）组成。机器人也可能有一个辅助动力系统。机器人系统还包括一个有一些控制环模、操作杆、键的控制器。一种典型的机器人系统如图5、1 Robots are usually characterized by the design of the mechanical system. A robot whosemain frame consists of three linear axes is called a Cartesian robot. The Cartesian robot derives itsname from the coordinate systern. Travel normally takes place linearly in three-space. SomeCartesian robots are constructed like a gantry to minimize deflection alang each of the axes.These robots are referred to as gantry robots. Fig. 5. 2 shows examples of Cartesian robots.These robots behave and car, be controlled similarly to conventional :hree-axis IBC machines.、Gantry robots are generally the most accuratN physical structure for robots. Gantry robots arecOIIIIIi(nly used for assemhly where tight tolerance and exact location are required. 机器人特点通常由机械系统的设计表现，一个主要框架包括三条移动轴的机器人称为笛卡尔机器人。笛卡尔机器人它的名字来源于笛卡尔坐标系沿三维空间的直线移动。一些笛卡尔机器人由龙门结构构成以便使沿每个轴的偏差最小。这些机器人称为龙门机器人。图5.2展示了笛卡尔机器人，这些机器人的动作控制都相似于传统的三坐标机床。龙门结构一般来说是最正确的机器人实际结构。龙门机器人通常用于公差较小和位置度要求较高的装配中。A cylindrical robot is composed of two linear axes and one rotary from the work envelollE (the, space in which it operates)、which is This robot derives itscreated by moving the axes from limit to limit甲Fig.5。3 shows typical cylindrical robot、二Cylindrical robots are used for a variety of applications，but most frequently for material-handling operations. 圆柱机器人由两个移动轴和一个旋转轴组成，这种机器人的名称来源自包围轨迹（它的功作范围），它由轴移动的极限位置构成。图5.3展示了典型的圆柱机器人。圆柱机器人有许多应用，最常见的是材料的搬运操作。Unit 6 Group Technology Reasons for Adopting Group TechnologyModern manufacturing industries are racing a lot of challenges caused by growing international competition and fast-changing market demands. These challenges, which are exemplified in the following list, have been and can be successfully met by group technology:（现在制造工业正在接受由日益激烈的国际化竞争和多变的市场要求带来的挑战。这些挑战可以用成组技术成功地解决，如下所列：）*There is an industrial trend toward low-volume production(small lot sizes)of a wider variety of products in order to meet the rising demand for specially ordered products in todays affluent societies. In other words, the share of the batch-type production in industry is growing day after day, and it is anticipated that 75 percent of all manufactured parts will be in small lot sizes.（工业生产发展的趋势是产品的品种更加多样而每种产品生产的数量减少，以此来满足当今繁荣社会不断增长的专门订货。换句话说，工厂中分批式生产的比例越来越高，预计将来全部的75%是小批量的。） *As a result of the first factor, the conventional shop organization is becoming very inefficient and obsolete because of the wasteful routing paths of the products between the various machine tool departments.（作为第一个因素的结果，传统的车间机构变得越来越低效和过时，因为产品在不同的工具部传送的时候浪费时间） *There is a need