英语词类分别讲解.doc

专题 名词1可数名词和不可数名词的用法； 2名词所有格的构成及用法；3近义名词的辨析。一、名词的数 1单数和复数 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成，其主要变法如下：（1）一般情况在词尾加-s，例如：bookbooks，girlgirls，boyboys，penpens, doctordoctors, boyboys。（2）以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词加-es，例如：busbuses，classclasses，boxboxes，watchwatches，brushbrushes。 （3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge结尾的名词加s，例如：orangeoranges。（4）以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es, 例如：citycities, factoryfactories, countrycountries, familyfamilies。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如：boyboys, daydays。（5）以o结尾的词有生命的加-es； 无生命的加s。例如:heroheroes，potatopotatoes，tomatotomatoes,例如：zoozoos，radioradios， photophotos，pianopianos。（6）以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，例如：knifeknives，leafleaves, halfhalves。（7）少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：manmen，womanwomen，toothteeth，footfeet，childchildren，mousemice(老鼠)。【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans；man, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men workers， women teachers。但 two girl/ boy students则只在后一个名词上边复数。有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。（8）单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等。（9）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如：ten-minute walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。（10）还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods（货物），ashes，scissors（剪刀），compasses(圆规)。（11）只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：科学名词：physics,/ mathematics/maths游戏名称：bowls专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls其他名词：news, falls2不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：（1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：The rich man has a lot of moneyThere is some milk in the bottleIs there any water in the glass？I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice（2）用a piece of 这类定语，例如：a piece of paper/ a piece of wood /a piece of bread a bottle of orange/ a glass of water（milk） /a cup of tea a cup of tea /a bag of rice/ three bags of rice如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如：two cups of teafour pieces of paperthree glasses of water不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。二、名词的所有格 名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 s,其复数形式是s，例如：a students room, students rooms, fathers shoes。2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加 s，如：Childrens Day。3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 s，例如：a twenty minutes walk，ten miles journey，a boats length，two pounds weight, ten dollars worth。4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。5. 双重所有格，例如：a friend of my fathers / a friend of mine【注意】如果两个名词并列，并且分别有 s，则表示“分别有”，例如：Johns and Marys rooms（约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；Toms and Marys bikes（两人各自的自行车）。两个名词并列，只有一个s，则表示“共有”，例如：John and Marys room（约翰和玛丽共有一间）；Tom and Marys mother（即Tom与Mary是兄妹）。专题2 代词代词分类： 人称代词 / 物主代词/ 指示代词 / 不定代词 / 反身代词 / 相互代词/ 疑问代词 /关系代词一. 人称代词 ：用来指人的代词。只能单独使用。单数复数单数复数单数复数主格IweyouyouhesheIt they宾格meusyouyouhimherIt them主格：只作主语，放于动词前。如： I am a boy. They are from China. 宾格：只作宾语，放于动词或介词之后。 .如： He help me. Let us take a walk. People give me their money or get their money from me. She is a doctor, what about him?注意：多个人称代词同时使用时的排列顺序当几个不同的人称代词作主语时，I和me总是放在最后一位 (表示礼貌)。顺序是：单数：you+he/she+I/me (231)复数：we+you+they (123)例如：You, she and I are in the same group. (231) 我、你和她在同一个小组。 You, he and I should return on time. (231) 我、你和他都应按时返回。We, you and they will come here tomorrow. (123)代词并列有顺序，单数并列2 3 1，复数并列1 2 3，若把错误责任担，第一人称最当先。二. 物主代词：用来指物的代词 单复单复单-复数形容词性myouryouryourhisheritstheir名词性mineoursyoursyourshishersitstheirs形容词性物主代词：不能单独使用，必须后面加名词。如： My mother is a cook. This is his book. She often helps me with my English.名词性物主代词：只能单独使用。 如：This is my book. Hers is over there. His bike is old. Mine is new. He is a friend of mine.三指示代词： this/ that/ these/ those四. 不定代词 ：不定代词是指那些比较笼统地表示人或事物的代词。 不定代词有两类： 指人、指物1构成：some/ any/ no/ every + thing - 指物 some/ any/ no/ every + body/ one -指人( 注意：no one 不连在一块)2用途：不定代词可以在句子中作主语或宾语。（1）作主语： Everyone knows him。 Does anybody want to go swimming with me? 有人愿意跟我一块去游泳吗?（2）作宾语： I have nothing to do today. 我今天没事儿。（3）形容词或to do不定式做定语修饰不定代词，它们都要放于不定代词之后； There is something wrong with my bike. He has something important to tell you. I have something to do.（4）不定代词做主语，其后动词要用单三。 如： Everyone is very happy. In spring, everything grows well.（5）不定代词做主语时，反问部分的主语指人的常用 they或he; 指物的都用it来代替。 Everyone is here , isnt he? Nobody will go, will they? Everything begins to grow in spring, doesnt it?五其他的不定代词1.one 和 ones(复数形式)，可用于代替上文出现过的名词，以避免重复。 Which apple do you like better, the big one or the small one ? 你喜欢哪一个苹果，大的还是小的。I dont like blue shirts. I like white ones. 我不喜欢蓝色的衬衣。我喜欢白色的衬衣。2. “a+形容词+one”，是经常被使用的形式。She has a new computer, but I have an old one. 她有一台新电脑，但我只有一台旧的。3. 比较：it 和 oneit 用于表示特定的事物，(相当于the+名词)；而 one 则表示代替不特定的事物 (相当于 a / an+名词)。You have a dictionary. May I use it . (=the dictionary)? (特指)你有一本词典，我可以用用它(词典)吗?Do you have a bike? Yes, I have one(=a bike). (泛指) 你有自行车吗?是的，我有一辆。 4. each 和 every 的用法(1). Each/ every + 单数nEvery student has a book. (every 只做定语+n)Every one of us has a book. ( everyone 连写是不定代词) 。我们每人都有一本书。Each student has a book.(2). Each of us has a book .We each have to go there for an exam.(作同位语)（=Each of us has to go there for an exam.）The children have a new schoolbag each. (作同位语)（=Each of the children has a new schoolbag）.(作主语)5. no 和 not any 的用法no作不定代词使用时，只能作定语。这时no=not any。例如：I have no money. (=I dont have any money.) 我没有钱。(no=not any)Theres no food left in the fridge. (=There isnt any food left in the fridge.) 冰箱里没有吃的东西了。(no=not any)6. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的” 常与其他词连用，other+名词复数=others He is ready to help other people. = He is ready to help others.2）the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others,某范围内其余的全部。 He has two sons, one is a doctor, the other is a teacher.He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.3) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，没范围。 I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair。Some like football, while others like basketball.六反身代词是： one+self / selves 1. 构成：一，二人称；形容词性物主代词+self/ selves 第三人称:宾格+ self/ selvesIweyouyouhesheittheymeusyouyouhimheritthemmyouryouryourhisheritstheirmineoursyouryourshishersitstheirmyselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves2. 用法：在句子中可以作宾语或表语。You should look after yourself carefully. (介词宾语)They enjoyed themselves yesterday. (动词宾语)Help yourself to some fish. 随便吃些鱼吧。(动词宾语)He is himself. (表语) 他就是他自己。He bought himself a new pair of shoes. 他给自己买了一双新鞋。七、相互代词： 表示相互关系的代词，叫相互代词，例如：each other, one another。它们都有数和格的变化。其所有格形式为each others, one another。（彼此的， 相互的）相互代词在句子中的作用：1.作宾语： They often help each other. (one another) (动词宾语) Dont speak to each other in class. (one another)。(介词宾语)2. 所有格形式作定语： The couple know well each others habit. 这对夫妇非常了解彼此的习惯。 The guests drink to one anothers health. 客人们相互为健康祝酒。注意：相互代词的所有格没有复数，不能使用 each others 或one anothers，只能使用 each others 或 one anothers 的形式。例如： They received each others letters every month. 他们每个月收到一次彼此的信件。八疑问代词：who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever九关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose专题3 形容词和副词【考点直击】1. 形容词的用法；2. 副词的用法；3. 形容词和副词原级、比较级、最高级的用法；4. 形容词和副词在句中的区别和位置。1. 形容词的用法 (1). 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。 例如： Our country is a beautiful country. （作定语） The fish went bad. （作表语）We keep our classroom clean and tidy. （作宾语补足语）(2). 形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时,形容词放在其后面。 I have something important to tell you. Is there anything interesting in the film. (3). the形容词，表示一类人或物。 The rich should help the poor. 富人应该帮助穷人。2. 副词的用法(1) 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语。 He studies very hard. （作状语） Life here is full of joy. （作定语）When will you be back? （作表语）(2) . 副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类：1)时间副词时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：Now, today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等。He often comes to school late. What are we going to do tomorrow? He is never been to Beijing.2)地点副词地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, out等。例如： He went upstairs. Put down your name here.3)方式副词方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？”这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有： badly, bravely, carefully, proudly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等。例如：The old man walked home slowly. Please listen to the teacher carefully. The birds are flying high. He runs very fast.4)程度副词程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly等。例如：Her pronunciation is very good. She sings quite well.I can hardly agree with you.5) 疑问副词 是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why等。例如：How are you getting along with your studies? Where were you yesterday?Why did you do that?(3). 副词在句中的位置1). 多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。 例如：Mr Smith works very hard. She speaks English well.2). 频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be动词之后。例如：He usually gets up early. Ive never heard him singing. She is seldom ill.3). 程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时，通常放在被修饰词的后面。It is a rather difficult job. He runs very fast. He didnt work hard enough.4). 副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：On my way home, I met my uncle.The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.(4) . 部分常用副词的用法1) very, much这两个副词都可表示“很”，但用法不同。 very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如：She is a very nice girlIm feeling much better now.Much可以修饰动词，而very则不能。例如：I dont like the idea much.They did not talk much .2). too, either 这两个副词都表示“也”，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。 例如：She can dance, and I can dance, too.I havent read the book and my brother hasnt , either.3). already, yetalready一般用于语肯定句，yet一般用于否定句或疑问句 。 例如：He has already left .Have you heard from him yet ?He hasnt answered yet .4) . so, neitherso和neither都可用于倒装句， 但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。 例如：My brother likes football and so do I.My brother doesnt like dancing and neither do I.3. 形容词和副词的比较级(1) 两个人或事物的比较时（不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物，甲乙），用“比较级than”表示 This room is bigger than that one. I am taller than you. This lesson is more difficult than that one. Our teacher is taller than we are. The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.(2). 同级比较 : 两者相比（甲乙），用“as+原级as”表示 “-和-一样-” Tom is as tall as Jack . She could do as well as a man. He runs as fast as I.(3). 两者相比（甲乙），用“not as(so)+原级as” 表示 , “-不如-“She isnt as(so) careful as you. I didnt do my homework as carefully as you. He is not as tall as I.(4) . 表示“不如”，还可以用“less原级than” 结构也可。The book is less difficult than that one.=The book isnt as difficult as that one. The film is less interesting than that one. = The film isnt as interesting as that one.(5) most 同形容词连用, 而不用 the ,表示 极,很,非常, 十分,太 。 Its most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。 (6) The+比较级., the+比较级.表示 越. 就越.。 The more you study, the more you know. The more careful you are , the fewer mistakes youll make.(7) . 不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变，用“比较级and比较级”结构，意思是“越来越” Its getting hotter and hotter. The weather is getting colder and colder. Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.注意：修饰比较级的词有much, a little, a lot, a bit,even等，表示“得多”，“- 一点”“甚至”，表程度。Today is much colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天冷得多。附加： 常见比较级五句型1. Who / Which + be +比较级 , A or B ? Who is taller, Tom or John? Which is more expensive, a bicycle or a computer? 2. sth be + the + 比较级 + of the two. (两个之中比较-的那一个，sth包含在两个之中.注意别忘了the) Tom is the taller of the two. = Tom is taller than the other boy.3. much / a lot / even / far + 比较级 A compute is much more expensive than a bicycle. 计算机比自行车贵多了4. The+形容词比较级., the+形容词比较级., 表示 越. 就越.。 The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。 5 . 比较级 + and +比较级 , 表示 越来越. 。 The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 6. 比较级+than+any +单数名词（只在不同范围作比较） 。 如：Chongqing is bigger than any city in India. 比较级+than+any other +单数名词（只在同范围作比较）Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China. 4 . 形容词和副词的最高级 ： 最高级用于表示三者或三者以上中的“最”。Abe+ the+最高级+ in/of表范围的短语。 “of 在之中/之一；in 在范围之中 ” He is the tallest boy in our class. He is the oldest of the three.(1).Who / Which + be +最高级, A, B or C ? Which is the most expensive, a bicycle, a motorcycle or a car? 自行车，摩托车和汽车，哪一个最贵？ (2). + be + one of the +最高级 +复数名词, 表示最的之一。 The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China. 黄河是中国最长的河流之一。 (3).+ be +the + 序数词 +最高级 +单数名词 + 范围, 表示是.的第几。 She is the second tallest student in our class. 她是我们班第二高的学生。 5. 形容词与副词的比较级一、 规则变化1.一般单音节词未尾加-er,-esttall(高的) tallertallestgreat(巨大的) greater greatest2. 以不发音的e结尾的单音词nice(好的) nicernicest large(大的) larger largest 3.双写结尾的辅音字母（辅+元+辅），再加-er，-est ; big bigger biggest / hot hotter hottest 4.以辅+y结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-est easyeasier- easiest busybusier-busiest5.其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级。 important more important most important/easily more easily most easily二、不规则变化 good(好的)/well(健康的)betterbest bad (坏的)/ badly(坏地ill-worse-worst much/many(多的) -more-most little(少的)- less-leastfar (远的)farther/further farthest/furthest old (老的)-older/elder-oldest/eldest 专题三 动词的时态 一般现在时:1、 肯定句： 主语+V原+其他。I usually go to school by bus. 主语（三单）+V三单 She plays tennis once a week.疑问句：Do+主语+V原？ Does+主语（三单）+ V原？否定句：主语+dont + V原. 主语（三单）+ doesnt + V原.2、 用法：表示经常或习惯性发生的动作。表示客观真理、事实。 The earth goes around the sun.在时间、条件等状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。( if, as soon as, until, when) If it rains tomorrow, we wont go to the park. When I grow up, Ill go to Paris.3、 时间状语：Always, often, sometimes, usually, on Sunday, on Monday afternoon, every day/month/year/week, in the morning, once a year, twice a day, three times a day等一般过去时:1、 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 I got up late this morning.表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作。When I was in the countryside. I often swam in the river. I used to go fishing.2、结构： 肯定句：主语+ V过去+其他。 We visited the museum last week. My friend Tom went to the beach yesterday. 疑问句：Did+主语+ V原？ Did you go shopping with him? Did she cook dinner for her family? 否定句：主语+didnt+ V原。 He didnt go to see the movie last Sunday.3、动词的规则变化。4、时间状语： Yesterday, last night/week/year/month, last Sunday, in 1995, the other day, just now, ago等一般将来时。1、 用法。 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。其构成：will + V原 肯定句：They will leave for Shanghai next week. 否定句：We wont visit him tomorrow. 疑问句：Will you go to Shanghai in two weeks?(注：当主语为I 或 we时，问句中可用 shall) where shall we meet tomorrow? be going to+ V原 表示计划、打算做某事。-what are you going to do next Sunday? -I am going to listen to music.Look at the clouds, there is going to rain. 现在进行时be +Ving 有时可以表示将来。常用这种结构的动词：go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive Were leaving for London.现在进行时 1、构成：肯定句：主语 + is / am / are +ving疑问句：Is /Am /Are + 主语 +ving否定句：主语 + isnt / am not / arent + ving2、 用法： 表示正在进行的动作 Im reading book now. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作或状态。 They are studying hard this term.3、 时间状语now , these days, 当句中有look, listen , cant you see, can you see时 Listen! He is singing.现在完成时 1、already / yet 已经already一般用于肯定，与完成时态和进行时连用，也可以用于疑问句，表惊讶。I have already finished my work. yet一般用于否定或疑问句。 Has she gone to school yet ? His parents havent been to Paris yet.2、 现在完成时表示从过去开始延续到现在的动作，常与for, since连用.现在完成时表示动作才刚结束，但影响还在。I have lost my pen .(结果是我的笔丢失了，我现在没有钢笔了)-