英语语言学练习

1、Chapter 11.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language .()2.What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the rules used in language .()What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the sounds used in language .3The major branches of linguistics are phonetics

2、 ,phonedogy ,psycholinguistics ,morphology ,syntax ,semantics ,pragmatic ,sociolinguistics ,and applied linguistics .()4.As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonetics

3、 .()As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonology .5.Linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use ,it is said to be descriptive and

4、modern linguistics is mostly descriptive .()6.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a diachronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a synchronic .()The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic stud

5、y ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a diachronic .7.Langue and parole are relatively stable ,it does not change frequently .()Langue and parole varies from person to person ,from situation to situation .8.Chomsky define competence as the ideal users knowledge of t

6、he rules of his language ,and performance the actual realization of this language in linguistic communication .()9.Modern linguistics regards the written as primary .()Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary .10.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communi

7、cation .()11.Language is arbitrary ,this means that there is logical connection between meanings and sounds .()Language is arbitrary ,this means that there is not logical connection between meanings and sounds .12.Language feature are arbitrariness ,productivity ,duality ,displacement ,cultural tran

8、smission .()13.Language is arbitrary by nature ,and it is entirely arbitrary .()Language is arbitrary by nature ,and it is not entirely arbitrary .14.Productivity is unique to human language .()15.Language is a system ,which consists of three sets of structures ,or three levels .()Language is a syst

9、em ,which consists of two sets of structures ,or three levels .16.Three main functions of language are :the descriptive function ,the expressive,and the social function.()17.Language cannot beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .()Language can beauti

10、ful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .18.what cannot I do for you ,girl ? This sentence illustrates the expressive function of language .()what cannot I do for you ,girl ? This sentence illustrates the social function of language .19.An English speaker an

11、d a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language ,but are not mutually intelligible . This indicates cultural transmission feature of language .()20The ideational function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .()The interpersonal function is indicate ,establish

12、,or maintain social relationships between people .Chapter 21.Speech and writing are the two media order substances used by natural language as vehicle for communication .()2.Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with a part of the sounds that occur in th

13、e worlds language .()Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds language .3.The branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and acoustics phonetics .()4.Phonetic similarly ,phonetic identi

14、ty is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .()Phonetic similarly ,not phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .5.When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting air go through without causing vibrat

15、ion, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless. ()6.The speech organ located in this cavity are the tongue, the uvula，the soft palate （the velum）， the hard palate，the teeth ridge（the alveolus），the teeth and the lips.()7.Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and nar

16、row transcription. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.（）Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. broad transcription is the transcri

17、ption with letter-symbols only，Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.8.In the case of sport，the p sound is said to be unaspirated，and in the case of speed，the p sound is said to be aspirated.（）In the case of sport，the p sound is said to be aspirat

18、ed，and in the case of speed，the p sound is said to be unaspirated.9.English consonants can be classified in two ways：one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.（）10.In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six

19、types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and bilabial. （）In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and glides . 11.In terms of place of articulation，the English consonants can be classified into seven

20、 types：bilabial、labiodental、dental、alveolar、palatal、velar、and glottal. （）12.Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held lowest.()Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest .13、We

21、classify the vowels into four groups：close vowels，semi-close vowels，semi-open vowels， and open vowels. （）14、In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.()In English，all the front vowels and the central vowe

22、ls are unrounded vowels without the a:，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.15.The main supranational features include stress ,intonation ,and tone .Stress contains word stress and sentence stress.()16.There are four tones .The first tone is level ,the second rise ,the third

23、 fall -rise ,and the fourth fall .()17.He is driving my car ,the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,car ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.()He is driving my car ,the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,my ,can all bear the stress to express what th

24、e speaker intends to mean.18.The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning .()19When spoken in different intonation ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.()When spoken in different tones ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.20.A phoneme is a phonological

25、unit ,it is an concrete unit . ()A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an abstract unit . Chapter 31. Conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns consist of the grammatical and functional words. ()2. Linguisis use the term morphlolgy to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with w

26、ord and word structure.()3.Linguisis define the word as the smallest free form found in language. ()4. The plural marking -s is a free form. () The plural marking -s is not a free form5. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. ()6. The word READE

27、R consists of two morphemes:read and -er. ()7. The English plural and possessive morphems may be said to share a single morph,the suffix /-s/. ()8. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a bound morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a free morpheme. ()A morp

28、heme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.9. STEM is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. ()10. AFFIX is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can

29、 be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). ()11. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. ()12. Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always free morphemes. ()Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lex

30、ical category and are always bound morphemes.13. A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning. ()14. -en,-ate,and -ic are thus called derivational morphemes. ()15.The morpheme BOY is free morpheme since it can be used as a word on its own;the plural -s ,on the other hand,is bound. ()16. It

31、 is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes. ()17. Compounding is a very common and frequently process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language. ()18. Morphemes may have different forms. ()19. The plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs

32、 in isolation and cannot be separated from the noun to which it belongs. ()20.It is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of sound joined together. ()Chapter 41.Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the different functiongs in a particular langu

33、age such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .()Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the same or similar functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .2.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the forma

34、tion of sentences .()3.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head and specifier .()Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head,specifier and complement .4.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that re

35、gulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule .()5.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called sentences .()Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases .6.Such special type of grammatical

36、mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase structure rule .()7.The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . ()The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . 8.Major lexical categories are Non ,verb ,Adjev

37、tive and Preposition .()9.The XP rules =(specifier )(complement).()10.Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence . ()Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation .11.The most central categories to the synthetic study are the word-level categories .()

38、12.According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the tail of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the left .()According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the head of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the

39、 right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the right .13.The words around which a phrase is formed is termed head .()14.Words which include the sentence complement are termed complementizers . ()15.The construction in which the phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .()The c

40、onstruction in which the complement phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .16.This classification reflects a variety of factors ,including the type of meaning that words express ,the type of affixes that they take ,and the type of structures in which they can occur .()Chapter 51.In

41、 semantic triangle， the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct， and it is mediated by concept. ()2.The relationship of “flower”， “violet”， “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy. ()3. A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things. ()4.Pragmatics studies the aspect

42、 of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.()5.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship 6.“I bought some roses” entails “I bought some flowers”. ()7. The naming theory was proposed by the Greek scholar Plato. ()8.According to Behav

43、iorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the language of their community when their “bad” speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced. ()9.The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable context.()10.The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning;words that are