初一英语上海牛津版Unit2语法总结复习名词.doc

课题名称初一英语上海牛津版Unit 2语法总结复习名词(二)教学目标同步教学知识内容Unit 2语法总结复习 个性化学习问题解决名词教学重点名词的数教学难点名词的数、名词的格。教学内容I名词三. 名词的普通格作定语表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语，一般用单数形式。eg. stone figures（石像）；paper money（纸币）；country music（乡村音乐）；table cloth（桌布）；river bank（河岸）；school gate（校门口）；book stores（书店）；traffic lights（交通灯）；summer holidays（暑假）；evening dress（晚礼服）。但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。eg. sports meet（运动会）；the United States government（美国政府）；students reading-room（学生阅览室）；goods train（货车）；two men doctors（两个男医生）。四. 重难点讲解： 1. I found her sitting in the corner, reading _ newspaper, with _ in her eyes.A. a, tear B. a piece of, tears C. a, tears D. a piece of, tear陷阱：误选D，许多学生错误地认为，既然news（消息）和 paper（纸）均为不可数名词，那么newspaper（报纸）也应是不可数的；同时认为“眼泪”即“泪水”，“水”不可数，“泪水”和“眼泪”也应该不可数。分析：最佳答案为C。newspaper和 tear均为可数名词，它们不仅可以连用不定冠词、可以用复数，而且还可以连用数词。Her eyes filled with tears. 她热泪盈眶。She dried her tears with a handkerchief. 她用手帕擦干了眼泪。The newspapers were full of lies. 报纸上一片谎言。A newspaper is a publication. 报纸是一种出版物。2. Her father works as a _ in a hotel and her mother a _ in a private company. A. cooker, typewriter B. cook, typist C. cooker, typist D. cook, typewriter陷阱：误选A，许多同学想当然地认为：cook 用作动词，表示“煮饭”，所以 cooker 应是其相应的名词，表示“煮饭的人”，即“厨师”；type 用作动词，表示“打字”，所以 typewriter 应表示“打字员”。分析：“而事实是：cook=厨师，cooker=炊具；typist=打字员，typewriter=打字机。即此题正确答案为B。3. “Why couldnt they meet us at five oclock?” “Because they were delayed by _.”A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics陷阱：B、C、D三项均容易误选。分析：对于此题，首先要明确traffic为不可数名词，没有复数形式，故排除B和D。另外，汉语习惯说“交通拥挤”，而英语习惯上却不能用crowded 来修饰 traffic，要表示汉语的“交通拥挤”，英语通常说heavy traffic，即选A。如下面一题也是选A：She is not a competent driver and cant cope with driving in _.A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics4. In fact, _ one cause that leads to the problem. A. cattle is B. cattle are C. cattles are D. the cattles are陷阱：此题容易误选A，想当然地认为cattle是单数，并且空格有表单数的one，自然谓语动词用is。陷阱：其实，正确答案为B。cattle（牲畜，牛）为集合名词，尽管它不带复数词尾-s，却永远表示复数意义，若用作主语，谓语要用复数。又如：For this many cattle were killed. 为此宰了不少牲畜。The prisoners were herded like cattle. 囚犯像牲口一样被赶到一起。类似地，police（警察），people（人），police（警察），poultry（家禽）等也具有同样用法，即只有单数形式，但却表示复数意义；用作主语时谓语通常也用复数；不与 a（n） 连用，但可与the连用（表示总括意义和特指）。如：The poultry have been fed. 家禽已经喂过饲料了。In Britain police do not usually carry guns. 在英国警察通常不带枪。It annoys me when people forget to say “thank you”. 遇到有人忘记道谢的时候，我就不痛快。5. By all _, you must try every _ to help him.A. mean, mean B. means, means C. means, mean D. mean, means陷阱：误选C，认为第一空前有all修饰，故用means，而第二空前有every修饰，故用mean。分析：其实，means是一个单复数同形的名词，并且永远带有尾-s。换句话说，在表示“方式”、“方法”时，不存在mean这一形式（mean主要用作动词，表示“意思是”；也可用作名词，表示“中间”、“中庸”）。此题正确答案为C，by all means为习语，意为“一定”、“尽一切办法”。顺便说一句，means用作主语时，其谓语的数需根据句意来确定。比较：All possible means have been tried. 所有可能的办法都已经试过了。Every possible means has been tried. 每种可能的办法都已经试过了。若句意不能明确地表明主语的单复数，其谓语则用单数或复数均可。如：Is Are there any other means of getting more money? 还有其他什么办法可弄到更多钱吗?6. Jim is _ person, and everyone is willing to be _ with him.A. so kind a, friends B. so a kind, friends C. so kind a, friend D. so a kind, friend陷阱：误选C或D。认为 friend要用单数。分析：其实此题最佳答案为A。so kind a person相当于such a kind person，注意两者中冠词的位置不同。be friends with是习语，意为“与友好”、“跟做朋友”，与之同义的类似地还有make friends with。值得说明的是，这类短语中的名词总是用复数，即使句子主语为单数也是如此。如：He is friends with me. 他与我是朋友。He has made friends with everyone here. 他与这儿的每个人交上了朋友。7. We already have _ pencils, but we need two _ pens.A. dozen of, dozen B. dozens of, dozens C. dozens of, dozen D. dozens of, dozen of陷阱：误选 B。分析：此题最佳答案为C。关于dozen的复数是否加词尾-s的问题比较复杂，大致原则是：（1）当它与具体数字连用时，既不加复数词尾-s，也不后接介词of。（2）当它不与具体数字连用，而是表示不确定的泛指数时，则不仅要加复数词尾-s，而且要后接介词 of，此时可将dozens of（许多，几十）视为习语。如：Ive been there dozens of times. 我去过那儿几十次。Shes got dozens of boy-friends. 她的男朋友很多。下面一例中的dozens加了复数词尾-s也属类似情况：Pack them in dozens. 按打装袋吧。 （3）当与 a few, several 等数目不很具体的词连用时，加不加复数词尾-s均可，但需注意：不加复数词尾-s时，其后的介词of可以省略；加词尾-s时，其后介词 of不能省略。如：several dozen （of） pencils=several dozens of pencils几打铅笔注：英语较少使用many dozen的说法，要表示类似意思可用dozens of。（4）当它后面的名词受 the, these, those 等特指限定词修饰时，或其后接的是us, them这样的人称代词时，则此时必须用介词 of。如：two dozen of these eggs 两打这种鸡蛋three dozen of them 它们中的3打注：score, hundred, thousand, million等也具有以上类似用法。8. She raised her finger to her lips as _ for silence. A. an idea B. a mark C. a sign D. a word陷阱：容易误选B。分析：应选C，sign与mark的区别是：sign 的意思是“迹象”、“征兆”gesture or movement made with the hand, head, etc, used to give information, a command, etc（用手或头等做出示意动作以传递信息或命令等），mark 的意思是 written or printed symbol or figure, line etc made as signor an indication of sth（书写与印刷的符号或图、线等记号）。根据此二词的语义区别以及常识可知答案为C。类似地，下面两题的答案也是C：（1）Those black clouds are a sure _ that its going to rain. A. thing B. mark C. sign D. one（2） Just as a famous Chinese saying goes, a timely heavy snow is a _ of good harvest next year.A. mark B. track C. sign D. appearance但是，下面一题却不能选sign，也不能选mark，而选symbol（象征）：The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a（n） _ of courage and power.A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol9. “May I take your order now?” “Wed like three black _ and two green _.”A. coffee, cups of teas B. coffees, teas C. cups of coffee, tea D. cup of coffees, teas陷阱：误选C，认为coffee和tea均为不可数名词，不能后加复数词尾-s，从而排除选项A、B、D。分析：选B。有的同学认为 coffee 和tea是物质名词，不可数，不能用 three coffees, two teas 这样的表达。其实，coffee既可用作不可数名词，表示“咖啡”这种物质，也可用作可数名词，表示“一杯咖啡”，即在口语中 three coffees 就等于 three cups of coffee。同样，“三杯茶”既可说成 three cups of tea，也可说成 three teas；“三杯啤酒”既可说成 three glasses of beer，也可说成 three beers。10. _ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. Walk B. Walking C. The walk D. To walk陷阱：容易误选A或D。分析：最佳答案为B。分析如下：（1）首先，选项D不如选项B佳，因为，不定式通常表示特定的动作，而动名词才表示习惯性的动作。（2）尽管walk用作名词时可以表示“散步”，但它是可数名词，指的是一次一次的具体的散步，而不表示抽象意义或泛指意义的“散步”，要表示此义，要用动名词 walking。比较：How about going for a walk? 出去散散步如何?Walking does good to your health. 散步对你的健康有益。类似地，dance 和 dancing 以及 swim 和 swimming 的区别也是一样：（1）名词的 dance表示“跳舞”，是可数名词，指的是一次一次的具体的跳舞，而不表示抽象意义或泛指意义的“跳舞”，要表示后者的意思，要用动名词转化来的名词 dancing。比较：Lets have a dance. 我们跳曲舞吧。He is interested in dancing. 他对跳舞感兴趣。（2）名词的 swim表示“游泳”，是可数名词，指的是一次一次的具体的游泳，而不表示抽象意义或泛指意义的“游泳”，要表示后者的意思，要用动名词转化来的名词 swimming。比较：She had a swim every day. 她每天游一会儿泳。She loves swimming. 她喜欢游泳。一、提高题1Twelve were hurt, but no were lost in that accident.A. person, life B. people, livesC. peoples, lives D. persons, life2 One of the family on the bed.A. photos is B. photoes areC. photos are D. photoes is 3There are some foreigners talking in the room. They are two ,three and two .A. Japanese; Englishmen; GermansB. Japanese; Englishman, GermanC. Japaneses; Englishmen, GermansD. Japanese, Englishmen, Germen 4The sign “BUSINESS HOURS” can be seen in a .A. shop B. schoolC. park D. museum 5 mother made them have piano lessons.A. Peter and Anne B. Peters and AnnesC. Peters and Anne D. Peter and Annes 6-Please help me move the table in.-But there is not enough for it.A. place B. floorC. room D. ground 7These _ have saved many childrens lives.A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor8Yesterday Xiao Min bought a new pair of .It is made of .A. glass; glass B. glasses; glass C. glasses; glasses D. glass; glasses 9-How does Mr Smith go to his office? -Every morning he takes a to his office.A.20 minutes walk B.20 minutes walkC.20 minute walk D.20 minutes walk 10 I went to the shop to buy a dictionary.A. book B. books C. books D. books 11-Do you think selling vegetables ? -Yes, but my mother likes it very much.A. is a hard work B. are hard workC. is hard work D. is hard job 12You should take more _. Dont always sit at the desk busy doing your_.A. exerci