课程设计-基于单片机的电动机电压调节器设计与制作.doc

单片机课程设计说明书 jiangsu teachers university of technology 单片机课程设计说明书 设计题目：基于单片机的电动机电压调节器设计与制作 学院名称： 机械与汽车工程学院 专 业： 汽车服务工程 班 级： 08汽服2zw 姓 名： 祁 平 学 号： 08323205 指导老师： 张 兰 春 2011年6月摘 要摘要：本文分析了电动机电压调节器的功能和特点，阐述了单片机电动机电压调节器的组成和原理，介绍了该系统在控制汽车电动机电压上的应用。论述了如何利用a/d转换器将模拟信号转换为数字信号，再将信号送至单片机与设定电压对比确定，利用七段数码管显示出来。关键词：at89c51 adc0809 数码管目 录第一章 系统的设计说明.41.1 系统的设计目的. 41.2 系统的设计思路.4第二章 元器件介绍.52.1 at89c51.52.2 adc0809.62.3 七段发光显示器.82.4 其他元件说明.9第三章 硬件设计.103.1 系统硬件设计.10第四章 软件设计.114.1 程序分析.114.2 程序设计流程图.114.3 程序设计.11小结 .15谢词 .16参考文献.17第一章 系统的主要功能说明1.1系统的设计目的电压的变化对电动机的影响：1、对力矩的影响 电压愈低，力矩愈小。由于电压减低，启动力矩减小，会使启动时间增长，如当电压减低20%时，启动时间将增加3.75倍。要注重的是，当电压降落槽到某一数值时，电动机的最大力矩小于阻力力矩，于是电动机会停转。而在某些情况下（如负载是水泵，有水压情况下），电动机还会发生倒转。2、对转速的影响电压减低，转速也减低，因为电压减低使电磁力矩减小。3、对效率的影响 若电压减低，机械损耗实际上不变，铁耗差不多与电压平方成正比减少；转子绕组的损耗和转子电流平方成正比增加；定子绕组的损耗决定于定子电流的增加还是减少，而定子电流又决定于负载电流和空载电流间的互相干系。总的来说，电动机在负载钟头（40%），效率增加一些，而然后开始很快地下降。4、对发热的影响在电压变化范围不大的情况下，由于电压减低，定子电流升高；电压升高，定子电流减低。在一定的范围内，铁耗和铜耗可以相互赔偿，温度保持在容许范围内。因此，当电压在定额值5%范围内变化时，电动机的容量仍可保持不变。但当电压减低超过定额值的5%时，就要限制电动机的出力，否则定子绕组可能过热，因为此时定子电流可能已升到比力高的数值。当电压升高超过10%时，由于磁通密度增加，铁耗增加，又由于定子电流增加，铜耗也增加，故定子绕组温度将超过允许值。 由于电压的变化对电动机有以上等影响，因此必须对电动机的电压进行调节，使电动机保持在正常电压范围内工作。1.2系统的设计思路系统设计思路如下：电动机的电压，通过与12v进行比较，之后通过电压调节器进行调整。在本设计中，通过改变输入的阻值，与设定的值进行比较，而后通过a/d转换器将之转变为数值信号输出。来实现电动机电压调节器的作用。第二章 元器件介绍2.1单片机at89c512.1.1 at89c51的主要特性：与mcs-51 兼容 4k字节可编程闪烁存储器 寿命：1000写/擦循环 数据保留时间：10年 全静态工作：0hz-24mhz 三级程序存储器锁定 1288位内部ram 32可编程i/o线 两个16位定时器/计数器 5个中断源 可编程串行通道 低功耗的闲置和掉电模式 片内振荡器和时钟电路 21.2 单片机芯片引脚描述图2.1为at89c51单片机的引脚配置图。（1）主电源引脚vcc（2）外接晶振引脚xtal1和xtal2（3）复位引脚rst，输入高电平是at89c51复位（4）输入/输出引脚p0、p1、p2、p3（共32根）（5）程序存储器选择信号引脚ea（6）外部程序存储器读选通信号引脚psen（7）外部存储器低8位地址锁存信号引脚ale 图2.1单片机引脚图2.2 adc08092.2.1 adc0809主要性能（1）分辨率为8位；（2）精度：adc0809小于1lsb（adc0808小于1/2lsb）；（3）单+5v供电，模拟输入电压范围为05v；（4）具有锁存控制的路输入模拟开关；（5）可锁存三态输出，输出与ttl电平兼容；（6）功耗为15mw；（7）不必进行零点和满度调整；（8）转换速度取决于芯片外接的时钟频率。时钟频率范围：101280khz。典型值为时钟频率640khz，转换时间约为100s。2.2.2 adc0809结构adc0809（简称0809）是8路8位逐次逼近式ad转换器，适用于精度要求不高（分辨率1256）的多路ad转换，具有三态数据总线，可以直接和mcu接口。0809由8路模拟开关、通路地址锁存器、8位ad转换器和三态数据缓冲器等组成。图2.2为0809的结构框图。8位ad转换器三态输出锁存器缓冲器通路转换开关通路地址锁存译码器in0in7abcale18vccgndoev- v+startclk图2.2 adc0809结构框图2.2.3 adc0809引脚图2.3为adc0809引脚图（1）in0in7，8路模拟量输入端。（2）d7d0，8位数字量输出端。（3）ale， 地址锁存允许信号输入端。通常向此引脚输入一个正脉冲时，可将三位地址选择信号a、b、c锁存于地址寄存器内并进行译码，选通相应的模拟输入通道。（4）start，启动a/d转换控制信号输入端。一般向此引脚输入一个正脉冲，上升沿复位内部逐次逼近寄存器，下降沿后开始a/d转换。（5）clk，时钟信号输入端。（6）eoc，转换结束信号输出端。a/d转换期间eoc为低电平，a/d转换结束后eoc为高电平。（7）oe，输出允许控制端，控制输出锁存器的三态门。当oe为高电平时，转换结果数据出现在d7d0引脚。当oe为低电平时，d7d0引脚对外呈高阻状态。（8）c、b、a，8路模拟开关的地址选通信号输入端，3个输入端的信号为000111时，接通in0in7对应通道。（9）vr（）、vr（）：分别为基准电源的正、负输入端。 图2.3 adc0809引脚图2.3 七段发光显示器常用的七段显示器的结构如图2.4所示。发光二级管的阳极连在一起的称为共阳极显示器，阴极连在一起的称为共阴极显示器。1位显示器由8个发光二极管组成，其中7个发光二极管ag控制7个笔画（段）的亮或暗，另一个控制一个小数点的亮和暗，这种笔画式的七段显示器能显示的字符较少，字形的形状有些失真，但控制简单，使用方便。图2.5为显示器图2.4 七段发光显示器的结构图2.5显示器2.4 其它元器件说明晶振电路使用12mhz的晶体振荡器，30pf的电容。复位电路采用10uf的电容，10k的电阻。显示器电路中除4位7段显示器外还使用了8个5k上拉电阻。第三章 硬件设计3.1系统硬件设计图3.1为系统硬件设计图：图3.1系统硬件设计图第四章 软件设计4.1 程序分析进行a/d转换时，采用查询eoc的标志信号来检测a/d转换是否完毕，若完毕则把数据通过p0端口读入，经过数据处理之后显示出来。4.2 程序设计流程图开始选择adc0809的转换通道道启动a/d转换转换结束？输出转换结果数值转换显示否是图4.2程序设计流程图4.3 程序设计led_0equ 30h ;存放三个数码管的段码led_1 equ 31hled_2 equ 32hclock bit p2.4adcequ35h;存放转换后的数据st bit p3.2oe bit p3.0eoc bit p3.1org 00h sjmp start org 0bh ljmp abcstart: movled_0,#00hmovled_1,#00hmovled_2,#00hmovdptr,#table;送段码表首地址 setbp3.4setbp3.5 clrp3.6 ;选择adc0808的通道3 mov tmod,#02h mov th0,#24 mov tl0,#00h mov ie,#82h setb tr0wait: clr stsetb stclr st;启动转换 jnb eoc,$ ;等待转换结束setb oe ;允许输出mov adc,p1;暂存转换结果clr oe ;关闭输出mov a,adc;将ad转换结果转换成bcd码mov b,#100div abmov led_2,amov a,bmov b,#10div abmov led_1,amov led_0,blcalldisp ;显示ad转换结果sjmp waitabc: cpl clock retidisp: clr p2.0 mova,led_0;数码显示子程序movca,a+dptr setb p2.1 movp0,alcalldelay clr p2.1mova,led_1movca,a+dptr setb p2.2movp0,alcalldelay clr p2.2mova,led_2movca,a+dptr setb p2.3movp0,a lcalldelayclr p2.3retdelay:movr6,#10;延时5毫秒d1:movr7,#250djnzr7,$djnzr6,d1rettable: db0c0h,0f9h,0a4h,0b0h,099h,092h,082h,0f8h,080h,090h end小结通过这次课程设计，我感触颇多，先谈谈单片机方面的，无论做什么事情，都得理论联系实际，理论和实际相结合的重要性在这次的课程设计中体现的淋漓尽致。以前学单片机理论课的时候，不怎么懂，所以这次课程设计对我来讲也是一大考验。买元器件的时候，由于把共阴管买成了共阳管，所以修改程序着实是一大难题，我们天真的以为只要把断码改了就行了，一调试才发现根本行不通。就单单修改程序就花了我们好几天的时间，不行再改再调试。最终在张老师的指导下，在我们的反复修改调试下，皇天不负有心人，终于调试成功。然后谈谈人际关系方面的，俗话说的好，三个臭皮匠凑成个诸葛亮，果然没错，在这次的课程设计中，我们宿舍三个人在修改程序的时候，互相讨论，分工查阅资料，再有不懂就问张老师和班里的其他同学，他们都会耐心的给我们讲解，在张老师和同学们的帮助下最终调试成功。最后谈一下我自己对这门课的看法。通过这次的课程设计，我从中得到很多书本上无法得到的知识。自己今后做任何事都会将理论知识和实际应用结合起来，提高自己的能力。课堂教学考虑到大多数同学的需求，主要强调“基本”基本知识、基本理论、基本方法、基本技能。而这次设计正是为我们提供了一个深入学习、探索的机会，成为课堂教学的有益补充。谢词在本次课程设计过程中，首先我要特别感谢我们的指导老师张兰春张老师，然后也对给过我帮助的老师们和同学们表示感谢。我们的张老师认真的给我们每一位同学选题，耐心的指导我们制作与设计。不管有多忙总会抽出时间为我们解答难题，我的题目程序有些地方要修改，老师总会耐心的给我讲解，这令我十分的感动。我们班的同学主动给予我帮助，帮助我检查元器件的连接，程序的修改。这次课程设计的顺利完成，多亏了我们的张老师和我们班的同学们。张老师严谨的治学态度、精益求精的工作态度是我终生学习的楷模，老师的精神将永远激励着我。参考文献1. 1夏彬彬 任明全 屈金学.单片机常用模块与综合系统设计m.电子工业出版社.20092.张友德 赵志英 凃时亮.单片微型机m.复旦大学出版社.20063.肖婧.单片机入门与趣味实验设计m.北京航空航天大学出版社.20084.刘置升 孙蕙芹 童一帆 苏梅.单片机实训与开发教程m.科学出版社.20085. 刘刚 秦永左.单片机原理及应用m.中国林业出版社，2006g an employment tribunal claimemployment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.you may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.for more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seedismissal.you can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. however, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal.remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. if your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept it.if you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. if you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.if you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. this is known as adamages-based agreement. in england and wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.if you are thinking about signing up for a damages-based agreement, you should make sure youre clear about the terms of the agreement. it might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a citizens advice bureau. to find your nearest cab, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest cab.for more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeemployment tribunals.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska.age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. may be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; may be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字开头的年龄已经到了尾声。或许是愧疚于自己似乎把转瞬即逝的很多个不同的日子过成了同一天的样子；或许是追溯过去，对自己那些近乎偏执的怪异信念的醒悟，这些天以来，思绪一直很凌乱，在脑海中不断纠缠。总觉得自己自己似乎应该去做点什么，或者写点什么。二十年的人生轨迹深深浅浅，突然就感觉到有些事情，非做不可了。the end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而穷尽我们的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？during my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for new year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so important; then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年时，觉得压岁钱和新衣服是过年必备，但是随着年龄的推进，会越来越发现，那些东西根本就可有可无；初中时，以为要有一场暗恋才意味着真正的成长，但三年过去后，自己心平气和的写同学录的时候，突然就发现是不是真正的成长了，好像并没有那么重要了；然后到了高中，觉得非要吐露出自己的心声才能为高中生涯里的懵懂情愫划上一个句点，但毕业晚会的时候最终还是被梗塞在了咽喉，后来再次站在他曾经挥汗如雨的球场，看着他投过篮球的球框时，突然间发现自己已经想不起他的容颜。originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原来，这个世界上，对某个事件能产生化学反应的，除了非做不可的坚决，还有，时间。a persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一个人的时候，自己的想法总是特别地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明确，好像没有什么可以撼动自己。也曾经好像已经下定了决心去做某件事，但更多的时候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌恶过自己的怯懦，最终却发现有很多缘分，有很多错过，好像冥冥之中真的已经注定。那些曾经所谓的非做不可，只是青葱年华里自己给自己注射的一支强心剂，或者说，是自以为是的精神寄托罢了。at the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; those were broken into various shapes of stationery; from the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; have declared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是阴暗的，空气里有着刚下过雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件蓝格子衬衫；那些被折成各种各样形状的信纸；那段从街角深巷伊始的友谊；还有那场还没有开始就宣告了终结的邂逅计划那些年那些天的非做不可，终于和青春一样，都将在我们的人生中谢幕。baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weathethe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving pl