英语动词时态、语态.doc

动词时态、语态一、时态（一） 现在进行时用法注意点：1.状态性动词不用进行时态，包括（1）be和have,或者含有be 和have意义的动词，如：belong to, contain, depend on, own, possess等；（2）feel, sound, smell, taste等连系动词；（3）hear, see, find等表示结果的动词；（4）表示心理或情感状态的动词，如：believe, love, want, understand, wish等；2.进行时态和副词always, forever等连用时，往往带有一定的感情色彩，如赞扬、批评、不满、抱怨等；（二） 一般过去时与过去进行时的区别：1.过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性，着眼于动作的过程；一般过去时表示动作的完成，即动作发生过，且已结束，着眼于结果；如：She was writing a report last night and I dont know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在写)She wrote a report last night.（表示昨晚写了，并且写好了）2.过去进行时与always, forever等词连用表示一定的感情色彩； He was always throwing things about. (表示不满或讨厌)（三） 将来时的几种表达：ABCDbe going to表示“计划、打算、安排将要做的事”时，主语只能是人说话人说话之前已考虑过的主语是物时，表示说话人根据某种迹象主观推测可能发生的事不能用于含有条件句的主句中will表示将要发生某事或主语的“意愿”说话人说话时刻才考虑到的表示客观规律必然发生的可用于含有条件句的主句或从句中表示“意愿”be to表示安排、计划要做的事与第二人称连用，表示转述第三者的话表示命令，相当于should / must表示“能”“该”“想要”“注定、不可避免”be about to表示动作马上发生；句中不能再加at once, immediately和表示具体时间的词语；常有“be about to.when”结构；还可用一般现在时、现在进行时表示将来发生的动作；（四） 将来进行时与将来完成时：1.将来进行时表示将来某一时刻发生的动作，结构为：will / shall be doing2.将来完成时表示到将来某时刻某动作已发生，结构为：will / shall have done,时间状语为：by+表将来时间的词语；如：Ill be climbing the mountain this time the day after tomorrow.By the time he graduates from the college, he will have learned three foreign languages.（五） 现在完成时及过去完成时的用法注意点：1.瞬间性动词与延续性动词的正确使用：与how long, for, since等表示一段时间的状语连用时须用延续性动词，如：buy-have, keep-borrow, die-be dead, marry-be married, begin-be on, begin to know-know等；2.注意have / had been to与have/ had gone to的区别；3.现在完成时用在时间、条件等状语从句中，表示从句中的动作在主句动作前完成，如：If it has stopped snowing in the morning, well go to the park.4.by+过去时间状语用过去完成时；5.有些动词的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望，这类动词为：think, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose等；I had intended to visit you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.（六） 现在/过去完成进行时的用法：强调动作延续到说话时且还在进行；结构：have (has) / had been doing比较：They have repaired the road.(表示路已修好)They have been repairing the road. （表示路还在修）有时两者可替换：She has taught in this middle school for ten years. She has been teaching in this school for ten years.注意：完成进行时不可与瞬间性动词连用，如：finish, go, marry等；（七） 某些固定句型中时态是固定的：1.This / That / It is the first time +从句（用现在完成时）2.Its / has been +一段时间+since从句（用过去时）3.Hardly / No sooner had sb. done when / than +从句（用过去时）4.It will be +一段时间+before从句（用一般现在时）/ It was +一段时间+before从句（用过去时）5. Its time+从句（用过去时或should do）6.would rather+从句（用一般过去时/过去完成时）Its getting late. Id rather you took a taxi there.The film was boring. Id rather I hadnt gone to see it.二、语态1.动词sell, write, read, open, lock, shut, wear, wash, keep, cook, cut, burn, run等与well, smoothly, easily等连用时，说明主语内在的“性能”“特点”，用主动代替被动；2.表示状态特征的连系动词如smell, taste, feel, sound, look, prove等用主动语态表示被动意义；3.不及物动词及一些固定短语不能用被动语态：come up, run out（用完）, give out（耗尽）, go out（熄灭）, come out（出版）, come to light, belong to, break out, lose heart, die out, own, have, possess, happen, occur等；4.当want, require, need作“需要”解，后接doing/ to be done作宾语，此时动词do与主语为动宾关系；5.be worth后接doing作宾语，用主动形式表示被动意义；6.不定式to let（出租）, to blame（该受责备）表示被动意义；7.在“主语+be+形容词（for sb.）+to do”结构中，to do用主动形式；8.在“主语+谓语+宾语（名词）+动词不定式to do（作定语修饰前面的名词，且为动宾关系；主语与to do为主谓关系时，此动词不定式用主动形式；如：I have a meeting to attend.1. -I took a photo of you just now.-Really? I _ with attention.A. didnt look B. wasnt looking C. am not looking D. havent looked2. -You havent said a word about my new hair-style. What do you think of it?-Im sorry I _ anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty.A. dont say B. wasnt saying C. didnt say D. havent said3. -Can I help you, Madam?-No, thanks. I _.A. have just looked around B. just look aroundC. am just looking around D. just looked around4. -That famous cherry trees _ because of pollution.-Yes, we have to do something to save it.A. has died B. had died C. is dead D. is dying5. She ought to stop reading; she has a headache because she _ too long.A. had read B. read C. is reading D. has been reading6. -Youre talking too much.-Only at home. No one _ me but you.A. is hearing B. had heard C. hears D. heard7. -What have you been doing? I asked you a question. Why didnt you answer?-Sorry, I _ to the news on the radio.A. listened B. have listened C. was listening D. had listened8. -You should have told him the date earlier.-I_, but he forgot about it.A. did B. have C. had D. should have9. -You could have asked Tom for help, for he is good at physics.-Really? Oh, a whole night _. Why didnt you tell me earlier?A. is wasted B. was wasted C. had wasted D. has wasted10. The thief tried to break away from the policeman who _ him but failed.A. held B. had held C. would hold D. was holding11. You _exercises at your desk! Why not take some exercise?A. always do B. are always doing C. have always done D. have always been doing12.-What were you up to when she dropped in? -I _ for a while and _some reading.A. was playing; was going to do B. played; didC. had played; was going to do D. had played; did13.Until then I _ for him for hours in his office.A. waited B. was waiting C. have been waiting D. had been waiting14. -Did you see Marty in the managers office?-Yes, he _ by the manager.A. is questioned B. was being questioned C. had been questioned D. was questioned15. Look at this ! I _ some magazines and _ this card!A. was looking through; found B. am looking through; had foundC. looked through; had found D. had looked through; finding16. -Toms wife took the place of him to attend the conference.-I would rather Tom _ there, not his wife.A. had been B. have been C. was D. went17. -Listen!-I _ but I _ anything at all.A. listened; have heard B. have listened; hearC. was listening; wasnt hearing D. am listening; dont hear18. The shop assistant promised me that the material