上海中考语法词法morphology.doc

2009年中考英语语法 词法(Morphology)(一)名词(Noun)1普通名词和专有名词(Common and Proper Noun) 如：Paris，Africa (地名) Japan，Canada (国名) February，Thursday (月份，日期) Alfred Nobel，Mr Smith，Grandma (人名，称呼) the Great Wall，World Wide Web(由普通名词组成的专有名词)2可数名词和不可数名词(Countable and Uncountable Noun) 1)可数名词复数形式的构成 如：Acoincoins，toytoys，monthmonths Bclassclasses，boxboxes，churchchurchesbrushbrushes Cpotatopotatoestomato-tomatoes (比较：photophotos，radioradios，kilokilos) Dcitycities，countrycountries(比较：daydays，boyboys) Eshelf-shelves，knifeknives，scarf-scarves(scarfs) Fmanmen，womanwomen，policemanpolicemen businesswomanbusinesswomen，foot-feet，toothteeth childchildren，mousemice，sheepsheep，ChineseChinese 2)可数名词的数量表达 如：a pair of jeans a group of people (a) few relatives a couple of days some computers a lot oflots of reporters plenty of books a large number of passengers one of the top students many placestimeshundreds ofthousands of years(比较：two thousand years)3)不可数名词的数量表达 如：a bottle oftwo bottles of watersome work a 1ot oflots of news plenty of milk huge amounts of information much moneytime (a)little food3名词所有格(Case) 如：Alices birthday the teachers office Childrens Day twenty minutes walk New Years Day the front gate of the City Halla friend of Kittys/ mine(二) 代词(Pronoun)人称单复数人称代词物主代词反身代词主格宾格形容词性名词性第一人称单Imemyminemyself复weusouroursourselves第二人称单youyouyouryoursyourself复youyouyouryoursyourself第三人称单hesheithimherithisheritshishersitshimselfherselfitself复theythemtheirtheirsthemselves1人称代词(Personal Pronoun)人称代词的主格形式用作主语。人称代词的宾格形式用作及物动词或介词的宾语。如：I (主格，作主语) called him (宾格，作动词宾语)He (主格，作主语) was playing tennis with us (宾格，作介词宾语)She and I(主格，作主语) went to the McDonalds last nightLet the baby sit between you and me (宾格，作介词宾语)2物主代词(Possessive Pronoun)形容词性物主代词用作定语。如：his puppy，my parents，her diet名词性物主代词用作主语、宾语或表语。如：A：Is this her T shirt? B：No，hers is red(主语)A：May I use your dictionary? BIve lost mine(宾语)That new flat is ours(表语)3反身代词(Reflexive Pronoun)用作宾语或表示强调。如：Be carefulYou might hurt yourself(宾语) The children made the model planes (by) themselves(表示强调)4指示代词(Demonstrative Pronoun) 如：A：Is thisthat your motorcycle? B：No，it isntA：Are thosethese calculators expensive? B：Yes, they are5疑问代词(Interrogative Pronoun)参见“四、句法”中“特殊疑问句”一节。6不定代词(Indefinite Pronoun)1) some，any如：He asked for more sauce and I passed him someDo you know any of her friends?There is much milk in the fridgeWould you like some?2)复合不定代词somethingsomebodysomeoneanythinganybodyanythingnothingnobodyno oneeverythingeverybodyeveryone如：Someone has told me about this before.Ive got something interesting to tell you.Did you see anybody else in the room?Everything is ready for the Open Day.3)a few，few；a little，little如：Youve made a few mistakes in your homework，Im afraid.There were few eggs in the fridge，so he went to the supermarket and bought someTheres still a little time leftYou neednt hurryIm afraid I cant buy anything today because I have got little money on me.4)both，all如：Both of his hands were hurtThey both lost themselves in the beautiful musicAll enjoyed themselves at the party 5)neither，none如：Neither of the twins is a university student.In the past，none of the buses werewas air-conditioned6)onethe other(s)，someothers，another如：She has got two pets One is a dog；the other is a cat.Some like prawnsOthers like crabsI dont like this kind of watchWill you show me another?7)one，ones 如：Which T shirt do you like? The one with the V-neck.The old houses here have been pulled down and a lot of new ones will be built7it 如：It is a robot(指物)It is raining now，but itll be fine soon(指自然现象)What time is it now? Its eight oclock(指时间)It isnt far from here to the hospital(指距离)Its important(for us)to fight pollution(作形式主语)(三)数词(Numeral)1基数词(Cardinal Number) 注意eleven，twelve，thirteen，fifteen，eighteen，twenty，thirty， forty，fifty，eighty，aone hundredthousand等词的拼写。2序数词(Ordinal Number) 注意first，second，third，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth，twentieth， twenty-first，ninety-ninth，(one)hundredth等词。3分数(Fraction)，小数(Decimal)和百分比(Percentage) 如： 三分之一读作one-third，五分之三读作three-fifths 082读作zero point eight two 45读作forty-five percent4日期和年份(Date and Year) 如： on May 27读作：on May(the)twenty-seventh on 27th May读作：on the twenty-seventh 0f May in 1933读作：in nineteen thirty-three in 2000读作：in two thousand5时间和钟点(Time) 如： 6：15读作：six fifteen(a)quarter past six 4：30读作：four thirtyhalf past four 6：35读作：six thirty-fivetwenty-five(minutes)to seven 9：10 am读作：nine ten am6数学运算表达(Arithmetic Expression) 如：A：Add 6 and 9 B：6 plus 9 equalsis 15(6+9=15)7其它 如：Lesson Twelvethe Twelfth Lesson Class One，Grade Three No46 bus Channel 8Eight Room 402(四)冠词(Article)1不定冠词(Indefinite Article)aan的用法 如：A computer works more accurately than a human brain(表示一类人或事物)What is he? Hes an artist(表示人的身份或事物的性质)Give me a pen，please(泛指)There is a beautiful garden behind the house(表示数量，有“一”的意思)aan用在一些习惯用语中，如：have a good time，in a hurry，have a break，for a while，a pair of，have a look，with a smile，take an active part in等2定冠词(Definite Article)the的用法 如：I have a eat and a dogThe cat is white and the dog is brown(再次提到的人或物前)The lady in black is our English teacher(特指)Excuse meWhere is the bank? (谈话双方共指的事物)The Nile is the longest river in the world(在形容词最高级前)Our classroom is on the third floor(序数词前)The sun is bigger than the earth(宇宙中独一无二的事物)The Yangtze River is one of the longest rivers in the world(江河、海洋或山脉前)Pudong is in the east of Shanghai(方位前面)I practise the piano every day(乐器前面)We should help the poor(形容词前表示一类人)the用在一些习惯用语中，如：in the morning，the day after tomorrow，listen to the radio，at the moment，go to the beach，by the way等。3一般不用冠词的情况(Zero Article) 如：We study maths，Chinese，English and so on(学科名称前面)December 25th is Christmas Day(日期或节日前面)I was born in July(月份或星期等前面)Were going to have a picnic this coming Saturday(在this，those，my，whose，next，last，some，any，every，each等词前)Snow is white(不可数名词，如物质名词和抽象名词前)(比较：The snow on the ground is thick特指)What do you have for breakfast? (一日三餐前)We play football after school every day(球类运动前)What can I do for you，madam?(称呼、头衔或职务前)某些不用冠词的固定词组，如：by trainmotorcycle，at night，after class，at home，in trouble，go to church等。(五)形容词和副词(Adjective and Adverb)1形容词的用法和位置(Usage and Position of Adjective) 如：Computers are very useful in our life(表语)This is an unhealthy diet(定语)Trees keep air fresh(宾语补足语)I have something important to tell you(定语，后置)2副词的用法和位置(Usage and Position of Adverb) 如：We often go swimming in summer(状语，修饰动词)She is often the first to come to class(状语，修饰动词)I have never been to the Botanical Gardens(状语，修饰动词)Please stay inside until the typhoon leaves(状语，修饰动词)It rained heavily last night(状语，修饰动词)Luckily，he still got the first prize(状语，修饰整个句子)He was too disappointed to say a word(状语，修饰形容词)Space planes are very fast(状语，修饰形容词)We got up early enough to catch the first bus(状语，修饰副词，后置)3形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成(Formation of comparative and superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverb) 如：soft softer softestlarge larger largestthin thinner thinnesthealthy healthier healthiestslowly more slowly most slowlyexpensive more expensive most expensivegood/well better bestmanymuch more mostbadbadly worse worstill worse worstlittle less leastfar fartherfurther farthestfurthest4形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法(usage of Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverb) 如：E-mail is quicker and cheaper than regular mailWho works harder，Ben or Kitty?The air pollution in that city is much more serious than it used to beMr Ling is less healthy than Miss ChenWhich is the biggest，the sun，the earth or the moon?Kally dances (the) most beautifully of the threeAfrica is the second largest continent in the world Edison was one of the greatest inventors in the world.The steak tastes as delicious as the chop.He can sing as well as his sister.He doesnt write so/as carefully as his brother.The days are getting longer and longer.You should send him to the hospital, the sooner the better.Tom is taller than any other student in the class.(六) 介词(Preposition) 1. 常见介词的各种用法介词用法举 例at时间at six (oclock) / night / the moment / present地点at home / the supermarket对象laugh at其它用法at onceon时间on May 4th / Monday / Sunday morning地点on the wall / the ground / the third floor / the shelf其它用法on ones way to , on footin时间in the afternoon / the morning / the evening / May / winter / 1978地点in the room / the street / the housing estate其它用法in red, in addition, in timewith方式do sth. with sb.其它用法with ones own eyes, a plane with an engine, something wrong withby时间by 1990地点by the river方式by ferry, by airmail, by doing.强调by oneself被/由做be done by sb.其它用法by the wayfor时间for many years对象a letter for sb.其它用法for example, a ticket for Sundays evening show, for the time being, for the first timefrom时间或地点fromto距离far from其它用法be / come fromto方向go to the library对象give sth. to sb.其它用法to ones joy2. 一些其它介词的用法 如：about, across, after, against, along, among, (a)round, before, behind, below, beside, between, during, except, into, like, near, of, over, opposite, since, through, under, without 等以及because of , in front of, out of 等。(七) 连词 (Conjunction)1. 并列连词 ( Compound Conjunction)连接彼此并列的词、短语或句子and, or, but, so, not only., but also, both., and, neither.nor, either., or, as well as等。如：The water in the kettle is boiling and we can see steam coming out of it.Is he an engineer or an architect?Hurry up, or you will be late.English is difficult, but its interesting.People not only play computer games on the Interact but also do online shopping.Neither the colour nor the size fits me. You can ask me questions either in class or after class.2. 从属连词 ( Subordinate Conjunction)that, if, unless, whether, who, whose, what, which, where, than, when, while, as, since, though, although, because, before, after, until, as soon as, now that, so. that, so that, as. as, (not) so/as., as 等。如：If it doesnt rain next Sunday, well have a barbecue. (引导状语从句)The foreigner asked us if we had been to the Tower of Pisa. (引导宾语从句)Since this is your first visit to Britain, youd better learn something about British culture. (引导状语从句) (八) 动词(Verb)1. 动词的种类 (Classification)1) 行为动词 如：He failed in the exam.Does he have a test once a week?We promise never to pollute the environment.2) 连系动词 be, become, get, turn, look, feel, sound, smell, taste, seemCI am in charge of sports in my class.He became a professor in 1980.It will get hotter this summer.The mooncake tastes too sweet.there be 结构 如：How many blocks are there in your housing estate?There is going to be an Open Day in our school this afternoon.3) 助动词be, do, have, will, 如：Dont waste water.Did you do a survey last week?We havent seen each other for ages.A medical team will be sent to the area.4)情态动词can, may, must, need, should, shall, will, could, would, ought to, have to, be able to, used to如：The bird can sing sweet songs.Can I help you?A: May I leave the table now? B: No, you may not.A: Must I do my homework at once?B: No, you neednt.You must be good at maths.You should eat less fried food and drink enough water.Ought we to discuss it now?Shall we go by ourselves?Can/Will/Could/Would you help Linda with her lessons later?My uncle used to grow vegetables, but now he also grows fruit.Their parents dont have to pay for their education.The policemen are able to catch the thief.2.动词的时态 (Tense) 1) 一般现在时 如：China is a great country.Mrs Green usually goes sightseeing at weekends.Do children like watching cartoons?Light travels faster than sound.Ill give her the message as soon as she gets in.2) 现在进行时 如：We are making a model house now.Sending emails is getting popular these days.3) 一般讲来时 如：Mary is going to visit Ocean Park tomorrow.When shall we meet again?I hope Mr Smith will visit China soon.My father is leaving for Beijing in two days.4) 一般过去时 如:He broke the vase yesterday.How tall were you last year?Millions of years ago, the Stone Age people didnt eat cooked food.5) 现在完成时 如：A: Have you bought any sugar yet?B: Yes, I have already bought some. Here it is.Mr Smith has worked as an engineer since 2000/for several years.They have just been to the South Pole.6) 过去进行时 如：The children were playing with snow happily this time yesterday.While Mary was working on the computer, her friends were playing cards.We were watching TV when the alarm went off.7) 过去完成时 如：By the age of five, Mozart had given a lot of perfo