（天津专用）2020届高考英语一轮复习专题十六推理判断课件.pptx

1、专题十六推理判断,高考英语 (天津市专用),五年高考,A组自主命题天津卷题组 Group 1,Passage 1(2019天津夏,C)词数:379 How does an ecosystem(生态系统) work? What makes the populations of different species the way they are? Why are there so many flies and so few wolves? To find an answer, scientists have built mathematical models of food webs, noti

2、ng who eats whom and how much each one eats. With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物), the two sp

3、ecies are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species, it can survive the extinction(灭绝)of one of them. And if a pred

4、ator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the o-riginal prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinc-tion.,Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where sma

5、ll changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of popula-tions of other speciesincluding species they did not directly attack. And unplanned h

6、uman activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological bal-ance. Scientists hav

7、e built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key, scientists say, because once ecosys

8、tems pass their tipping point(临界点), it is remarkably difficult for them to return.,1.What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs? A.The living habits of species in food webs. B.The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems. C.The approaches to studying the spe

9、cies in the ecosystems. D.The differences between weak and strong links in food webs. 2.A strong link is found between two species when a predator. A.has a wide food choice B.can easily find new prey C.sticks to one prey species D.can quickly move to another place 3.What will happen if the populatio

10、ns of top predators in a food web greatly decline? A.The prey species they directly attack will die out. B.The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators. C.The living environment of other species will remain unchanged. D.The populations of other species will experience unexpected c

11、hanges.,4.What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4? A.Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems. B.Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats. C.Species of commercial value dominate other species. D.Industrial activities help keep food webs stable. 5.How d

12、oes an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance? A.By getting illegal practices under control. B.By stopping us from killing large predators. C.By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal. D.By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.,答案 语篇解读本文为说明文,主题语境为人

13、与自然,主题语境内容为自然环境。地球上的生态系统是如何运转的呢?物种之间有的关系非常紧密,有的关系疏远,科学家用数学模型来弄清生态系统运转的奥秘。本文有助于培养学生的思维品质。 1.B细节理解题。本题题干意为:在食物网数学模型的帮助下科学家们已经发现了什么?第二段第一句话(利用这种模型,科学家们已经发现了一些在食物网运行过程中的关键原则)与B项(影响生态系统食物网的规则)相符,故选B项。A:在食物网中物种的生活习惯。C:研究生态系统中物种的方法。D:食物网中关系疏远和关系紧密的区别。 2.C细节理解题。本题题干意为:当一个捕食者,我们会从两个物种之间找到一个紧密的关系。第二段第三句话(当一个捕

14、食者总是大量吃一种猎物的时候,这两个物种之间就建立起了紧密的关系)与C项(坚持吃一个物种的猎物)相符,故选C项。A:有广泛的食物选择。B:能很容易找到新的猎物。D:能很快迁徙到另一个地方。 3.D推理判断题。本题题干意为:如果食物网顶端的捕食者数量大量减少,会发生什么事?根据第三段第一句(数学模型也揭示出食物网可能不稳定,顶端的捕食者的小小变化都会给整个,生态系统带来巨大影响)可知,当食物网顶端的捕食者数量大幅度减少时,食物网中的其他物种的数量会受到意想不到的影响,故选D项。A:它们直接捕食的猎物物种会灭绝。文中没有提及会灭绝,排除A项。B:它们不直接捕食的物种会变成顶端捕食者。C:其他物种的

15、生活环境会保持不变。 4.A推理判断题。本题题干意为:从第四段的例子中我们可以得出什么结论?第四段中以人类在海洋中捕食顶端捕食者鳕鱼和在陆地上大量杀死顶端捕食者狼为例来解释说明第一句话。结合These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.可知A项(不受控制的人类活动极大地打乱了生态系统)与此相符,故选A项。B:快速的经济发展威胁到了动物的栖息地。C:具有商业价值的物种控制了其他物种。D:工业活动有助于保持食物网稳定。这三项文中均没有信息提及。 5.D推理判断题。本题题干意为:一个早期的警报系统会如何帮助我们保持生态平衡?根据

16、最后一段的描述:这套预警系统可以告诉我们什么时候调整将生态系统推向崩溃的人类活动或甚至能将生态系统从崩溃边缘拉回。预防是关键,一旦生态系统超过了临界点那就非常难恢复了。D项(这套系统通过发出紧急信号来让我们采取预防措施)与此相符,故选D项。A:通,过控制非法行为。B:通过阻止我们捕杀大型捕食者。这两项文中没有信息提及。C:通过把遭到破坏的生态系统拉回到正常状态。 预警系统本身不能做到这一点,它只能给人类发出信号。,难句分析 原句:Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small

17、changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. 分析:本句是一个主从复合句。逗号前面部分是句子的主句。逗号后是关系副词where引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词food webs。 译文:数学模型也揭示出食物网可能是不稳定的。在食物网中顶端捕食者的小小的变化会对整个生态系统产生巨大的影响。,Passage 2 (2019天津春,D)词数:399 When I graduated from high school, I wanted to major in comparative li

18、terature.But, once I found out my friends were going into “real” majors, like marketing, nursing, and engineering, I figured I needed to do the same to ensure a good career.So I changed my mind and chose Business Man-agement as my major.I forced myself to believe that I would enjoy it and succeed in

19、 the future, but eventually I exhausted myself understanding the economy and trying new marketing techniques.Coming out of this experience, I realize it is ok to be different from others and to study things like classics, art history and other majors offered in the College of Humanities(人文学科)! The w

20、orries most people have about a Humanities degree and finding a career afterwards are that the majors are too abstract, and one will not obtain any applicable skills.Actually ideas discussed in Humanities classes, which are occasionally different from what people commonly believe, offer a broad pers

21、pective(视角).How could one effectively be an unbiased(无偏见的)writer with only a knowledge of the popular opinion of society? How could one speak persuasively with closed minds? Only seeing the world through a single perspective leads to missed learning, missed friend-,ships, and missed growth! With a b

22、roader perspective, we will be more free, more open-minded, and less limited in what we can become! STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) graduates learn actual skills in their studies, while humanities majors learn “soft skills” like communicating effectively through writ-ing cri

23、tically and speaking persuasively, synthesizing(综合)ideas through gathering and interpret-ing information, and developing cultural awareness.Do those soft skills sound useless and inappli-cable to you? Think of it.How often do you communicate with others? Produce ideas? Encounter people from other cu

24、ltures? Every day.Every SECOND of every day.So why not master these skills? If you choose a major in the College of Humanities, you will be needed.The job market is quietly creating thousands of openings a week for people who can bring a humanists grace to our rapidly evolving high-tech future.Your

25、skills will be valuable to any workplace you hope to be in.Chase af-ter your dream major with all your energy, no matter what other people think.,1.Why did the author choose Business Management as his major at first? A.He was tired of learning comparative literature. B.He came to enjoy learning mark

26、eting techniques. C.He wanted to go to the same university as his friends. D.He believed Business Management was more practical. 2.According to the author, what is a possible way to gain a broad perspective? A.Making more friends and learning from them. B.Exchanging ideas in a philosophy seminar. C.

27、Opening your mind to future possibilities. D.Getting to know the popular opinion of society. 3.In which of the following situations do soft skills play the most important role? A.Writing a software program. B.Performing a heart operation. C.Playing a musical instrument. D.Negotiating with a business

28、 partner.,4.The author believes the job market for Humanities graduates is . A.recoveringB.depressing C.promisingD.challenging 5.What could be the best title for the passage? A.Stick to Your Desired Major B.Broaden Your Perspective C.How to Acquire Soft Skills D.Humanities vs. STEM,答案 语篇解读本文为夹叙夹议文。文

29、章通过讲述作者自己专业选择及学习的经历,并论述人文学科的特色和优势,告诉人们不管别人怎么想,要用所有的精力去追求自己梦想的专业。 1.D细节理解题。根据第一段中的But, once I found out my friends were going into “real” majors, like marketing, nursing, and engineering, I figured I needed to do the same to ensure a good career.So I changed my mind and chose Business Management as m

30、y major.(但是,当我发现我的朋友们正在进入“真正的”专业,比如营销、护理和工程,我想我需要做同样的事情来确保一个好的职业生涯。所以我改变了主意,选择了商业管理作为我的专业)可知,作者选择商业管理专业是因为他认为商业管理、更实用。故D选项正确。,2.B细节理解题。根据第二段中的Actually ideas discussed in Humanities classes, which are occasionally different from what people commonly believe, offer a broad perspective.(实际上,人文学科课堂上讨论的有

31、时与人们通常认为的有所不同的观点,提供了一个广阔的视角)可知,作者认为交换意见可以获得更加全面的观点。故B选项正确。 3.D推理判断题。根据第三段中的while humanities majors learn “soft skills” like commu-,nicating effectively through writing critically and speaking persuasively, synthesizing ideas through gathering and interpreting information, and developing cultural awa

32、reness.(人文专业的学生学习“软技能”,比如通过批判性写作和有说服力的讲话来有效沟通,通过收集和解释信息来综合思想,培养文化意识)可知,学习软技能包括学习沟通技巧。而在与商业伙伴谈判时,需要很好的沟通技巧,所以软技能会扮演着最重要的角色。故D选项正确。,4.C推理判断题。根据最后一段中的The job market is quietly creating thousands of openings a week for people who can bring a humanists grace to our rapidly evolving high-tech future.(就业市场

33、正悄然每周为那些能够为我们快速发展的高科技未来带来人文主义优雅的人创造数千个职位空缺)可知,作者认为人文专业毕业生的就业市场前景广阔。故C选项正确。 5.A主旨大意题。全文最后一段是中心段落,根据全文以及Chase after your dream major with all your energy, no matter what other people think.(不管别人怎么想,用你所有的精力去追求你的梦想专业)可知,作者想号召人们坚持你渴望的专业。因此,A项“坚持自己渴望的专业”适合做本文最佳标题。故A选项正确。,Passage 3 (2018天津夏,B)词数:407 When I

34、 was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay.She had requested the community to turn it into a museum upon her death.On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I drove over to the museum.She asked, “Do you have the address?”“No, but Ill

35、recognize it, there was a picture in the magazine.” “Oh, stop.There it is!” The museum was free.We entered, excited.A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us. “May I help you?”a man asked.“No,”I said.“Were fine.”Tour guides got on my nerves.What if they talked a long tim

36、e about a painting you werent that interested in?Sally had gone up-stairs.The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity.What was their problem?I saw some nice sculptures in one room.Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me.“Where do you think you are?”he as

37、ked.I turned sharply.“The McNay Art Muse-um!”He smiled, shaking his head.“Sorry, the McNay is on New Braunfels Street.”“Whats,this place?”I asked, still confused.“Well, its our home.”My heart jolted(震颤).I raced to the staircase and called out,“Sally!Come down immediately!” “Theres some really good s

38、tuff(艺术作品)up there.”She stepped down, looking confused.I pushed her toward the front door, waving at the family, saying,“Sorry, please forgive us, you have a really nice place.”Outside, when I told Sally what happened, she covered her mouth, laughing.She couldnt believe how long they let us look aro

39、und without saying anything. The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there.Van Gogh, Picas-so.This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened. Thirty years later, a woman approached me in a public place.“Excuse me, did you ever enter a residence,

40、 long ago, thinking it was the McNay Museum?” “Yes.But how do you know?We never told anyone.” “That was my home.I was a teenager sitting in the hall.Before you came over, I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in.I never felt lucky before.You thought it was a museum.My feel-ings about my ho

41、me changed after that.Ive always wanted to thank you.”,1.What do we know about Marian McNay? A.She was a painter. B.She was a community leader. C.She was a museum director. D.She was a journalist. 2.Why did the author refuse the help from the man in the house? A.She disliked people who were nosy. B.

42、She felt nervous when talking to strangers. C.She knew more about art than the man. D.She mistook him for a tour guide. 3.How did the author feel about being stared at by the people in the hall? A.Puzzled. B.Concerned. C.Frightened.D.Delighted.,4.Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in

43、just a few words? A.The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her. B.She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum. C.The McNay was disappointing compared with the house. D.The event happening in the house was more significant. 5.What could we learn from the last paragraph? A.Peopl

44、e should have good taste to enjoy life. B.People should spend more time with their family. C.People tend to be blind to the beauty around them. D.People tend to educate teenagers at a museum.,答案 语篇解读本文为记叙文。30年前,作者和朋友去参观一家博物馆,由于不知道具体地址误入别人的家,主人对她们的到来感到很困惑,而作者对主人的表现也感到很困惑。30年后,作者与房主的女儿偶遇,得知自己曾经的误入使她意识

45、到人们不该对身边的美视而不见。 1.A细节理解题。本题题干意为:对于Marian McNay我们了解什么?根据第一段中“once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay(曾经是一个名叫Marian McNay的水彩画画家的家)”可知Marian McNay是一名画家,故答案为A项。 2.D细节理解题。本题题干意为:作者为什么拒绝房子里的男人的帮助?根据第四段中“Tour guides got on my nerves.(导游总会使我感到心烦)”可知,作者当时之所以拒绝其帮助是因为她误认为那个男人是导游,故答案为D项。A:她不喜欢爱窥探的人;

46、B:当与陌生人讲话时她会感到紧张;C:她比那个男人对艺术了解得更多。 3.A推理判断题。本题题干意为:在被大厅中的人们盯着看时,作者感觉怎么样?根据第四段中作者心里想的话“What was their problem?”可知,作者当时感到很困惑(Puzzled),故答案为A项。B:担心的;C:害怕的;D:高兴的。,4.D推理判断题。本题题干意为:为什么作者只用了一点儿文字描述真正的McNay博物馆?根据倒数第四段中的内容可推知:作者误入别人家这件事使她在参观真正的McNay博物馆时一直感到很紧张,担心再出现什么意外。由此可知在那个房子里发生的事更重要,故答案为D项。A:真正的博物馆没有足够的艺

47、术作品使她感兴趣;B:她感到非常不安而不能在那家真正的博物馆中待很长时间;C:与那个房子相比,McNay博物馆令人失望。 5.C推理判断题。本题题干意为:从最后一段我们能得知什么?根据最后一段中的I never re-alized what a beautiful place I lived in.I never felt lucky before.可知:人们往往会对身边的美视而不见,故答案为C项。,高级语块 get on ones nerves烦扰某人 in case以防,难句分析 原句:What if they talked a long time about a painting you

48、 werent that interested in? 分析:本句使用了常用句型“What if.?”。此外you werent that interested in为省略关系词的定语从句,修饰先行词painting。 译文:如果他们对于一幅你不那么感兴趣的画谈很长时间怎么办呢?,Passage 4 (2018天津夏,D)词数:367 Give yourself a test.Which way is the wind blowing?How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door?If your awareness

49、 is as sharp as it could be, youll have no trouble answering these questions. Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults.A childs day is filled with fasci-nation, newness and wonder.Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness.But distinctions that were sharp to us as children becom

50、e unclear;we are numb(麻木的)to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas.Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and re-quires breaking some bad habits. The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs

51、.This blocks awareness.One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream.The students began complaining about how cold it would be.We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked a-head.They were almost knee-dee

52、p when they realized it was a hot spring.Later they all admitted,theyd felt cold water at first. Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷)many of us have with naming things.I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a “ruby-crowned kinglet”and c

53、hecked it off.They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing. The pressures of “time”and“destination”are further blocks to awareness.I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark.It seldom occurred to

54、them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see whats around them.I asked them what theyd seen.“Oh, a few birds,”they said.They seemed bent on their destinations. Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait.Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and se

55、nsations.Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life.,1.According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more. A.anxious to do wonders B.sensitive to others feelings C.likely to develop unpleasant habits D.eager to explore the world around them 2.What idea

56、 does the author convey in Paragraph 3? A.To avoid jumping to conclusions. B.To stop complaining all the time. C.To follow the teachers advice. D.To admit mistakes honestly. 3.The bird watchers behavior shows that they. A.are very patient in their observation B.are really fascinated by nature C.care

57、 only about the names of birds D.question the accuracy of the field guides,4.Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey? A.The natural beauty isnt attractive to them. B.They focus on arriving at the camp in time. C.The forest in the dark is dangerous for them. D.They are

58、 keen to see rare birds at the destination. 5.In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should. A.fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world B.get rid of some bad habits in our daily life C.open our mind to new things and ideas D.try our best to protect nature,答案 语篇解读研究发现,与孩子相比,成人对周围事物的

59、感知能力更差。如何才能唤醒这种感知能力呢?文章举例说明并对此给出了答案。 1.D推理判断题。根据第二段中孩子和成年人的对比可知,大部分人在孩提时代更善于观察,每天都充满魅力、新奇与惊奇,好奇心使我们每个人都具有一种天生的感知能力。但是那些对小时候的我们来说很明显的差别变得模糊了,我们对新刺激、新观点变得麻木了。由此可推断,与成年人相比,在好奇心的驱使下,孩子更渴望去探索周围的世界。 2.A推理判断题。本段开头指出,要唤醒关注周围环境的意识首先不要预测自己会看到什么、会感受到什么,这会妨碍我们的感知能力。而且作者用实际的例子证明了这个观点,故推断出A项符合作者的观点,意为“要避免贸然下结论”。 3.C细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知,野鸟观察者只关心鸟的名字,不再关注鸟本身和鸟的行为。由此可见C项正确,意为“只关心鸟的名字”。 4.B细节理解题。倒数第二段开头提到,“时间”和“目的地”的压力进一步阻止人们去关注周围的环境。根据倒数第二段的最后一句可知,远足者们一心想要到达目的地,故B项符合,文章内容,意为“他们专注于及时赶到营地”。,5.A推理判断题。根据最后一段的最后两句可知,下次你散步时,无论在什么地方,都应该欣赏各种景色,倾听各种声音,接受各种感觉,带着这种心境漫步,你会为生活开辟新领域。由此可知A项符合文章内容,作者建议我们充实感官来感受世界的奇迹。,高级语块 sha