最新高考总复习化学方程式大全总结归纳整理

1、高中化学方程式总结第一部分 金属一、碱金属1.钠Na4Na+O22Na2O2Na+O2Na2O2Cl2+2Na2NaCl2Na+SNa2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H22Na+H22NaH2Na+2NH32NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)4NaCl+TiNa2ONa2O+H2O2NaOH2Na2O+O22Na2O2Na2O+SO3Na2SO4Na2O+CO2Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl2NaCl+H2ONa2O2+2Na2Na2O（此反应用于制备Na2O）2Na2O2+2H2O4NaOH+O2(此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O2NaOH+H2O2；2H2O22H2O+O2

2、。H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应)2Na2O2+2CO22Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)Na2SO4+H2O2NaHNaH+H2ONaOH+H2NaOH2NaOH+Si+H2ONa2SiO3+2H26NaOH+3S2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O2NaAlO2+3H22NaOH(过量)+CO2Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(过量)NaHCO32NaOH+SiO2Na2SiO3+H2O（常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃）2NaOH+Al2O32NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HClNaCl+H2ONaOH+

3、H2S(足量)NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3Al(OH)3+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3+H2O2NaOH+P2O52NaPO3+H2O6NaOH+P2O52Na3PO3+3H2ONaAlO22NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3+Na2CO33NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O4Al(OH)3NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaINaCl+H2SO4(浓)NaHSO4+HClH2SO4(浓)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl2NaI+Cl22NaCl+I2NaBr+H

4、3PO4(浓)NaH2PO4+HBrNaI+H3PO4(浓)NaH2PO4+HINa2CO3、NaHCO3Na2CO3+SiO2Na2SiO3+CO2Na2CO3+HClNaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HClNaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3Al(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3Fe(OH)3+3CO2NaHCO3+HClNaCl+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3Na2CO3+CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2Br2+

5、H2O2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2NaHCO3+Br2NaBr+HBrO+CO2NaNO3、NaNO22NaNO32NaNO2+O2H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2+3H2ONaNO2+NH4ClNaCl+N2+2H2ONa3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4Na3PO4+HClNa2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HClNaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HClH3PO4+NaClNa2S、NaHSNa2S+Cl22NaCl+S3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2S+Al

6、2(SO4)3+6H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SNa2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O33Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O22Na2SO4Na2S2O3+H2SO4Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONa2SO3+SO2+H2O2NaHSO32NaHSO3Na2SO3+SO2+H2ONa2SiO3Na2SiO3+2HClH2SiO3+2NaClC6H5ONaC6H5ONa+CO2+H2OC6H5OH+NaHCO32.钾KK+O2KO22K+2H2O2KOH+H2K2O、K2O2K2O+H2O2KOHK2O+CO2K2CO32K2O2+2CO2K2C

7、O3+O22K2O2+2H2O4KOH+O2KOH2KOH+CO2K2CO3+H2OKOH+CO2KHCO3K2CO3K2CO3+2HCl2KCl+CO2+H2OK2CO3+CaCl2CaCO3+2KCK2CO3+2AgNO3Ag2CO3+2KNO3KHCO3KHCO3+HClKCl+CO2+H2O2KHCO3K2CO3+CO2+H2OKClO32KClO32KCl+3O2KClO3+6HClKCl+3Cl2+3H2OKClO3+5KCl+3H2SO43Cl2+3K2SO4+3H2OKI2KI+Cl22KCl+I2KI+AgNO3AgI+KNO3KAl(SO4)22KAl(SO4)2+6NaO

8、HK2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH)32KAl(SO4)2+3Ba(OH)2K2SO4+3BaSO4+2Al(OH)3KAl(SO4)2+2Ba(OH)2KAlO2+2BaSO4KSCN3KSCN+FeCl3Fe(SCN)3+3KClKHKH+H2OKOH+H23.锂LiLi+O2Li2O2Li+2H2O2LiOH+H2Li2OLi2O+CO2Li2CO3Li2O+H2O2LiOHLiOH2LiOH+CO2Li2CO3+H2OLiOH+CO2LiHCO3Li2CO3Li2CO3+2HCl2LiCl+CO2+H2OLiHCO3LiHCO3+HClLiCl+CO2+H2O2LiHCO3Li

9、2CO3+CO2+H2O二、常见金属1.镁Mg2Mg+O22MgOMg+2H2O2Mg(OH)2+H2Mg+Cl2MgCl22Mg+CO22MgO+CMg+SMgSMg+Br2MgBr23Mg+N2Mg3N2Mg+2HClMgCl2+H2Mg+H2SO4MgSO4+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融)Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl(熔融)MgCl2+2RbMgOMgO+2HClMgCl2+H2OMgO+H2OMg(OH)2Mg(OH)2Mg(OH)2+2HClMgCl2+2H2OMgCO3MgCO3+2HCl2MgCl2+CO2+H2OMgCO3+2H2OMg(OH)2+CO2MgCO3CO2+

10、MgOMg(HCO3)2Mg(HCO3)2+2HClMgCl2+2CO2+2H2O2Mg(HCO3)2Mg(OH)2+CO2+H2OMgSO4MgSO4+Ba(OH)2Mg(OH)2+BaSO4MgSO4+2NaOHMg(OH)2+Na2SO4Mg3N2Mg3N2+8H2O3Mg(OH)2+2NH3H2O2.铝AlAl+3O22Al2O32Al+3SAl2S32Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe（铝热反应）2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO

11、4Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OAl+4HNO3(稀)Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O（Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化）2Al+2NaOH+2H2O2NaAlO2+3H2Al2O3、Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H2O（Al2O3是两性氧化物）Al2O3+2NaOH2NaAlO2+H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HClAlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+6H2OAl(OH)3+NaOHNaAlO2+2H2O铝盐AlCl3+3Na

12、OHAl(OH)3+3NaClAlCl3+3NH3H2OAl(OH)3+3NH4Cl2AlCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaClAlCl3+3NaHCO3Al(OH)3+3CO2AlCl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O4Al(OH)3Al2(SO4)3+3Na2S+6H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SAl4C3+12H2O4Al(OH)3+3CH43.铁Fe2Fe+3Cl22FeCl33Fe+2O2Fe3O4Fe+SFeS2Fe+3Br22FeBr3Fe+I2FeI2Fe+SFeS3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HClFeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2F

13、eCl2+CuFe+SnCl4FeCl2+SnCl2Fe+H2SFeS+H22Fe+6H2SO4(浓)Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OFe+H2SO4(稀)FeSO4+H2Fe+6HNO3Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2OFe+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O8Fe+30HNO38Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O10Fe+36HNO310Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O8Fe+30HNO38Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFe+(CH3COO)2CuCu+(CH3COO)2FeFeO3FeO+2AlAl2O3+3Fe6FeO+O22Fe3O4FeO+4HN

14、O3Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2OFe2O3Fe2O3+2AlAl2O3+2FeFe2O3+3CO2Fe+3CO2Fe2O3+3H22Fe+3H2O（制还原铁粉）Fe2O3+6HCl2FeCl3+3H2OFe3O4Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OFe3O4+8HCl(浓)FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe(OH)2、Fe(OH)34Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2OFeCl22FeCl2+Cl22FeCl3FeCl2+MgFe+MgCl2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu2FeCl2+CuCl2（用于雕刻印刷电路

15、板）2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2OH2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+Zn2FeCl2+ZnCl22FeCl3+H2S2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3H2OFe(OH)3+3NH4Cl2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaClFeCl3+3NaHCO3Fe(OH)3+3CO22FeCl3+SO2+2H2O2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HClBaCl2+H2SO4BaSO4+2HClFeCl3+3KSCNFe(SCN)3+3KClFeSFeS+2HClFeCl2+H2SFeS+H2SO4F

16、eSO4+H2S4FeS2+11O22Fe2O2+8SO2H2FeO44H2FeO4+2H2O4Fe(OH)3+3O24Na2FeO4+10H2O4Fe(OH)3+3O2+8NaOH2Fe(OH)3+3NaClO+4NaOH2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2OFe2O3+3Na2O22Na2FeO4+Na2O其它Fe化合物Fe2(SO4)3+2AgFeSO4+Ag2SO4（较难反应）Fe3C+22HNO33Fe(NO3)3+CO2+13NO2+11H2O三、其他金属1.锰KMnO42KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KMnO4+16HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O2KM

17、nO4+5H2O2+6HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2+8H2O2KMnO4+5KNO3+3H2SO42MnSO4+K2SO4+5KNO3+2H2PMnO2MnO2+4HCl(浓)MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O2.铜Cu2Cu+O22CuO2Cu+SCu2SCu+Cl2CuCl2CH4+4CuO4Cu+CO2+2H2O3CuO+2NH33Cu+N2+3H2OCuO+2HClCuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4CuSO4+H2OCu(OH)2+2HClCuCl2+2H2OCu(OH)2+H2SO4CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2CuO+H2OCuCl2+H2SCuS+2HClCuCl2+2N

18、aOHCu(OH)2+2NaClCuSO4+H2SCuS+H2SO4CuSO4+2NaOHCu(OH)2+Na2SO4CuSO4+Ba(OH)2Cu(OH)2+BaSO43.钙CaCaO+H2OCa(OH)2CaO+SiO2CaSiO32Ca(OH)2+2Cl2CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2OCa(OH)2+SO3CaSO4+H2OCaCO3+2HNO3Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2（用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等还原性气体）CaCO3+SiO2CaSiO3+CO2CaF2+H2SO4(浓)CaSO4+2HFCa3(PO4)2+3H2SO4(浓)3CaS

19、O4+2H3PO4Ca3(PO4)2+2H2SO4(浓)2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2Ca3(PO4)2+4H3PO43Ca(H2PO4)2（重钙）CaH2+2H2OCa(OH)2+2H24.钡BaBa(OH)2+CO2BaCO3+H2OBa(OH)2+2CO2(过量)Ba(HCO3)2Ba(OH)2+H2SO4BaSO4+2H2O3Ba(OH)2+2H3PO3Ba3(PO4)2+6H2OBaCl2+H2SO4BaSO4+2HClBaCl2+Na2SO4BaSO4+2NaClBaCO3+2HClBaCl2+CO2+H2OBaCO3+2HNO3Ba(NO3)2+CO2+H2OBaO2+H2S

20、O4(稀)BaSO4+H2O2)5.铅Pb、PbO2Pb+2HClPbCl2+H2PbO2+4HCl(浓)PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O铅盐Pb(NO3)2+H2SPbS+2HNO3(CH3COO)2Pb+H2S=PbS+CH3COOH6.锌ZnZn+SZnSZn+2HClZnCl2+H2Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2Zn+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2Zn+2FeCl32FeCl2+ZnCl2As2O3+6Zn+12HCl2AsH3+6ZnCl2+3H2OZnOZnO+2HClZnCl2+H2OZnO+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2OZn(OH)2Zn(OH)2+2HClZnCl2+2H2O

21、Zn(OH)2+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH)2+4NH3H2OZn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZn(OH)2ZnO+H2O7.铍BeBe+2HClBaCl2+H2Be+2NaOHNa2BO2+H2BeCl2+2NaOHBe(OH)2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2HClBeCl2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2NaOHNa2BO2+2H2O8.汞Hg3Hg+8HNO3(稀)3Hg(NO3)2+2NO2+4H2OHg+4HNO3(浓)Hg(NO3)2+2NO2+2H2第二部分 卤族元素、氮族元素一、卤族元素1.氟F2F2+H22HF2F2+2H2O4HF+O2HF4HF+SiO2S

22、iF4+2H2O2.氯Cl2Cl2+H22HCl（光照或点燃）Cl2+2Na2NaCl3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl53Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+CuCuCl2Cl2+2FeCl22FeCl32Cl2+2NaBr2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2KI2KCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S2NaCl+SCl2+H2S2HCl+SCl2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClCl2+H2SO3+H2OH2SO4+2HClCl2+H2OHCl+HClOCl2+H2O22HCl+O2Cl2+2NaOHNaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(O

23、H)2CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(热、浓)5KCl+KClO3+3H2OHCl6HCl+2Al2AlCl3+3H22HCl+FeFeCl2+H24HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO42KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O72KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2OHCl+NH3NH4Cl（白烟）2HCl+FeOFeCl2+3H2O6HCl+Fe2O32FeCl3+3H2O8HCl(浓)+Fe3O4FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OHCl+Na3PO4Na2HPO

24、4+NaClHCl+Na2HPO4NaH2PO4+NaClHCl+NaH2PO4H3PO4+NaClHCl+Na2CO3NaHCO3+NaClHCl+NaHCO3NaCl+H2O+CO2HClOHClO=HCl+O23.溴Br2Br2+H22HBrBr2+FeFeBr3Br2+2FeBr22FeBr3Br2+NaINaBr+I2Br2+HIHBr+I2Br2+H2OHBr+HBrOBr2+NaOHNaBr+NaBrO+H2OBr2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HBrBr2+H2SS+2HBr2Br2+3Na2CO3+H2O2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2HBrHBr+NaOH

25、NaBr+H2O2HBr+Cl22HCl+Br24.碘I2I2+H22HII2+Fe FeI2I2+2NaOHNaI+NaIO+H2OHI2HIH2+I22HI+Cl22HCl+I2HI+NaOHNaI+H2O二、氮族元素1.氮催化剂高温、高压N2N2+3H2 2NH3N2+O22NON2+3MgMg3N2N2+6Na2Na3NNO、NO2、N2O52NO+O22NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2）6NO+4NH35N2+6H2ONO2+2KI+H2ONO+I2+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2）4NO2+H2S4NO+SO3+H

26、2ONO2+SO2SO3+NO3NO2+H2O2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O2HNO3HNO33HNO3+Ag3PO4H3PO4+3AgNO3Al+4HNO3(稀)Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3+4H2O6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO4HNO3(浓)+CCO2+4NO2+2H2O2HNO3+CaCO3Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO26HNO3+FeFe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+FeFe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O30H

27、NO3+8Fe8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFeO+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀) 3S+2NO+4H2O4HNO34NO2+O2+2H2O（见光或受热分解）NH3+HNO3NH4NO3（白烟）（用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2）3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O3Cu2S+22HNO36Cu(NO3)2+10NO+3H2SO4+8H2O5HNO3(浓)+PH3PO4+5NO2+H2OP4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+

28、20NO2+4H2OS+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3(稀)+4H2O6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NOAs2S3+28HNO3(浓)2H3AsO4+3H2SO4+28NO2+8H2ONH32NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(纯氧)2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO5N2+6HO（用氨清除NO）NH3+HClNH4Cl（白烟）NH3+

29、HNO3NH4NO3（白烟）2NH3+H2SO4(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2NaHCO3+NH4Cl（侯氏制碱法）2NH3+SO2+H2O(NH4)2SO3NH3H2ONH3+H2ONH3+H2ONH3H2ONH4+OH-NH4HCO3、(NH4)2CO3NH4HCO3NH3+H2O+CO2(NH4)2CO32NH3+H2O+CO2NH4ClNH4ClNH3+HCl2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2CaCl2+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3H2ONH4NO3NH4NO3+NaOH=NaNO3+NH3H2ONH4NO

30、3+NaOHNaNO3+NH3+H2O5NH4NO32HNO3+4N2+9H2O(NH4)2SO3、(NH4)2SO4(NH4)2SO3+SO2+H2O2NH4HSO3(NH4)2SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3H2O(NH4)2SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3+2H2O2.磷P2P+3Cl22PCl3PCl3+Cl2PCl5P4+6H24PH34P+5O2P4O10（常写成P2O5）P4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O11P+15CuSO4+24H2O5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4PH3+2O2H3PO4P2O3、P2O5、P4S3P2O5+H

31、2O(冷)2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(热)2H3PO4（P2O5极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂）P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)2H3PO4+3SO3P2O5+2NaOH2NaPO3+H2OP2O5+6NaOH2Na3PO3+3H2OP4S3+38HNO3+8H2O9H2SO4+12H3PO4+38NOH3PO44H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)23Ca(H2PO4)2H3PO4(浓)+NaBrNaH2PO4+HBrH3PO4(浓)+NaINaH2PO4+HI第三部分 碳族元素、氧族元素一、碳族元素1.碳CC+2F2CF4C+2Cl2CCl42C+O2(少量)2COC+O2(足量)CO2C+CO22COC

32、+H2OCO+H2（生成水煤气）2C+SiO2Si+2CO（制得粗硅）C+SiSiC（金刚砂）C+2SCS23C+CaOCaC2+CO3C+SiO2SiC+2COC+2H2SO4(浓)CO2+2SO2+2H2OC+4HNO3(浓)CO2+4NO2+2H2OCO2CO+O22CO2CO+CuOCu+CO23CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2CO+H2OCO2+H2CO2CO2+2Mg2MgO+CCO2+H2OH2CO3CO2+2NaOH(过量)Na2CO3+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOHNaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)CaCO3+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2Ca(HCO3)2C

33、O2+2NaAlO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2OC6H5OH+NaHCO3CO2+Na2ONa2CO32CO2+2Na2O22Na2CO3+O2CO2+NH3+NaCl+H2ONaHCO3+NH4Cl（侯氏制碱法）H2CO3H2CO3CO2+H2O2.硅SiSi(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4SiCl4+2H2Si(纯)+4HClSi(粉)+O2SiO2Si+CSiC（金刚砂）Si+2NaOH+H2ONa2SiO3+2H2SiO22C+SiO2Si+2CO3C+SiO2SiC+2CO2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si4HF+SiO2SiF4+2H2OSiO2+2

34、H2Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg2MgO+SiSiO2+CaOCaSiO3SiO2+2NaOHNa2SiO3+H2O（常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃）SiO2+Na2CO3Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO22NaOH+SiO2Na2SiO3+H2O二、氧族元素1.氧O2O2+2H22H2OO2+KKO22O2+3FeFe3O4O2+SSO2O2+N22NO3O22O34P+5O22P2O5C+O2(足量)CO2Si+O2SiO24Na+O22Na2O2Na2O+O22Na2O22Na+O2Na2O22Mg+O22MgO4Al+3O22Al2O34NH3+5O24NO+6H

35、2O2SO2+O22SO32CO+O22CO26FeO+O22Fe3O42H2SO3+O22H2SO44Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O4Fe(OH)32Na2SO3+O22Na2SO4O32O33O2O3+2HII2+O2+H2OH2O2F2+2H2O4HF+O2Cl2+H2OHCl+HClO2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H2Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H23Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H22H2O2H2+O2SO2+H2OH2SO3SO3+H2OH2SO43NO2+H2O2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O2HNO3P2O5+H2O(冷)2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(热)2H3PO4CO2

36、+H2OH2CO3H2O22H2O22H2O+O2H2O2+Cl22HCl+O25H2O2+2KMnO4+6HCl2MnCl2+2KCl+5O2+8H2O2.硫SS+H2H2S2S+CCS2S+FeFeSS+2CuCu2S3S+2AlAl2S3S+ZnZnSS+O2SO2S+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO+2H2O3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2OS+2NaNa2S(爆炸)S+MgMgSS+FeFeSS+2H2SO4(浓)3SO2+2H2OSO2SO2+2H2S3S+2H2O2SO2+O22SO32SO2+O2+2H2O2H

37、2SO4SO2+Cl2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4+2HISO2+NO2SO3+NOSO2+2H2S3S+2H2OSO2+H2OH2SO3SO2+2NH3+H2O(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O2NH4HSO3SO2+Ca(OH)2CaSO3+H2O（不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别）2NaOH+SO2(少量)Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2(足量)NaHSO3Cl2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClSO3SO3+H2OH2SO4SO3+MgOMgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)

38、2CaSO4+H2OSO3+Na2ONa2SO4SO3+2KIK2SO3+I2H2SH2S+Cl22HCl+SH2S+MgMgS+H22H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)2S+2H2O2H2S+SO23S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)S+SO2+2H2OH2SH2+S3H2S+2HNO3(稀)3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO42MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2ONa2SO4+6NaOHH2S+FeFeS+H2H2S+CuC

39、l2CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(NO3)2PbS+2HNO3H2S+4NO24NO+SO3+H2OH2SO3H2SO3+X2+H2OH2SO4+2HX（X表示Cl2、Br2、I2）2H2SO3+O22H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO42MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2OH2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3H2O+SO22H2SO3+2H2S3S+2H2OH2SO4Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2Fe+H2SO4FeSO4+H2M

40、g+H2SO4MgSO4+H22Al+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2NH3+H2SO4(NH4)2SO42Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)S+SO2+2H2OP2O5+3H2SO4(浓)2H3PO4+3SO3BaO2+H2SO4(稀)BaSO4+H2O2)Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H2O2H2SO4(浓)+CCO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(浓)+S3S

41、O2+2H2O6H2SO4(浓)+2FeFe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(浓)+CuCuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HBrSO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HISO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+CaF2CaSO4+2HFH2SO4(浓)+NaClNaHSO4+HClH2SO4(浓)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HClH2SO4(浓)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO33H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)23CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)22CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2图1 乙烯的制取第四部分 有机反应一、烃CaO1

42、.甲烷甲烷的制取：CH3COONa+NaOH Na2CO3+CH4烷烃通式：CnH2n-2点燃（1）氧化反应甲烷的燃烧：CH4+2O2 CO2+2H2O甲烷不可使酸性高锰酸钾溶液及溴水褪色。光（2）取代反应光一氯甲烷：CH4+Cl2 CH3Cl+HCl光二氯甲烷：CH3Cl+Cl2 CH2Cl2+HCl光三氯甲烷：CH2Cl2+Cl2 CHCl3+HCl（CHCl3又叫氯仿）四氯化碳：CHCl3+Cl2 CCl4+HCl高温（3）分解反应甲烷分解：CH4 C+2H2浓硫酸1702.乙烯乙烯的制取：CH3CH2OH H2C=CH2+H2O烯烃通式：CnH2n 高温（1）氧化反应乙烯的燃烧：H2C

43、=CH2+3O2 2CO2+2H2O乙烯可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色，发生氧化反应。（2）加成反应催化剂与溴水加成：H2C=CH2+Br2 CH2BrCH2Br与氢气加成：H2C=CH2+H2 CH3CH3与氯化氢加成：H2C=CH2+HCl CH3CH2Cl与水加成：H2C=CH2+H2O CH3CH2OH CH2CH2 一定条件（3）聚合反应乙烯加聚，生成聚乙烯：n H2C=CH2 n3.乙炔图2 乙炔的制取乙炔的制取：CaC2+2H2O HCCH+Ca(OH)2炔烃的通式：CnH2n-2点燃（1）氧化反应乙炔的燃烧：HCCH+5O2 4CO2+2H2O乙炔可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色，发生氧

44、化反应。（2）加成反应Br与溴水加成：HCCH+Br2 HC=CH Br CHBr=CHBr+Br2 CHBr2CHBr2与氢气加成：HCCH+H2 H2C=CH2催化剂Cl与氯化氢加成：HCCH+HCl CH2=CHCl CH2CH一定条件（3）聚合反应一定条件注意：制取乙烯、乙炔均用排水法收集；乙烯、乙炔的加成反应一般都需要催化剂（溴除外）。氯乙烯加聚，得到聚氯乙烯：nCH2=CHCl nCH=CH乙炔加聚，得到聚乙炔：n HCCH n 4.苯苯的同系物通式：CnH2n-6点燃（1）氧化反应苯的燃烧：2C6H6+15O2 12CO2+6H2O苯不能使溴水和酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色。（2）取代反

45、应FeBr苯与溴反应+Br2 +HBr （溴苯）硝化反应NO2浓H2SO460 +HONO2 +H2O （硝基苯）苯硝化反应生成硝基苯，它是一种带有苦杏仁味、无色油状液体，有毒。磺化反应SO3H7080 +HOSO3H +H2O （苯磺酸）+3H2 催化剂（3）加成反应 （环己烷）苯还可以和氯气在紫外光照射下发生加成反应，生成C6H6Cl6（剧毒农药）。5.甲苯点燃（1）氧化反应甲苯的燃烧：C7H8+9O2 7CO2+4H2O甲苯不能使溴水褪色，但可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色。CH3|+3HNO3 浓硫酸O2NCH3|NO2|NO2+3H2O（2）取代反应甲苯硝化反应生成2，4，6-三硝基甲苯，

46、简称三硝基甲苯，又叫梯恩梯（TNT），是一种淡黄色晶体，不溶于水。它是一种烈性炸药，广泛用于国防、开矿等。CH3|SO3HCH3|+3H2SO4 HO3SSO3H+3H2O注意：甲苯在光照条件下发生侧链的取代，而在催化剂条件下发生苯环上的取代。（3）加成反应+3H2 催化剂CH3|CH3注意：甲醇、乙醇为可再生能源，甲醇有毒；乙二醇和丙三醇无色、粘稠、有甜味、与水和酒精以任意比互溶，丙三醇（甘油）还有护肤作用。 （甲基环己烷）二、烃的衍生物6.溴乙烷 纯净的溴乙烷是无色液体，沸点38.4，密度比水大。NaOH（1）取代反应溴乙烷的水解：C2H5Br+H2O C2H5OH+HBr醇（2）消去反应溴乙烷与NaOH溶液反应：CH3CH2Br+NaOH CH2=CH2+NaBr+H2O注意：检验卤代烃中的卤原子时，需取水解液滴入HNO3酸化，再滴加AgNO3溶液。一是中和多余的NaOH，二则检验沉淀是否溶于稀硝酸。7.乙醇（1）与钠反应乙醇与钠反应：2CH3CH2OH+2Na 2CH3CH2ONa+H2（乙醇钠）（2）氧化反应催化剂乙醇的燃烧：CH3CH2OH+3O2 2CO2+3H2O乙醇的催化氧化：2CH3CH2OH+O2 2CH3CHO+2H2O （