初高中时态讲义-适用于基础好.doc

提分热线：66661997新引擎教育辅导讲义学员编号（卡号）： 年 级： 第 课时学员姓名： 辅导科目： 英语 教师：李老师 课 题动词的时态与语态授课时间：备课时间：教学目标掌握高中主要动词的时态与语态能独立完成动词时态与语态的相关练习重点、难点现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时与过去完成时的区别考点及考试要求动词的时态与语态是高中语法知识的重点，也是高考的必考知识点。教学内容一、一般现在时 主动：主+v(原) 被动：主+is/am/are+done标志性的频率副词及时间状语：every day, sometimes，on/at Sundays, often, usually always, frequently, constantly, once/twice a week/month.1） 基本用法1. 表示现在经常或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的词、状语连用。 He often goes to school on foot. I watch TV three times a week.2.表示现在的能力、特征、职业等。 He sings well. My brother are always ready to help others.3.表示客观真理、科学事实、名言警句等。 Knowledge is power. The earth goes around the sun. My teacher told that the earth _ around the sun.2） 特殊用法 1、主句用将来时态 ，时间状语从句、条件状语从句用一般现在时（ 主将从现）I will call you when I have time.We will go to park if it doesnt rain tomorrow. 2.表示按规定、时间表、计划要发生的动作，用一般现在时表示将来。 The train leaves at 12:00.二、一般过去时：主动：主+v(过） 被动： 主+was/were +done一） 基本用法1. 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态时间状语：yesterday, last day/week/month, an hour ago, 时间点+ago, the other day, in 2012 , in+年份I came here one month ago.2.表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作We often played together when we were children.3.表示过去习惯性的动作：可用 would do , used to do He used to play together when we were children.Used to do sth 过去常常做。Be used to doing sth 习惯做。Be used to do sth 被用来做。三、一般将来时 主动: 主+will/shall+v(原) 被动：主+will/shall+be+done标志性的时间状语：tomorrow, next day/year/month, in two hour, the following day/year/month/week 1.will 表示没有经过事先考虑而是在说话的时候才决定做某事- You forget to close the door.- Oh, I will close it at once. 2.will 表意愿 Now you can take off your coat, and you will put on the clothes in front of the mirror. 3.be going to do 表示将来1）主语的意图，即将做某事 2）计划、安排、要发生的事 3）有迹象要发生的事 1) What are you going to do tomorrow? 2)The play/movie is going to be shown next month. 3)Look at the dark clouds; there is going to be a storm. 4. be about to do 马上要做某事（不与tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来的时间状语连用） He is about to leave for Beijing. 5.be + to do 表示将来、按计划或安排将发生的事命中注定的事。We are to discuss the issue next Saturday.四、现在进行时 主动：主+is/am/are +v-ing 被动：主+is/am/are +being+done 标志性时间状语：now, at present, at once, right away.1.表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事 Look！These boys are playing basketball. We are taking English class.2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作或表示长时间做反复的动作（说话时未进行） We are learning in this school.3.现在进行时表示将来、表示按计划或安排要发生的事 I am leaving tomorrow. We are going home tomorrow.这类词：arrive, come, go,run, move, leave, return,start,begin 等表示位移的动词通常是：be+v-ing用现在进行时表示计划、安排。现在进行时与always ;forever; constantly; usually 等连用，表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩。 You are always making same mistakes.五、过去进行时 主动：主+was/were+doing 被动：主+was/were+being+done标志性的时间状语：this time yesterday, at 5:00 to 7:00 yesterday the whole afternoon yesterday, at that time 1.表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作 I was teaching while you were reading. We were memorizing words while they were chatting. 2.表示过去某一阶段正在进行的动作 We were making preparations for exams last week. We were making preparations for exams last week. ( 动作未完成 ). We made preparations for exams last week. ( 动作已完成 )六、现在完成时 主动: 主+has/have+done 被动：主+has/have+been+done 一)基本用法 1.影响性用法: 表示一个动作发生在过去已经完成且对造成影响或结果 He has left here. (结果：他不在这儿）Someone has broken the window. (结果：窗户仍破着）2. 持续性用法：表示一个动作从过去持续到现在且可能继续持续下去或可能到此结束 We have taken classes this afternoon.3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语I have been to Beijing twice.I have gone to Beijing.Been to +地点：去过某地，人回来了。Gone to+地点：去过某地，人未回。 二）用现在完成时的典型场合 Since+时间点（过去时间）或since+that (从句中一般过去时） 主句用现在完成时 I havent seen her since last week. Where have you been since I met you last week? For+ 时间段 与延续性动词连用 She has been away for many years ( ) She has left for many years ( )come, arrive, buy等终止性动词或短暂性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为“be（在）”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换： arrivebe here begin(start)be on die be dead come backbe back leave be away fall ill(sick,asleep)be ill(sick,asleep) get upbe up go out be out finish be over put on wear 或be on open be open join be in或 be a member of close be closed go to schoolbe a student borrow keep buy have catch(a cold) have(a cold) get to know know begin to studystudy come to workwork等如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。 His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。 The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。 We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。句中有时间状语及副词： so far, in/over past/last years/months/weeks up to now, ever, just, already, yet.，lately, recently, in recent yearsIt /this/that is the first /second.time +that sb has done sthIt /this/that is the only .+.that sb has done sthIt /this/that is the +形容词（最高级）.+that sb has done sthIt /this/that is the first time that I have come here.It /this/that is the only thing that I have done for you.It /this/that is the most interesting book that I have ever read.(以上句型将is换成was 从句则将现在完成时改为过去完成时） 七、过去完成时 主动：主+bad+done 被动：主+had+been+done 时间状语: before, when, after, by+过去的时间, until, once, hardly.when, no soonerthan，yet， already等。1. 表示过去的过去 (在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作)可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句 (在复合句中，由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句 )来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示 I had finished all the exams when I came here.By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.2.表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 3.叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied this lesson. He had been a good friend of mine.4.在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。I returned the book that I had borrowed.She found the key that she had lost. 5.过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 He said that he had known her well. I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 6.状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的。 When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. She didnt go to bed until she had finished her work. 注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如：After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.7.动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time./ We had hoped to be able to come and see you .过去完成时-语法判定A、由时间状语来判定。一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. B、由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中，当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中，在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （ 3 ）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. C、根据上、下文来判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing. 8.特殊句型 1） It /this/that was the first /second.time +that sb had done sth It /this/that was the only .+that sb had done sth It /this/that was the +形容词（最高级）.+that sb had done sth It /this/that was the first time that I had come here. It /this/that was the only thing that I had done for you. It /this/that was the most interesting book that I had ever read. 2）by the end of/ by the time +过去时间“到.为止”We had painted 100 paintings by the end of last year.He had visited 20 beautiful cities by the end of last year. 3）no sooner .than, hardly/scarcely.when. 一.就 No sooner had she gone to the classroom than she began to read. Hardly had she heard the noise when she woke up. (wake-woke/waked-woke/waked)8、 将来完成时： 主动: 主+will/shall have done (will用于其他人称，shall用于 第一人称） 被动：主+will/shall have been done 标志性的时间状语：before+将来时间， by+将来时间， before或by the time引导的现在时的从句，by the time that., by the end of+将来时间 1、表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 2、表示推测，相当于must have done结构。 You will have heard of this, I guess. I am sure he will have got the information. 3、表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间。 we will have been married a year on June 25th.九、过去完成时、现在完成时、将来完成时的区别A. 持续性用法 She has been a teacher for 10 years. That means she said she had been a teacher for 10 years. B.影响性用法 I have finished all my homework. That means I have no homework and I am free. （A&B）现在完成时：以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词截止到现在的结果(C)过去完成时：一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。 截止到过去以前的结果,有过去的时间状语做参照。(D)将来完成时：以将来时间为参照点，表示在“将来”某一时间为止已经完成的动作或持续到“将来”某一 时间的状态比较：He has finished writing his novel. 他已写完了他的小说。 He had finished writing his novel by the end of last year. 去年年底他就写完他的小说。 He will have finished writing his novel by the end of next year. 到明年年底他就会写完他的小说 了。十、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：A. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。 比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. B. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. C. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或