动词名词化结构

1、名词化的结构名词化结构主要是以英语名词短语代替汉语一个句子,它可以避免人称主语,从而防止句子结构过于臃肿。法律英语常用结构复杂的长句。从句子特征来看,还是名词结构占优势,而不是从句或动词的优势。（1）The buyer shall furnish ocean vessels for the transportation of the rice under this contract.（2）The buyers shall give the notice of the vessels name beforehand.（3）The storage of the rice shall be done

2、 in the way stated.（4）A certificate is needed attesting the existence of such event.1.动词的名词化作为一种专用英语,简洁和客观是经贸英语的灵魂,故在一般英语中用动词表示的内容,经贸英语却惯于将动词名词化,并由此产生一个名词化结构,让原来的施动意义隐含在结构的深层里。把动词名词化,表述从“动”转为“静”,语言变得更为客观;使用动词名词化结构,可以替代一个从句甚至一个句子,语言变得更为简洁。1.1动词名词化的基本形式就形态变化而言,经贸英语动词的名词化通常有两种:一是后缀派生法,即把-al, -sion, -ti

3、on, -ment等后缀分别加在不同的动词词尾,在句法研究中这种词称为动词派生名词(deverbal noun);二是零位派生法(zero derivation),也就是说不借助后缀直接由动词转化为名词,本文将这种词称为动词转类名词(conversion noun)。例如:(1) the conclusion of difficult negotiations(2) the formulation of export sales contracts(3) the participation in GATT(4) the involvement in international economy

4、and trade activities(5) a decline in industrial production and a marked upturn in inflation(6) the fall in the growth rate of the world economy1.2动词名词化结构的两种形态动词名词化时,动词原来所带的客体和主体转化为名的修饰语或附加成分后,就构成了一个动词名词化结构,常见的形式有两种:一是动词原来所带的客体由一个介词(其中及物动词介词of)或不定式符号to引导,接在动词派生名词或动词类名词后面,形成一个后置修饰语,而主体往往以名词的格形式转化为动词派生

5、名词或动词转类名词的前置修饰语例如:(7) Recently China reduced tariffs substantially.(8) Chinas recent substantial reduction of tariffs(9) Ericsson studied the target market carefully.(10) Ericssons careful study of the target market(11) The new-to-export firm failed to treat international distributors on an equal ba

6、sis with domestic counterparts.(12) the new-to-export firms failure to treat international distributors on a equal basis with domestic counterparts二是客体和主体均转化为后置修饰语,客体在前,由一个介词(其中及物动词由介词of)或不定式符号to引导;主在后,通常由介词by引导。例如:(13) Last year Hans Materials Co. Ltd. invested 625 project in China.(14) the investm

7、ent of 625 projects in China by Hans Materials Co. Ltd.(15) Companies involved in international trade use the host countrys materials, products, facilities and services.(16) the use of the host countrys materials, products, facilities and services by companies involved in international trade(17) top

8、 management is committed insufficiently to overcome the initial difficulties and financial requirements of exporting.(18) insufficient commitment by top management to overcome the initial difficulties and financial requirements of exporting1.3动词名词化结构的翻译方法由于任何一种动词名词化结构都包含了一个动作意味很强的动词派生名词或动词转类名词,以及英汉两

9、种语言在用词方面存在着一定的差异,即英语以名词占优势,倾向于用名词表达某些在汉语中常以动词表达的概念,而现代汉语以动词占优势,一个句子中常常可以连续使用几个动词，因此在把经贸英语中的动词名词化结构译成汉语时,动词派生名词或动词转类名词往往需要根据汉语的习惯进行词性转换,译成汉语的动词,结果原来的动词名词化结构就转变成了一个汉语的动宾词组或主谓词组。1.3.1译为动宾词组在语义上,动词派生名词或动词转类名词表示动作或行为,修饰语表示动作或行为的对象,两者间潜蕴着逻辑上的动宾关系,这样的动词名词化结构通常可以译为一个汉语的动宾词组。例如:(19)The introduction of precio

10、us metals (i.e., gold and silver)to pay for goods can be considered the forerunner of the foreign exchange market.采用贵重金属(即黄金和白银)支付商品可以看成是外汇市场的先驱。(20)Attendance to various kinds of trade talks and use of information and data gathered by GATT can help China to work out a more correct trade policy.参与各种

11、贸易会谈和利用关税及贸易总协定收集的信息和数据能帮助中国制定更为正确的贸易政策。(21)Restoration of its signatory party status in GATT will add Chinas initiative in world affairs, especially in world trade.恢复中国关税及贸易总协定的缔约国地位将增加中国在国际事务,尤其是在世界贸易中的主动权。(22)Another impediment to the free flow of goods between nations is the possible introductio

12、n of artificial barriers to trade, such as tariffs or quotas.阻止商品在国家间自由流通的另一个障碍是可能设置人为的贸易壁垒,如关税或配额。(23) The Chinese government announced a unilateral reduction of customs duties on225products.中国政府宣布单方面降低225项产品的关税。(24) Much of the remainder of the GATT is designed to prevent evasion of the tariff obl

13、igations of articleby the use of no tariff barriers.关税及贸易总协定还制定了一些别的条款,它们中的大多数是为了防止设置非关税壁垒以逃避第二条款所规定的关税义务。(25) In the 1980s China had numerous restrictions on the utilization of foreign capital by the tertiary industry.20世纪80年代,中国对第三产业利用外资施加了许多限制。(26) The greatest benefits the accession to WTO will

14、bring to China area great push to the reforms and opening drive in the country but there is also a real challenge.加入世贸组织带给中国的最大利益是可以极大地推进改革和开放的进程,当然也会带来真正的挑战。1.3.2译为主谓词组当动词派生名词或动词转类名词的逻辑主语出现在动词名词化结构中时,其表示方法通常有四种:1)使用逻辑主语的-s属格形式;2)使用逻辑主语的限定物主代词形式,如your, their等,对动词派生名词或动词转类名词加以限定;3)把逻辑主语放在逻辑宾语后面,中间用一个

15、介词连接;4)逻辑主语直接用作前置修饰语。这样的动词名词化结构一般译为汉语的主谓词组。例如:(27) It follows that the birth of the Euro will not affect European enterprises exploration of the Chinese market.因此,欧元的诞生不会影响欧洲企业开发中国市场。(28) One of the features of Beijings utilization of foreign capital in1993 was the substantial increase in investment

16、 from world famous transnational corporations.1993年北京利用外资的一大特点是世界一些著名的跨国公司的投资增长巨大。(29) Im glad to hear your positive assessment of the US economy.我很高兴得知你对美国经济作出了肯定的评价。(30) Critics argue the problem was their common dependence on a distorted or immature form of capitalism, now described pejoratively

17、as a “crony capitalism”, but previously extolled as “The Asian Model”.批评家们认为,问题出在它们共同依赖于一种扭曲的资本主义形态,即现在被贬称为“密友资本主义”,或曾经被颂扬为“亚洲模式”。 (32) Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in1992, government trade agreements and investment protection agreements have been signed.自从1992年两国建立了外交关系以来,两国间已签署了许多政府贸易协定和投资保护协定。(33) It is estimated that Chinas wheat import will increase from 2 million tons to 5 million tons, which will result in losses about5.5billion yuan to Chinese farmers every year.据估计,中国的小麦进口会从现在的200万吨增加到500万吨,其结果是中国农民每年要遭受大约55亿元的损失。(