考博英语语法重点总结.doc

考博英语语法重点总结（1） 独立主格、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、主谓一致、倒装 独立主格特征 1. 充当句子的状语。 2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。 3. 名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+ 分词 4.With + 名词 （代词） + 分词 (形容词） 例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home. b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started. c) he entered the room, with his hands open（holding a rifle). 真题剖析 (1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are 46 of the material which would47feed them. 45. A. For B. As C. With D. Because 练习：Do what you need to do to keep the wolf _7_ from the door, the world _8_ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do _9_ you really want to do. 8. A. is B. having C. being D. be 虚拟语气 虚拟语气（2） 1. （should）+动词原形 It +be动词+形容词(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable)+that从句 It +be动词+名词(pity,shame)+that从句 It +be动词+过去分词(ordered, begged, voted, moved)+that从句 部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等) +that从句 2. Its (high, about) time that +动词过去式 would rather +动词过去式 真题剖析 (1997) I wouldnt be truthful if I47say that teaching is hard work . 47. A. do B. did C. dont D. didnt (1993)The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration52 , and they53that the professor be sent home.53. A. ordered B. pleaded C. decided D. demanded 练习：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we_15_ this message to heart. 15. A. took B. would take C. will take D. should take (2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even _54_ other facets of life prove disappointing. (even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.) 54.A. shall B.will C.would D.should 非谓语动词 动名词、分词、不定式。 主动或被动。(doing/done, to do /to be done) 发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been) To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。 真题剖析 (2000) In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies60into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers. 60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D.drops (2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a59life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways. 59. A. destructive B. dissatisfied C. damaged D. derivative 主谓一致 1. 整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。 How you got there doesnt concern me. Growing vegetables needs constant watering. 2.表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。 Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on. 3. 以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。 4. “分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。 Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is under water). 5. 不定代词(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主语，谓语用单数。 Everyone knows that youve come here. If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back.(-thing 的情况例外) 6. 谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等） He no less than John is interested in literature. 7. 谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, notbut, partlypartly等) Either my father or my brothers are coming. 8. each,every,many a, no +主语，谓语用单数。 Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall. 真题剖析 (2000) Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africas cities are growing by 10% a year,54 of urbanization ever recorded. 53. A. none B. few C. any D. some 倒装 全部倒装 1. “There (Here) +be+主语” There stand big buildings in this district. Here on the desk lies a pile of books. 2. 单个副词(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如it blew up.) In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man. 转贴于：考博_考试大【责编:xx纠错】限定词的用法 1. Both, each, either, neither (只指两个) 2. All, every, each, some, any, no (指两个以上) 3. Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough, none (复数可数或不可数) 4. Much, (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least (不可数) eg. “Got any money?” “None at all.” eg. “Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?” “No, neither side is sunnier than the other.” 从句为考察重点 (1999) The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that51was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be. 51. A. whichB. whatC. itD. that(1998) They learned to51their farming habits to the climate and soil.52they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving53, they invited their neighbors, 52. A. WhileB. WhenC. SoD. If(1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that45Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”,46a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.46. A. thoughB. whenC. whileD. and thatomitting the subjectRather formal use 让步状语从句以 although, though, while, or whilst 开头时通常与主句共享主语, 从句谓语用分词形式。 Whilst he liked cats, he never let them come into his house. Whilst liking cats, he never let them come into his house. Both the journalists, though greeted as heroes on their return from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared from their newspapers.这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如： It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and long-lasting one.Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour. WHILE 1.He stayed with me while Dad talked with Dr. Smith. 2.I often knit while watching TV. 3.While I have some sympathy for these fellows, I think they went too far. AND 1. often used to link clauses I came here in 1922 and I have live here ever since. 2. When you are giving advice or a warning, you can use “and” to say what will happen if something is done. Go by train and youll get there quicker. Do as youre told and youll be all right. WHERE1. She was standing exactly where you are standing now.2.In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived. 3.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.4.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.5.Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John. 6.Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions. (difference) WHICH(本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面) 1.定语从句引导词 Did you see the letter which came today?Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described. 2.分割句子，补充说明 The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.She may have missed the train, in which case she wont arrive for another hour. THAT多用于同位语从句和thing的定语从句中。WHAT (有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句) 1. No one knows exactly what happened. 2.It is not clear to what extent these views were shared. 3.I could get you a job here if thats what you want. 4. What that kid needs is some love and affection.5. What matters is the British people and British jobs. AS 1.比较 His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as popular./ They want peace as much as we do.2.作为，正如 Wed better leave things as they are until the police arrive.David, as you know, has not been well lately.3.看作，看待 The result of last weeks election will be seen as a victory. 4.当时候= while or whenI saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.5.原因 As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.6.让步= though Try as she might, Sue couldnt get the door open. The bag has narrow straps, so it may be worn over the shoulder or carried in the hand. Id be in trouble if I let on. So I kept mum. When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made coffee. I would have liked to have learnt French, but I was denied (=not given) the opportunity.The opportunity was denied (to) me at school. The prestige is denied (to) the classroom teacher. The classroom teacher is denied the prestige. 过去分词与形容词的语义差： 1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things the destructive power of modern weapons Damaged: being in a bad state emotionally damaged children 2.Respected:admired by many because of achievementsHes one of the most respected managers in the game. Respectful: feeling or showing respect They listened in respectful silence. 3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides. Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby. Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment. 4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative. 5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother. Lovable: a sweet lovable child Lovely: We had a lovely holiday. 6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone. Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford. 虚拟语气 非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。To do two things at a time is to do neither-次做两件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。To work means to earn a living工作就是为了生活。3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。The function of Louis Sullivans architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。Our work is serving the people我们的工作是为人民服务。His hobby is collecting stamps他的爱好是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected(3)分词作表语分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in.,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的Travelling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。The argument is very convincing他的论点很令人信服。They were very excited at the news听到这个消息，他们非常激动。3不定式和动名词作宾语的区别英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语attempt企图enable能够neglect忽视afford负担得起demand要求long渴望arrange安排destine注定mean意欲，打算begin开始expect期望omit忽略，漏appear似乎，显得determine决定manage设法cease停止hate憎恨，厌恶pretend假装ask问dread害怕need需要agree同意desire愿望love爱swear宣誓volunteer志愿wish希望 bear承受endeavor努力offer提供beg请求fail不能plan计划bother扰乱；烦恼forget忘记prefer喜欢，宁愿care关心，喜欢happen碰巧prepare准备decide决定learn学习regret抱歉，遗憾choose选择hesitate犹豫profess表明claim要求hope希望promise承诺，允许start开始undertake承接want想要consent同意，赞同intend想要refuse拒绝decide决定learn学习vow起contrive设法，图谋incline有倾向propose提议seek找，寻觅try试图2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式ask要求，邀请get请，得到prompt促使allow允许forbid禁止prefer喜欢，宁愿announce宣布force强迫press迫使bride 收买inspire鼓舞request请求assist协助hate憎恶pronounce断定，表示advise劝告exhort告诫，勉励pray请求authorize授权，委托 help帮助recommend劝告，推荐bear容忍implore恳求remind提醒beg请求induce引诱report报告 compel强迫invite吸引，邀请，summon传唤command命令intend想要，企图show显示drive驱赶mean意欲，打算train训练cause引起instruct指示require要求deserve应受leave使，让tell告诉direct指导like喜欢tempt劝诱entitle有资格order命令warn告诫enable使能够need需要urge激励，力说encourage鼓励oblige不得不want想要condemn指责，谴责lead引起，使得teach教entreat恳求permit允许wish希望(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语acknowledge承认，自认cease 停止mention说到，讲到admit 承认tolerate忍受dislike不喜欢，讨厌advocate：提倡，主张complete完成dread可怕appreciate 感激，欣赏confess坦白endure忍受avoid避免contemplate细想enjoy享有，喜爱bear忍受defer拖延envy嫉妒cant help不禁delay延迟escape逃跑，逃避cant stand受不了deny否认excuse借口consider 考虑detest嫌恶fancy幻想，爱好favor 造成，偏爱mind 介意repent悔悟figure描绘，计算miss错过resent怨恨finish完成，结束不得pardon原谅，饶恕resist抵抗，阻止forgive原谅permit 允许resume恢复imagine设想postpone延迟，延期risk冒险involve卷入，包含practise 实行，实践suggest建议hate讨厌prevent阻止save营救，储蓄keep保持quit放弃停止stand坚持，忍受loathe非常讨厌，厌恶recall回想例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5）try to do努力、企图做某事try doing试验、试一试某种办法6) mean to do打算，有意要mean doing意味着7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建议（做某事）9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：I should like to see him tomorrow10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?You must remember to leave tomorrow你可要记着是明天动身。I dont regret telling her what I thought我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful你可要多加小心。Lets try doing the work some other way让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。I didnt mean to hurt your feeling我没想要伤害你的感情。This illness will mean(your)going to hospital得了这种病(你)就要进医院。考博英语语法重点总结4不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1）不定式作定语1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系He was the last one to leave school yesterday昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。The train to arrive was from London将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系Get him something to eat给他拿点儿东西吃。She has a lot of work to do in the morning早上他有很多工作要做。3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。I need a pen to write with我需要一支笔写字。There is nothing to worry about没有什么值得发愁的。4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：ability能力，本领drive赶，驾驶movement运动，活动ambition抱负，野心effort努力，尝试need需要，需求campaign战役，运动failure失败，不及格opportunity机会chance机会force力，压力，要点promise许诺，希望courage勇气intention意向，意图reason理由，原因decision决定method方法，方式light光，光线，亮光determination决心，决定motive动机，目的struggle奋斗，努力，tendency倾向，趋势wish希望，愿望，祝愿5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。John will do anything but work on a farm除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do-tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to doHis wish to buy a car came true他要买辆车的愿望实现了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。He is always the first to come and the last to leave他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。(2)分词作定语分词作定语时有下面几个特点：1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。The child standing over there is my brother站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom朝南的房间是我们的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?He is an advanced teacher他是个先进教师。3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如:Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？Do you want to see the doctor working on the case repor