四级写作分项练习

一 、句子的标准 1.一致性：一个好的句子，如果所包含的思想松散不一；表达不出完整的思 想，则不具备一致性。 Eg: 1) Born in a small village over fifty years ago, and later he became a scientist. He was born in a small village over fifty years ago, and later he became a scientist. 2) The boy is too young. The boy is too young to take care of himself. 3）Being a process of mentally interpreting written symbols, he likes reading very much. Reading is a process of mentally interpreting written symbols and he likes it very much. 4) Although tired and exhausted, the work was finished on time. Although tired and exhausted, he finished the work on time. 句子的一致性决定了句子的意思是否完整，为了做到这一点，我们应该注意以下几点： (1)不要中途改变句子主语 Eg: Birds have a special protective device, the approach of cold weather can be sensed, they fly south , and we know that winter is coming. Birds have a special protective device, they can sense the approach of cold weather, so when they fly south, we know that winter is near. (2) 不要把完整的意思隔开 Eg： Foreign goods have new features and designs. The same domestically produced goods havent got. 2 Foreign goods have new features and designs which the same domestically produced goods havent got. Eg；In extensive reading, our main purpose is not to learn new structures and vocabularies, but to understand as quickly and completely as possible the ideas being communicated. In extensive reading, our main purpose is not to learn new structures and vocabularies but to understand as quickly and completely as possible the ideas being communicated. Eg: People have been fascinated by the Bermuda Triangle for years. Because of the mysterious disappearance of many ships and planes in the area. People have been fascinated by the Bermuda Triangle for years because of the mysterious disappearance of many ships and planes in the area. Eg: We naturally assumed that they had arrived there. They left several hours ago. We naturally assumed that they had arrived there, for they left several hours ago. (3) 摆正集子中各部分之间的逻辑关系 Eg：We were coming to see you, and it rained. We were coming to see you, but it rained. Eg: Although the surgeon had not watched the patient closely, she would have died. If the surgeon had not watched the patient closely, she would have died. (4) 修饰成分需紧挨被修饰词 Eg： The Tower of London is now a tourist attraction, in which so many people lost their lives. Eg： The Tower of London in which so many people lost their lives is now a tourist attraction. 5)不要过多地堆积细节 Eg；As he was recalling that night, he reduced the altitude of the plane, and the steady sound of 3 the motor seemed like music in his ears, because he knew that there was not a more dependable plane than his. Later he recalled that he reduced the altitude of the plane, the steady sound of the motor seemed like music in his ears, because he knew that there was not a more dependable plane than his. 2.连贯性句子的一致性是保证句子内容的统一，句子的连贯性则是强调 句子各部分之间的和谐而且，不仅是内容上的和谐，同时包括用词的和谐。 （1）保证结构的平行（平衡）; 用相同的语法结构表示几个思想上密切相关的内容。 EG： I wrote to him, but my letter was not answered. I wrote to him, but he didnt answer my letter. 名词短语的平衡：My hometown has many libraries, museum and historical sites. 形容词和副词的平行; He always speaks quickly and clearly. We thought he was charming, intelligent, and very capable. 动词短语的平衡：He got up at sunrise and took a walk in the garden. 介词短语的平衡性：A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does. 非谓语动词短语的平衡：He likes to sing, to swim and to play table tennis. 从句的平衡 ： The neighbors complained that we made too much noise and that we threw rubbish anywhere. 练习： 1） We are especially weak in listening and speaking English. 2) I like group discussions better than (going to) lectures. 3) Her lectures are witty, interesting, and she plans them carefully. Carefully planned 4 4) Our teacher asked us to close our books, to take out a pen and a piece of paper, and that we were to write a short composition. to write a short composition (2) 使用平行结构进行比较和对比 Eg: He is a poet rather than philosopher. He is a poet rather than a philosopher. Eg: It is better than take. It is better than to take. (3) 保持代词指代内容的一致： 1）避免含糊指代。 Eg: She told my sister that she was wrong. My sister was told that she was wrong. 2) 保持句子在人称和数、事态、语气和语态上的一致。 Students who wish to take linguistics are asked to sign his name on a sheet of paper. Students who wish to take linguistics are asked to sign their names on a sheet of paper. 3) 避免语态、语气和时态的任意转换。 Eg: He went to relax himself when his work is finished. He went to relax himself when he had finished his work. 3.简洁 Eg: The school is very big in size. Eg: There was a man who standing there watching all this. A man stood there watching all this. Eg: In my opinion, I think it is certain that you will be recognized. 5 I think you will certainly be recognized. 4. 突出重点 （1）使用从属结构： Eg: He saw an old man get on the bus, quickly standing up to offer her the seat. Seeing an old man get on the bus, he quickly stood up to offer her the seat. They talked about that young man. The man was very successful in his career. They talked about that young man who was very successful in his career. (2) 巧妙利用词序（句首或句尾） Eg: The girls bag is full of books and big. The girls bag is big and full of books. (3)使用掉尾句; 句子的主要内容一直到句子的结尾才出现，使其成为一句话中 最关键的东西。 Eg: Although, he had failed many times, he didnt give up. Although she had done all she could to get to the stop, she missed the bus (4) 使用主动语态，而不要过多的使用被动语态。 Eg : The day when he first met his beloved girl will never be forgotten. He will never forget the day when he first met with his beloved girl. (5) 重复 (6) 具有强调作用的词、短语和句子 1） 指示代词：the ,that ,this; 形容词 very 以及反身代词 himself, 等 Eg: He is the very person for the job. She herself should be responsible for the mistake in the judgement. 6 2) 在形容词和副词的比较级中，可以用副词 still, even, much, far,和 a great/good of 等进行强调。 Eg: John studies far better than I. 3) 助动词 do 可以用来强调动词。 Eg: I do hope that everything does smooth with you. 4) 在疑问句中，疑问代词或疑问副词加上 ever 或短语 on earth, in the world 以 及 under the sun 等进行强调。 Eg: What on earth are you talking about? Where ever did you pick it up? 5) 在否定句中，可以用一些短语如 in the world, under the sun, on earth, at all, at least, a bit 以及 let alone 等进行强调。 Eg: The baby cant walk, let alone run. We are not at all surprised at what you have done. Nothing under the sun will satisfy him. 6) 短语 not to mention/speak of/say,以及 to say nothing of 等可以进行强调。 Eg: They have three dogs to find a home, not to mention the cat and the bird. 7) 句型 it is.that/who 可以来强调句中除动词外任何成分。 Eg: It is in this house that I was born twenty years ago. 二、句子错误分析 1. 非完整句子错误：若将句子中的某一部分当作一个句子就会导致非完整句错 误。 1）将从句当作主句 7 He failed to pass the examination. Which disappointed his parents. He failed to pass the examination , which disappointed his parents. He failed to pass the examination. That disappointed his parents. I think this film is poor. Even though so many people enjoy seeing it I think this film is poor even though so many people enjoy seeing it. 2) 将介词短语或非谓语动词当作句子 With all your conditions. You are not a success. With all your conditions ,you are not a success. He isnt a clever enough politician. To have any original ideas. He isnt a clever enough politician to have any original ideas. 3) 将同位语当作主语 We must face the fact. That we might lose our deposit. We must face the fact that we might lose our deposit. 2. 断句错误：并列句之间要用并列连词连接，但有些学生在写句子时，不管各 部分之间的关系如何，一概用逗号连接。这种错误就叫断句。 The food was fine except the cake, I didnt like it. The food was fine except the cake, which I didnt like it. Some people like an ocean voyage in winter, they want to escape the frost and snow at home. Some people like an ocean voyage in winter, because they want to escape the frost and snow at home. It was raining hard, they could work in the field. It was raining hard; they could work in the field. 8 It was raining hard. They could work in the field. It was raining so hard that they could not work in the field. It was raining hard ,so they could not work in the field. As it was raining hard, they could not work in the field. 3. 非连接成分错误：当动词的非谓语形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和句子的 主语保持一致，否则，该状语即为非连接成分 Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach. Looking out of the window, one can see the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach. Rotten in the cellar, he had to throw away the potatoes. The potatoes in the cellar had rotten, so he had to throw away. As the potatoes in the cellar had rotten, he had to throw away. He had to throw away the potatoes which had rotten in the cellar. He had to throw away the potatoes in the cellar ,for they had rotten. To swim properly, a course of instruction is necessary. To swim properly, one needs a course of instruction . If one want to swim properly, a course of instruction is necessary. Returning home in a taxi, the music of the opera still seemed to sing in our ears. While we are returning home in a taxi, the music of the opera still seemed to sing in our ears. I had a summer jon that year, therefore, enabling me to stay in school for another term. I had a summer jon that year, which, therefore, enables me to stay in school for another term. 9 4. 主谓一致的错误： （1）主语和谓语之间若出现修饰语，谓语动词应与主语保持一致。 Eg: My uncle is one of those who do not believe that a knowledge of politics is useful in a business office. The bookcase full of books and magazines stands in a corner of the room. (2)主语和谓语之间插入了由 with, as well as, except, in addition to, not 等引导的词组， 谓语动词仍与助于保持一致。 Jane as well as the rest agrees to come. The audience in addition to all the cameramen was so excited. The employees, not the manager, were asked to explain the cause of the fire. The Chinese girl together with her two American friends is eating at a restaurant. (3)each/everyand 连接两个单数形式的主语，谓语动词用单数。 Every man and woman is treated in the same way. Every word and phrase in this sentence is essential. (4)由 and 连接的词组作主语，谓语动词一般用复数。 To fight and to win were their aims. (5)若两个名词可作为一个整体对待，由 and 连接后，谓语动词仍为单数 Time and tide waits no man. The confidence and trust is very important for me. The chairman and the general secretary was selected. (6)当 eitheror, neither .or; not only.but also 连接两个主语时，句中的谓语动词 的数要和最近的那一个主语取得一致，也就是“就近原则” Either you or I am wrong. 10 Not only the students but also the teacher has doubts. (7)如果时间，金钱，距离，重量等单位的名词词组作主语，如果强调一定的量或总 合，谓语动词用单数；如果侧重具体的数量，则谓语动词用复数。 Ten minutes is a long time for us to wait. Ten minutes have passed since we came. (8)a series of; a kind of; a portion of等短语作主语，谓语动词用单数； a number of.;a variety of等短语作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 Eg；A series of videotapes has been prepared. A variety of goods are for sale. (9) 由 each, every, each one, everybody, anybody, nobody, none ,either, neither 等引导 的名词词组作主语，谓语动词用单数。 None of her children has blond hair. Nobody knows the truth. (9)集体名词作主语，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词就用单数；如表示成员，就用复 数。 My family are all vegetarians. My family never intends to have anything to do with business. 5. 动词时态、语态的误用 I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street. (误) I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. (正) 11 We have little time to read some books which we interest. (误) We have little time to read some books in which we are interested. (正) I am a student who has studying in the college for two years. (误) I have been studying in the college for two years(正) 6.词类混淆 It is my point that reading must be selectively. (误) In my opinion, reading must be selective. (正) Honest is so important for everyperson. (误) Honesty is so important for everyone. (正) The old man was hit by a car when he across the street. (误) The old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. (正) 7.名词可数与不可数的误用 Too much tests are disadvantage for students study. (误) Too many tests are disadvantageous to students. (正) In modern society, people are under various pressures(误) In modern society, people are under various kinds of pressure. (正) 12 8.动词及物与不及物的误用 The traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways. (误) The traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways. (正) Because of his excellent performance, the boss rose his salary. (误) Because of his excellent performance, the boss raised his salary. (正) 9. 介词 to 和不定式符号的混淆 Too many tests will do harm to cultivate our independent thinking. (误) Too many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our independent thinking. (正) All these contributed to solve the serious problem. (误) All these contributed to the solution to the serious problem. (正) 10.情态动词 的误用 It may not good to our health. (误) It may be not good to our health. (正) They should spent much time. (误) They should spend much time. (正) 11. There be 句型的误用 13 There exists some new problems such as being dishonest. (误) There exist/arise some new problems such as being dishonest. (正) There are many way to solve the tuition and fees of college education. (误) There are many ways to raise the money for the tuition and fees for coll ege education. (正) 12.动宾搭配不当 We must pay attention to it and make solutions to the problem. (误) We must pay attention and find a solution to the problem. (正) It also may help you to make success. (误) It may also help you succeed/obtain your goal. (正) 13.根据中文逐字硬译 If someones family situation is not well, he can apply for loan to bank. (误) If ones family is not well off, he can apply to the bank for a loan. (正) Let alone touch the outside world of campus/keep a good body health(误) Let alone get in touch with the world outside of the campus/keep fit(正) 14. 比较结构 14 考生病句： 1）. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster. 2). The climate in Walton is colder than other cities. 正确表达： 1). Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster. 2). The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities. 评议与分析：许多考生在作文中用 compare 或 than 表示比较，但相当多的表达有误。 在例 1 中，对两个事物进行比较的句式为 Compared with A, B.,只能用 compare 的过去分词，不能用现在分词，因为 B 是分词的逻辑主语，只能被比较。在例 2 中，考生误将“ 天气“与“ 城市“进行比较，而二者没有可比性，只有将后者改为“其他城 市的天气“才符合逻辑，很显然，考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。 比较结构是常用结构，正确地使用这一结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。一般说来，考生若能恰当 、正确地运用这一结构，其写作成绩应在 5 分以上。 下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法。 A 同级比较 1） In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years. 2） We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past. 15 B 比较级 1） Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before. 2） We can live longer without food than we can (live ) without water. 15. 表达原因的结构 考生病句： 1). The real reason to our failure is not far to seek. 2). The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of m oney without working hard. 正确表达： 1.) The real reason for our failure is not far to seek. 2). The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of mone y without working hard. 评议与分析： 以上两个病句分别引自 92 年 1 月和 97 年 12 月四级考试的考生作文。从遣词造句上看，这两位考生具有一定的写作能力， not far to seek, plenty of money 以及 without working hard 等均运用正确、恰当。但令人遗憾的是，第一位考生不知道 reas on 不与 to 搭配而应接介词 for，第二位考生犯了一个中国学生常犯的错误，就是用 because 引起表语从句，because 这个词不能 引起表语从句，在本句中只能改用 that 才正确。 16 掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的，几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或可以写原因。在大学英语四、六级考试、研究 生入学英语考试以及 TOEFL 考试中，写作的文体基本上是议论文，而议论文的基本模式是摆事实、讲道理，讲道理就是说明 原因。写作测试的文体决定了表达原因结构的重要性。 英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用 as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that.等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如： 1.) Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, w e feel more proud than ever of our country. 2.) Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid pr ogress. 3). Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate. 4.) Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we dont have the ability to solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the p roblem. 我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如： 1. The reason for this change is quite obvious. 2. Diligence is the key factor of success. 3. Idleness is the root of all evils. 17 4. He was ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed that he had made the mistake. =He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.) 除了上述的例句外，英语中还有很多或易或难的表达原因的结构。我们在进行写作训练的时候，不能满足于一知半解，要 讲究书面语言的正确性和准确性。比如，because 是最常用的引导原因从句的连词，语气最强，表示直接的原因，若 because 置 于句首，后面的主句不能再用 so。用 as 引导的原因从句语气较弱，所说明的原因是附带的，而 since 表示的原因暗示着是稍加 分析之后才能推断出来的原因。 16. 否定结构 考生病句 1). Some people think we neednt to worry about fresh water. 2). Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, too. 正确表达： 1). Some people think we neednt worry (或 dont need to worry) about f resh water. 2). Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, either. 评议与分析： 例句 1 选自 96 年 1 月四级考生作文，例句 2 选自 92 年 1 月六级考生作文。例句 1 的错误在于该考生混淆了 need 作为情 态动词和作为普通动词的用法。 need 作为情态动词时，主要用于否定句，后面的动词不带 to, neednt worry，作 we 的谓语。need 作为实意动词时，可用于肯 定句、否定句和疑问句，dont need to worry 中的 to worry 作 dont need 的宾语。例句 2 的错误在于该考生混淆了 too 和 eit 18 her 的区别，这两个词都表示“ 也“的意思，但是在英语中 too, also 只能用于肯定句，而 either 只能用于否定句。 否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，be 和 have 后面加 not 之外，还有许多不含 not 的否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显 得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看: 1) 含有否定意义的词汇和短语 以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义，因此无需用否定词。 介词 against, beyond, but, except, without,. 形容词和动词 absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want,. 短语 keep.from, protect.from, prevent.from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, too.to, by no means, anything b ut,. 我们看以下例句： 1） Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries. 在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。 2） This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy cr isis. 这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。 3） We should protect trees from being destroyed. 19 我们应保护树木，不让它们受破坏。 4） In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines. 在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说制造机器了。 2 含有半否定意义的词语 barely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, n ot everything,.具有半否定的意义。例句： 1） We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market sever al years ago. 几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。 2） These young people know little about how to choose good books to read. 这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。 3 不含否定意义的否定结构 有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义是肯定的，比如：cannot but, cant help, no sooner.th an, not.until, in no time, none other than(正是), nothing but,等等。例句：