新目标九年Unit3语法.doc

Unit3语法语法内容：（一）. 被动语态1. 语态“语态”表示主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语中有“两态”的说法，即主动语态和被动语态，本单元中反复出现的should be allowed 就是一个含有情态动词（should）的被动语态。先看几个基本概念主语是动作的发出者为主动语态主语是动作的接受者为被动语态只有及物动词才有被动语态。2. 被动语态的构成（1）The office is cleaned every day .The office was cleaned yesterday.Compare active and passive：动作的接受者the office成了句子的主语，就应该用被动语态。从上面的例句我们可以总结：一般现在时的被动语态为：主am / is / are （not）过去分词一般过去时的被动语态为：主was / were 过去分词如：Butter is made from milk.This house was built 100 years ago.以前我们学过的was / were born 生于，就是一个被动语态born是个过去分词（bear）When were you born ? I was born in 1989.如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者，句子后面需接by ，译为“被（由）”如：We were woken up by a loud noise .我们被嘈杂的声音吵醒。（2）现在进行时被动语态的构成为主语is / am / are + being 过去分词再如：My car is being repaired now.Some new houses are being built near the park.公园附近在建一些房子。（3）现在完成时被动语态的构成为主语have / has been 过去分词如：My key has been stolen.My keys have been stolen.I am not going to the party , I havent been invited.含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词be过去分词A note had better be left to him.Teenagers should be allowed to wear their own clothes这里我们列举了几个主要时态，那么其它时态呢？一般将来时 主语will be 过去分词过去将来时 主语would / should + be 过去分词过去进行时 主语was / were + being 过去分词过去完成时 主语had + been +过去分词被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be动词后面的过去分词不变。归纳：肯定句：主语be + 过去分词（by ）否定句：主语be not 过去分词（by ）一般疑问句：Be 主语过去分词（by ）?特殊疑问句：疑问词be主语过去分词（by ）3. 被动语态的用法：（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用by动作执行者短语Such books are written for children. 这些书是为儿童写的。I havent been told about it . 没有人告诉我这件事（2）强调动作的承受者，这时应用by短语。The cup was broken by David.（3）作客观说明时，常采用一种被动语态句型Its / was said / believed / reported / + that Its reported that about three hundred people were killed in this earthquake.据报道，这次地震中大约有三百人死亡。4. 主动语态变为被动语态把主动语态的句子变为被动语态的方法是：（1）把原句中的宾语变为主语（2）动词改为被动形式，即be+过去分词（3）原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在by后面，如果没必要，可省略。注意事项：主动语态变成被动语态应注意事项从主动语态到被动语态的过程中主语、谓语动词、宾语都发生变化。注意主格与宾格的变化形式。注意主语的人称及数的变化对be动词带来的影响。注意be动词的时态形式取决于原主动语态的动词时态形式。5. 被动语态的几种类型（1）有两个宾语的句子的被动语态（直接宾语，间接宾语）常见的接双宾语的动词有通常这种句子可以改为以“人”当主语；和以“物”当作主语的两种被动语态。如：He gave me a book.I was given a book by him. （以I做主语）A book was given to me by Tom. （以物book作主语）He teaches us English.We are taught English by him. （以人当主语）English is taught us by him. （以物作主语）（2）含有宾语补足语的句子的被动语态keep, make 三类的动词常常有宾语补足语，在被动语态中，宾语补足语位置不变。We keep food fresh in the fridge.主 谓 宾 宾补Food is kept fresh in the fridge.I saw him go into the office building.He was seen to go into the office building.英语中有“十大动词”的说法，即feel , hear , listen , have , make , let , look , watch ,see , notice ，这些词在主动句中，其后的动词不定式不加to，但变被动句时必须加to.（3）含有短语的主动语态变被动语态不及物动词没有宾语，因此没有被动语态。但有的不及物动词后面加上介词及其他一些词类构成短语动词之后，其作用相当于及物动词，可以接宾语，因而也可以变为被动语态。在变成被动语态时，不能去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词They take good care of my child.My child is taken good care of 他们把我的孩子照顾得很好。I turned off the radio.The radio was turned off （by me）附：动词短语的被动语态take care of be taken care ofcut down be cut downlaugh at be laughed atlook afterbe looked after下列这些短语本身即是被动语态的形式，不需再加bybe covered with 用覆盖着be interested in 对感兴趣be surprised at 对感到惊奇be made of （from）用制造的（4）由情态动词形成的被动语态含有情态动词的句子在变为被动语态时，在情态动词后面加上be动词即可，其句型如下：肯定句：主语情态动词（can , may , must）+be+ 过去分词否定句：主语情态动词not + be + 过去分词疑问句：情态动词（Can , May , Must ）主语be过去分词.如：We should allow teenagers to surf the Internet .Teenagers should be allowed to surf the Internet.Can you use it ? 你会使用它吗？Can it be used ?6. 不能用于被动语态的几种情况（1）当主动结构中的宾语是反身代词和相互代词时，不能改为被动语态。We often help each other. 我们常常互相帮助。（2）当谓语是表状态的及物动词时（如have , like , take place , belong to ）如：I like these flowers. 我喜欢这些花。I will have a meeting.不说A meeting will be had. 应说A meeting will be held .二被动语态中的“省、补、变、加、留”被动语态中的“省、补、变、加、留”指学习被动语态时应注意的“省主语、补主语、变代词、加上to、保留by”这些关键内容。省主语，指主动语态变被动语态时，如果主动句中的主语为泛指情况的we, they, people时，被动句中将by短语省略。如：We speak English. English is spoken.补主语，指将字面未出现行为者的被动句改为主动句时，应适当地补上主语，如we, they, people, someone等。如：A car is stolen. Someone steals a car.变代词，指主动句中的宾语是宾格人称代词时，改为被动句要将其变为主格人称代词。如：We must send her to the hospital at once. She must be sent to the hospital at once.加上to，如果主动句中含不带to的不定式（作宾语的补足语），变该句为被动句时，不定式前的to应恢复使用。如：We saw him leave the classroom. He was seen to leave the classroom.保留by，指下列被动句中by短语不省略的情况：a. 当by短语不表示行为者，而表示使用的手段和方法时。如：Most of the work will be done by the computers.b. 强调by短语中的动作行为者时。如：Macao was forced by Portuguese more than four hundred years ago.特别提示：一般将来时的被动语态：shall / will be +p. p.现在完成时的被动语态：have / has been + p. p.现在进行时的被动语态：am / is / are + being + p. p.过去将来时的被动语态：should / would be + p. p.另外需特别注意的是英语中look, smell, feel, taste, sound等系动词和表示起止意义的动词begin, start, finish, stop等，主动形式可表被动意义。考题回放：1. -Did you go to Jacks birthday party?-No, I_. (2004天津市)A. am not invited B. wasnt invitedC. havent invited D. didnt invite2. I like this silk dress, and it _ so soft and comfortable. (2004江西省)A. is feeling B. feels C. has felt D. is felt3. People use computers widely in the world. (改为同义句)Computers _ widely _ in the world. (2002辽宁省)4. 第四十七届世乒赛上个月在巴黎举行。中国乒乓球运动员赢得理所当然。The 47th World Table Tennis Championship _ _ in Paris last month. The Chinese ping-pong players _ _ _. (2003济南市)5. We heard them sing Peking Opera in that theatre last Sunday. (改为被动语态)They were heard_Peking Opera in that theatre last Sunday. (2004重庆市)三、被动语态的重点、难点用法“秀” 被动语态是中考中的考点之一。除了考查其重要用法外，还常与时态综合起来或在情景对话中进行考查。因此复习时要注意三点：1. 弄清句子的主语和谓语之间的主、被动关系；2. 掌握好各种时态的被动语态形式；3. 通晓被动语态的特殊用法及重要用法。一、 含有双宾语的被动语态。一般把间接宾语变为被动句的主语，若将直接宾语变为主语，则在间接宾语前加上介词for 或to。常用to 的动词有：give, tell, lend, send, show, pass, hand 等。常用for 的动词有：borrow, make, buy 等。如：The flower was passed to me at last. 最后把花递给了我。A new bike was bought for me as a birthday present. 有人给我买了一辆新自行车，作为生日礼物送给了我。二、 含有宾语补足语的主动句变为被动句时，通常把宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。看看下面三类情形：1. 宾补是不定式。在主动句中，感官动词和使役动词后跟不定式作宾补时要省略to, 但改为被动句时不能省略to 。如：He was seen to come out of the room. 有人看见他走出了房间。2. 宾补为分词。分词包括现在分词和过去分词两种。如：He was heard singing at that time. 有人听见他那时在唱歌。His window was seen broken to pieces. 有人看见他的窗户被打破了。3. 宾补为形容词、副词、名词、介词短语等。如：The man was found still in the room after three days. 三天后人们发现那个男人一直在屋里。三、主动句中谓语动词是含有介词或副词的短语动词，变为被动句时，介词或副词不可省略。如：The children are taken good care of in the kindergarten. 这些孩子在幼儿园里被照顾得很好。Your pronunciation must be paid great attention to. 你要着重注意一下你的发音。四、 主动形式表示被动含义。在初中阶段主要考查两种情形：1. 部分不及物动词，如：sell, wash, wear, open, shut, lock, write等可以用主动形式表示被动含义。如：The door wont open. 门没开。2. 在有些句子中，尽管没有不定式的逻辑主语， 但是从句意角度可以体会出句中隐含着“for sb. to do ”结构，此时，要用不定式的主动形式，表示被动含义。如：There is nothing (for us ) to worry about. （我们）没有什么可担心的。四、被动语态复习注意事项被动语态是动词语态的一种形式,表示主语是动作的承受者。在历年的中考题中,都有一定数量的考查被动语态的题目。因此,在总复习阶段,有必要对被动语态进行系统复习。下面就来介绍被动语态复习的三步曲,来帮助大家掌握这个语法项目。第一:掌握被动语态的结构被动语态由助动词+及物动词的过去分词构成。不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词be的变化上,同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。现将初中阶段常见的几种时态的被动语态总结如下:1.一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are+done(指及物动词的过去分词,下同)如:English is used all over the world.2.一般过去时的被动语态:was/were+done如:The picture was painted two years ago.3.现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are+being+done如:The flowers are being watered by them now.4.现在完成时的被动语态:have(has)+been+done如:The room has been cleaned.5.一般将来时的被动语态:will/be going to+be+done如:The work will be finished tomorrow.6.含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+done如:Your homework must be handed in today.在初中阶段,要求学生们掌握一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态及含有情态动词的被动语态。中考题出现的关于被动语态的题目,一般会从上述三种情况中出;其他几种时态的被动语态了解即可,它们一般会在阅读题目中出现。第二:掌握主动语态变被动语态的方法把主动语态变为被动语态时,应走好以下三步:1)主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语; 2)主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态形式变为被动语态形式; 3)主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构的谓语动词之后。在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承受者时,by短语可以省略。请看示范:主动语态:My brother repaired that bike yesterday.主语谓语动词宾语其余部分被动语态:That bike was repaired (by my brother) yesterday.主语谓语动词by+宾语其余部分在中考题中,对于主动语态变为被动语态方法的考查,主要在句型转换题目中出现。只要能够按照上面介绍的方法去做,一般是能够做对的。第三:注意主动语态变为被动语态的几种特殊句型1.含有短语动词的被动语态一般来说,只有及物动词才有被动语态。另外,许多不及物动词加上介词或副词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,后面也可加宾语。在变被动语态时,注意不可丢掉后面的介词或副词,常见的这类短语动词有:take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up等。如:The old people should be taken good care of.2.含有双宾语的动词的被动语态含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时,应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语,另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语(指人)变为主语,直接宾语(指物)不变。另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物)变为主语,间接宾语(指人)不变,这时,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时加for。如:My father gave me a new book on my birthday.I was given a new book (by my father) on my birthday. (间接宾语作了主语)A new book was given to me (by my father) on my birthday. (直接宾语作了主语)3.带有复合宾语的动词的被动语态带有复合宾语(宾语和宾语补足语)的主动语态变为被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动语态的主语,原来的宾语补足语不动。同时,如果宾语补足语是省略to的动词不定式,变为被动语态时,必须加上不定式符号to,这类动词有make, let, see, hear, watch等。如:We find English very useful.English is found very useful.宾语宾补I often hear him sing in his room.He is often heard to sing in his room.宾语宾补4.有的动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义,这类动词有: wash, sell, smell, taste, sound, feel等。如:The books sell well.The food tastes good.以上四种情况在中考题目中经常出现,同学们在碰到类似题目时,应首先分析属于哪种情况,然后再根据掌握的知识来做题。一. 被动语态专项练习：选择填空。1. In some countries , tea _ with milk and sugar.A. is servingB. is servedC. servesD. served2. Great changes _ in my hometown since 1980.A. have been taken placeB. took placeC. have taken placeD. were taken place3. The new type of car is going to _ in three years.A. turn outB. be turned outC. has turned outD. have been turned out4. The woman murdered her friend and _ to _.A. was sentenced , deathB. sentencing , dieC. sentenced , deathD. sentenced , die5. Do you like the skirt ?It _ soft.A. is feelingB. feltC. feelsD. is felt6. Are you still here ? You were here an hour ago . Who _ for ?A. are you waitingB. did you waitC. were you waitingD. do you wait7. _ to know Professor Zhang.A. He saidB. I saidC. He is saidD. It says8. I want to sit at the table near the window.Sorry , _ already.A. it tookB. it takesC. it is takingD. it has been taken9. The letter _ three days ago and it _ yesterday.A. had post , had arrivedB. was posted , arrivedC. posted , arrivedD. had been posted , was arrived10. He told me that the final examination _ next Thursday.A. is givenB. will be givenC. would have givenD. would be given11. Water _ into ice.A. will changedB. must be changedC. should changeD. can be changed12. Plays _ twice a month in that theatre.A. put onB. are put onC. was put onD. often put on13. The birds _ fly away last Saturday.A. let toB. is let toC. was letD. were let to14. A strange sound _ yesterday evening.A. was heardB. hearsC. heardD. is heard15. A beautiful bike _ him by his classmates.A. sent toB. will sent toC. was sent toD. will be sent for16. Miss Chen_ just _ to speak at the meeting.A. has been askedB. has been askedC. Have been askedD. have been asked17. Meat _ out in this shop . We can _ now.A. have been sold , get nothingB. has been sold , get nothingC. has been sold , get someD. have been sold , get some18. The new play _ in theatre now . Why dont you go in and see it ?A. is being shownB. is showingC. is shownD. shows19. Can you tell _ ?A. when did it happenB. when was it happenedC. when it happenedD. when it was happened20. _ the job _ by Lucy or by John ? Tell me the truth , please.A. Has finishedB. Has being finishedC. Is finishD. Has been finished二. 用所给动词的适当时态和语态填空1. When _ the first man-made satellite _ （send）up into space ?2. Last year vegetables _ （grow）in the garden by Tom and he _（sell）them himself.3. She _ （help）him with his homework tomorrow evening.4. How many magazines _ （ can borrow）in your library every week ?5. John _ （hear）to go upstairs two hours ago.6. Who _ （save）her father ?He _ （save）by that policeman.7. The doctor _ （send for）because his grandpa was ill.8. Moon cakes _ （make）by his mother every year . _ your mother _（make）moon cakes for you every year ?9. Some toys _ （buy）as a presents for these children last Monday.10. _ paper _ （make）of wood ?三. 用所给单词完成句子1. （the office / clean / yesterday ）The office was cleaned yesterday.2. （the house / paint / last month）The house _3. （three people / injure / in the accident）_4. （my bicycle / steal / a few days ago）_5. （when / this bridge / build ? ）_6. （you / invite / to the party last week ? ）_7. （how / these windows / break ? ）_8. （I / not / wake up / by the noise ）_五. 填空（完成被动语态填空）1. They often clean their classroom after school . （改为被动语态）Their classroom _ often _ by them after school.2. Li Lei gave Tom a new pen last week . （同上）A new pen _ _ _ Tom last week .3. A lot of people in China can speak English now . （同上）English _ _ _ by a lot of people in China now.4. I have learned English for about two years. （同上）English _ _ _ for about two years.5. They will publish these story-books next month. （同上）These story-books _ _ _ next month.【试题答案】一. 15 BCBAC610 ACDBD1115 DBDAC1620 ABACD二. 1. wassent2. were grown , sold3. will help4. canbe borrowed5. washeard6. saved , was saved7. was sent for8. are made , Does make9. were bought10. Is made三. 2. The house was painted last month.3. Three people were injured in the accident.4. My bicycle was stolen a few days ago.5. When was this bridge built.6. Were you invited to the party last week ?7. How were these windows broken ?8. I wasnt woken up by the noise.四. 2. Football is played in most 3. Why was the letter sent to 4. where cars are repaired5. Where were you born ?6. How many languages are spoken 7. but nothing was stolen.8. When was the bicycle invented ?五. 1. is cleaned2. was given by3. Can be spoken4. has been learned5. will be published初三英语被动语态专练（ ）1. One or two man-made satellites _ in our country every year.A. have been sent upB. will be sent upC. is sent upD. are sent up（ ）2. Our TV set _ yesterday.A. is repairedB. was repairedC. had been repairedD. would be repaired（ ）3. A new building _ in our school next year.A. will be builtB. is builtC. is being builtD. has been built（ ）4. Many books on science _ since I went to college.A. were boughtB. have been boughtC, will be boughtD. are bought（ ）5. A wonderful English talk _ by Mr Liu tomorrow.A. has been givenB. is givenC. is being givenD. will be given（ ）6. How _ the Great Pyramid (金字塔) _ many years ago without modern machines.A. isbuiltB. wouldbe builtC. havebeen builtD. wasbuilt（ ）7. Mr Li , you _ on the phone.A. are wantedB. were wantedC. are being wantedD. will be wanted（ ）8. _ the work _ yet ?A. is finishedB. Willbe finishedC. Has been finishedD. Would be finished（ ）9.This maths problem _ out by little Tom.A. can be easily workB. can easily be workedC. can is easily workedD. can easily worked（ ）10.Trees _ in winter but in spring.A. not can be plantedB. can be not plantedC. cant be plantedD. can not be plant（ ）11.This kind of cars _ in Japan ten years ago.A. can only be madeB. could only madeC. be could only madeD. could only be made（ ）12._ to the front at that time ?A. Could be guns and food carriedB. Could guns and food be carriedC. Can guns and food be carriedD. Could guns and food were carried（ ）13.The bear _ to the zoo tomorrow morning.A. may be sendB. may is sentC. may be sentD. is may sent（ ）14.We hear a bridge _ over the river this year.A. may be builtB. may is builtC. may be buildD. may built（ ）15.A book _ more than once if you want to understand it better.A. must be readedB. must be readC. must to be readD. must read（ ）16.Such films _ by children like you.A. must be not seenB. must not be seeC. must not seenD. must not be seen（ ）17._ the book _ if I cant finish it in time ?A. MustrenewB. MustrenewedC. Mustbe renewD. Mustbe renewed（ ）18 “_ the text _ today ?” asked TomA. Canbe copyedB. Maybe copyC. Mustis copiedD. Must be copied（ ）19.Kate has a high fever. A doctor must _ at once.A. send forB. is sent forC. be sentD. be sent for（ ）20.Dont go in . Your son _ inside the room.A. is operated onB. is being operated onC. operates onD. has been operated（ ）21.Food and clothes _ by women.A is often talk aboutB. are often talkedC. are often talked aboutD. often talked about（ ）22.The baby _ when Mother was out.A. well looked afterB. was looked wellC. is