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What Is a Dream? For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a persons mind and emotions. Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ), Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions of a persons wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves. Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example,psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime. Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop. He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams. 3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones. Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur,you shouldnt panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. Its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.注释： 1.Sigmund Freud西格蒙德.费洛伊德(1856-1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有性学三论梦的释义图腾与禁忌日常生活的心理病理学精神分析引论精神分析引论新编等 2.Carl Jung:卡尔.荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人 3.For example.the people in mens dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of womens dreams.例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关;女人做梦与男人则不同。 练习： 1. Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 2. According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 3. Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 4. In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 5. According to Dornhoff,babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 6. Men and women dream about different things. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 7. Scientists agree that dreams predict the future. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案：1.A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义;而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。 2.A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。 3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息)He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己)。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。 4.C文中没有提及。 5.A依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：婴儿不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。这就说明了婴儿不具备成人做梦的能力。6.A本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。 7.B最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。 Stage Fright Fall down as you come onstage. Thats an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Felts man when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic, 2 Mr. Felts man said, All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms : icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind. Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces, inside out,to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don t deny that yourre jittery, they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience. Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance ,Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile, she says. And not one of “these please dont kill me smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them. She doesnt want to think of the audience as a judge. Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright, says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve. When Lynn Harrell was 20,he became the principal cellist of the Cleverl and Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought, If I have to go through this to play music, I think Im going to look for another job. Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster. It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitzs nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. They had to push him on stage, Soprano Renata Scotto recalled. Actually, success can make things worse. In the beginning of your career, when youre scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they dont, have any expectations, Soprano June Anderson said. There s less to lose. Later on, when you re known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose. Anderson added, I never stop being nervous until Ive sung my last note. 注释： 1.Stage Fright：舞台恐惧 2.The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of preperformance panic资深大提琴家Mstislav Rostropovich故意把Vladimir Feltsman绊倒，因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症。cure somebody of something(illness，problem)：医治好病(解决问题)3.its symptoms：icy fingers，shaky limbs，racing heart，blank mind：舞台恐惧的症状有手冰凉、身体颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白。4.Teachers and psychologists offer wideranging advice.from basics like learning pieces inside out：老师和心理学家提出了方方面面的建议，一些基础知识，比如将演奏曲目烂熟于心inside out：in great detail详细地，从里到外地 5.I came to a point where I thought，“If I have to go through this to play music，I think lm going to look for another job.”我曾经一度认为，如果搞音乐就必须经过克服舞台恐惧这一关的话，这项工作不能做。6.Recovery，he said，involved developing humilityrecognizing that whatever his talent，he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.不舞台恐惧意味着提高谦卑感，即认识到不管你多有才，你也会出错;一个有瑕疵的音乐会也绝对不是世界末日。 练习： 1. Falling down onstage was not a good way for Vladimir Feltsman to deal with his stage fright. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 2. There are many signs of stage fright. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 3. Teachers and psychologists cannot help people with extreme .stage fright. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 4. To perform well on stage, you need to have some feelings of excitement. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 5. If you have stage fright, its helpful to have friendly audience. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 6. Often people have stage fright because parents or teachers expect too much of them. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 7. Famous musicians never suffer from stage fright. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案与题解：1.B本文第一段讲的是钢琴家Vladimir Feltsman被Mstislav Rostropovich绊倒后，他的舞台恐惧被治愈了的故事。 2.A第二段的最后一句点出舞台恐惧的诸多症状为手冰凉、身体颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白。 3.B本文的第三、四、五、六段都在讲老师和心理学家为舞台恐惧者提供全方位的建议。 4.A 依据第三段的倒数第二句：some excitement is natural。even necessary for dynamic playing.(表演中激情是自然甚至是必要的) 5.c第四段提到克服舞台恐惧的方法之一是：在观众中选择三位友好的面孔，与他们用眼光交流。所以克服舞台恐惧要靠自己而不是指望所有的观众都友好。 6.A第五段讲了舞台恐惧的根源在于指导者或父母对表演者要求太高。extreme demands就是expect too much of them的意思。 7.B第七段讲的是：不只年轻艺术家有舞台恐惧症，钢琴家Vladimir Horowitz和男高音Franco Corelli亦不能幸免。Never一词不恰当。 Ward off Travel Bugs 1 As the holiday season approaches, so does the prospect of jet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn2. With care and some help from natural sources, however, it is quite possible to avoid these problems. 2 You can start to prepare a couple of weeks before you leave. Food poisoning will make any holiday miserable, but by taking some medicine such as lactobacillus and bifidobacteria3, you can reduce the likelihood of succumbing to4 poisoning brought on5 by food or water tainted with unfamiliar bacteria. 3 By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold.6 The beneficial bacteria also produce gentle but effective natural antibiotics in your gut. 4 In many holiday locations you need to remember the basics: drink bottled water, avoid undercooked meat and ensure that food hygiene is adequate. If you do succumb to food poisoning, drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and see a doctor. However，if you detect diarrhea early enough, you might like to try taking about 10 or 15 pancreatic digestive enzymes, which can digest the multiplying bacteria before they take over.5 Taking a teaspoon of silicol gel7 can also help. This lines the stomach and upper intestinal area and binds with bacteria and viruses，allowing them to be safely passed out of the gut. When you pack, include grapefruit-seed extract8, which is an excellent all-round anti-bacterial, anti- parasitic，anti-viral and anti-fungal agent. 6 Your flight can also be made more pleasant. Peppermint oil and ginger capsules9 ward off motion sickness，but a more delicious option is to nibble on crystallized ginger. If you tend to get earache on take-off and landing，you can use special earplugs with filler that slows down the rate of change in air pressure. 7 The greatest concern is “economy class syndrome”, the popular name for deep-vein thrombosis, which can lead to blood clots traveling from the legs to the lungs, heart or brain. To reduce this, you need a couple of hours to stay hydrated, and avoid alcohol. 8 You can also reduce the severity of inflammation by taking a daily gram of vitamin C with the bioflavonoid quercetin10. Vitamin C and quercetin also help to reduce prickly heat. 9 Finally, if any adverse symptoms persist while overseas, you should see a doctor. 注释： 1ward off ：避开；防止 2As the holiday season approaches, so does the prospect of jet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn.：随着假日的临近，由于高空飞行时差引起的生理不适、胃痛或日光灼烧等潜在问题也接踵而至。第二个分句是由so引导的倒装句。例如：“He is a doctor. ” “So am I.” 3lactobacillus and bifidobacteria：乳（酸）杆菌和双歧杆菌 4succumb to：屈服，屈从 5bring on：引起，导致 6By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold.：通过改善消化道内的细菌平衡，你就可以排出致病细菌，使它们没有立足之地。crowd out：驱赶出。7silicol gel：偏磷酸酪蛋白氧化硅胶8grapefruit-seed extract：葡萄軒榨汁 9peppermint oil and ginger capsules：薄荷油和生姜胶囊。medicine 般指内服药（包括液体药剂，例如可以说a drop of medicine），pill指小的丸粒，tablet指药片，但有时medicine可代表药品的总称。10bioflavonoid quercetin：生物类黄酮槲皮素练习： 1Paragraph 1 _. 2Paragraph 4 _. 3Paragraph 5 _. 4Paragraph 6 _. ABasics of What to Eat and Drink BMedicine Against Bacteria and Viruses CAvoiding Holiday Troubles DBasics of Having a Pleasant Flight EA Teaspoonful of Helpful Silicol FPreparations Against Food Poisoning 5Food-poisoning may pose a problem _. 6Special earplugs can make you feel better _. 7It is important to drink a lot of water _. 8Dont forget to bring necessary medicine _. Awhen your plane is about to land Bwhen you are taking tablets Cwhen you suffer from food-poisoning Dwhen you are travelling Ewhen you are packing for your tour Fwhen you are having a cold 答案与题解： 1C实际上，这段也点明了全文的中心思想。2A本段说明旅行时在吃与喝方面应注意的基本卫生问题。 3B注意E没有概括本段的中心意思。 4D本段开始介绍坐飞机旅行时的注意事项。 5D第二、第三、第四、第五段都谈到了注意旅行中的饮食卫生。6A答案的根据为文章第六段的第三句。 7C第四段提到当食物中毒时要多喝水，以免脱水。8E答案的根据在第五段。Screen Test1Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmers. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.2But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.3Researchers at the Polytechnic University* of Valencia analyzed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the womens cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.4The mathematical model recommended by Britains National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.5The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is not very significant compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.6But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help optimise the technique for breast cancer screening.7There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks, admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. Thats why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.词汇：polytechnic /, pliteknik/ adj多工艺的radiological /,reidiuldikl/ adj放射性的optimise /ptimaiz / vt最大限度地完善cumulative / kju: mjultiv / adj递增的contract /kntrkt /vt感染trade-off /treidf/ n平衡注释：*Polytechnic University：理工大学练习：1Paragraph 2 _2Paragraph 3 _.3Paragraph 4 _.4Paragraph 5 _.AHarm Screening May Do to a Younger WomanBInvestigating the Effect of ScreeningCEffects Predicted by Two Different ModelsDSmall Risk of Inducing Cancers from RadiationETreatment of CancersFFactors That Trigger Cancers5Early discovery of breast cancer may _.6Advantages of screening women under 50 are _.7Delaying the age at which screening starts may _.8Radiation exposure should be _.Abe costlyBharmfulCsave a lifeDstill open to debateEreduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancerFreduced to the minimum答案与题解：1AA说的是：用X射线检查可能对年轻女人不好。下面是第二段讲的意思：但是，用X射线检查年轻女性，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射有诱发癌症的小小的危险。另外，年轻女人乳房组织紧密，给予的X射线的剂量要多一些。2BB说的是：调查用X射线检查的结果。第三段的第一句话是这么说的：Valencia理工大学的研究人员分析了11个社区诊所用X射线检查16万以上女性的结果。可见B为正确的选项。3CC说的是：两种不同的模型预测的结果。第四段讲的是，两种不同的数学模型在预测用X射线检查女性诱发癌症的结果是不一样的。C概述了这段话。4DD说的是：辐射诱发癌症的危险是很小的。第五段的第一句话是这么说的：The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers isnot very significant compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated研究人员争辩说，与发现后接受治疗的癌症数字相比，由辐射诱发癌症的数字是很小的。5CC与题干生成：Early discovery of breast cancer may save a life乳腺癌发现得早也许能挽救生命。答案可以从第一段中找到。6DD与题干生成：Advantages of screening women under 50 are still open to debate对50岁以下的女人用X射线检查的好处仍然是有争议的。第二段的第一个句子是这么说的：But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial但是，用X射线检查年轻女性，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的这两个句子用词有些差别，但基本意思是相同的。7EE与题干生成：Delaying the age at which screening starts may reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer延缓用X射线检查的年龄也许能减少辐射诱发癌症的危险。答案在第六段。8FF与题干生成：Radiation eXposure should be reduced to the minimum应把接受辐射降低到最小的程度。答案在文章的最后一句。Ill Be Bach Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now m