marktwain—mirrorofamerica翻译,修辞汇总

1、最新 料推荐Mark Twain-the Mirror of AmericaMost Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finns idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyers endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nations best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorou

2、s as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.在大多数美国人的心目中， 马克 ?吐温是位伟大作家， 他描写了哈克 ?费恩永恒的童

3、年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆 ?索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、 爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。但我发现还有另一个不同的马克 ?吐温一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克 ?吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla,prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tonguedcynic: The man who became Mark Tw

4、ain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of

5、 water - a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world.印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩 ?克莱门斯， 他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活， 尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。他的笔名取自他在蒸

6、汽船上做工时听到的报告水深为两口寻(12 英尺 )意即可以通航的信号语。他的作品中有二十几部至今仍在印行，其外文译本仍在世界各地拥有读者，由此可见他的享誉程度。The geographic core, in Twains early years, was the great valley of the Mississippi River, main artery of transportation in the young nations heart. Keelboats ， flatboats , and large rafts carried the first major commerc

7、e. Lumber, corn, tobacco, wheat, and furs moved downstream to the delta country; sugar, molasses , cotton, and whiskey traveled north. In the 1850s, before the climax of westward expansion, the vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United States.在马克 ?吐温青年时代，美国的地理中心是密西西比河流域，而密西西比河是这个年轻国家中部

8、的交通大动脉。龙骨船、 平底船和大木筏载运着最重要的商品。木材、玉米、烟草、小麦和皮货通过这些运载工具顺流而下，运送到河口三角洲地区，而砂糖、 糖浆、 棉花和威士忌酒等货物则被运送到北方。 在 19 世纪 50 年代，西部领土开发高潮到来之前， 辽阔的密西西比河流域占美国已开发领土的四分之三。Young Mark Twain entered that world in 1857 as a cub pilot on a steamboat. The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varie

9、d a cosmos. He participated abundantly in this life, listening to pilothouse talk of feuds, piracies, lynchings ,medicine shows, and savage waterside slums. All would resurface in his books, together with the colorful language that he soaked up with a memory that seemed phonographic1857 年，少年马克 ?吐温作为

10、蒸汽船上的一名小领航员踏人了这片天地。在这个新的工作1最新 料推荐岗位上， 他接触到的是各式各样的人物，看到的是一个多姿多彩的大干世界。他完全地投身到这种生活之中，经常在操舵室里听着人们谈论民间争斗、海盗抢劫、私刑案件、 游医卖药以及河边的一些化外民居的故事。 所有这一切， 连同他那像留声机般准确可靠的记忆所吸收的丰富多彩的语言，后来都有机会在他的作品中得以再现。Steamboat decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, but its flotsam of hustlers, gamblers,

11、and thugs as well. From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are. His four and a half year s in the steamboat trade marked the real beginning of his education, and the most lasting part of it. In later

12、life Twain acknowledged that the river had acquainted him with every possible type of human nature. Those acquaintanceships strengthened all his writing, but he never wrote well than when he wrote of the people a-long the great stream.蒸汽船的甲板上不仅挤满了富有开拓精神的人们，而且也载着一些娼妓、赌棍和歹徒等社会渣滓。从所有这些形形色色的人身上，马克?吐温敏锐地

13、认识了人类，认识了人们的言与行之间的差距。 他在蒸汽船上工作的四年半时间是他真正接受教育的开端，而且也是最具有深远意义的教育。到了晚年，马克?吐温还声言是密西西比河使他了解了各种各样的人的本性。这种生活体验对他的全部创作都起了促进作用，然而他描写得最为成功的还是那些密西西比河上的人物。When railroads began drying up the demand for steam-boat pilots and the Civil War halted commerce, Mark Twain left the river country. He tried soldiering for

14、 two weeks with a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. Twain quit after deciding, . I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating. 随着铁路运输的发展，社会上对汽船领航员的需求日渐减少，而内战的爆发又阻碍了商业贸易的发展。这时，马克?吐温便离开了密西西比河流域。他在南方邦联游击队的一支杂牌队伍里当了两个星期的兵。 那支队伍想方设法

15、避免与敌军交战。 在确信 “我比发明撤退的人更精通撤退”之后，马克 ?吐温离开了那支队伍。He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevadas Washoe region. For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent, and was rebuffed. Broke and discouraged, he accepte

16、d a job as reporter with the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, to literatures enduring gratitude.他乘驿站马车来到西部，在内华达州的华苏地区受到当时正流行的淘金热的诱惑。同那只有既幸运而又锲而不舍的追求者才能取得的巨大财富三心二意地打了八个月交道之后，他遭到了失败。在破产和灰心之余，他接受了为弗吉尼亚市领土开发报当记者的工作，这一行动将获得文学界永久的感激。From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began dig

17、ging his way to regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist. The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. In the spring of 1864, less than two years after joining the Territorial Enterprise,

18、he boarded the stagecoach for San Francisco, then and now a hotbed of hopeful young writers.自从他因淘金失败而感到心灰意冷之后，马克?吐温便开始努力博取作为一名报社记者和幽默作家的地区性声望。从事新闻报道工作当然不能使他像淘金成功者一样立成巨富，但在挣钱方面他的笔杆却比他的锄镐要有效得多。1864 年春季，在他加盟领土开发报还2最新 料推荐不足两年之 ， 他又乘 站 前往旧金山， 那儿在当 和 在都是有前途的年 作家成 的 。Mark Twain honed and experimented with

19、his new writing muscles, but he had to leave the cityfor a while because of some scathing columns he wrote. Attacks on the city government, concerning such issues as mistreatment of Chinese, so angered officials that he fled to the goldfields in the Sacramento Valley. His descriptions of the rough-c

20、ountry settlers there ring familiarly in modern world accustomed to trend setting on the West Coast. It was a splendid population for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home. It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astounding enterprises and rushing

21、them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences, which she bears unto this day and when she projects a new surprise, the grave world smiles as usual, and says Well, that is California all over. 克 ?吐温磨 并 了他的新笔力，但他却因写了一些尖 的 文章而被迫 离开 座城市。他 着虐待 人等一 市政府提出的尖 批 惹得

22、一些官 大 火，因之他只好逃到 克拉 托山谷的金 区 避 。他 那儿的拓荒者 的描写使西海岸地区富有 新精神的 代人倍感 切。 “ 儿的人 真是了不起因 那些笨手笨脚、无精打彩、呆 呆 的 都呆在家里正是那些人 加利福尼 得了 的声誉：当他 着手 行一 宏 的事 ，他 会不 代价或 而以一种豪 的气概和 勇往直前， 一千到底。加利福尼 人至今仍保持着 的声誉，因而，每当他 起一 新的惊天 地的壮 ，那些素来 重的人便会像往常一 微笑着 ：看吧， 完全是加利福尼 的 格。”In the dreary winter of 1864-65 in Angels Camp, he kept a note

23、book. Scattered among notationsabout the weather and the tedious mining-camp meals lies an entry noting a story he had heardthat day an entry that would determine his course forever: Coleman with his jumping frogbetstranger $50 stranger had no frog, and C. got him one in the meantime stranger filled

24、 C. s frogfull of shot and he couldnt jump. The strangers frog won.1864 年与 1865 年之交的那个冬天， 克 ?吐温是在安吉 斯 区度 的。在 段沉 的日子里， 他 了一本笔 。 在 乱无章的有关天气情况和乏味无趣的有关 区 食情况的 条目中 着一条叙述当天听到的一 故事的 条 决定了他一生事 的 展方向：“科 曼用他的跳蛙与陌生人 50 美元陌生人没有跳蛙，科 曼去 他弄来一只陌生人利用 段 将科的跳蛙肚子塞 ， ，科的跳蛙跳不起来，陌生人的跳蛙便得以 。 ”Retold with his descriptive ge

25、nius, the story was printed in newspapers across the United States and became known as The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. Mark Twains national reputation was now well established as the wild humorist of the Pacific slope. 克 ?吐温的生花妙笔改写之后， 个故事登在美国各地的 上， 成了家 的“卡拉 拉斯 有名的跳蛙” 。至此， 克 ?吐温作 “太平

26、洋海岸狂放的幽默大 ”的声望已在全国范 内牢固地确立起来了。Two year s later the opportunity came for him to take a distinctly American look at the Old World. In New York City the steamship Quaker City prepared to sail on a pleasure cruise to Europe and the Holy Land. For the first time, a sizable group of United States citizens

27、 planned to journey as tourists - a milestone , of sorts, in a countrys development. Twain was assigned to accompany3最新 料推荐them, as correspondent 工 for a California newspaper. If readers expected the usual glowing travelogue , they were sorely surprised.两年之后， 他得到了一个以美国人特有的眼光去观察欧洲旧大陆的机会。在纽约市，“费城号”蒸汽船

28、准备进行一次到欧洲和圣地的观光航行。这是美国人第一次组织较大规模的团体观光旅行也可以看作是一个国家发展史上的某种里程碑。马克?吐温作为加利福尼亚一家报纸的记者被委派随同观光团采访。 如果读者们期望能读到有关这次旅行见闻的神采飞扬的描写的话，那他们是要倍感意外的。Unimpressed by the Sultan of Turkey, for example, he reported,“ . one could set a trap anywhereand catch a dozen abler men in a night.” Casually he debunked revered arti

29、sts and art treasures,and took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land. Back home, more newspapers began printing his articles. America laughed with him. Upon his return to the States the book version of his travels, The Innocents Abroad, became an instant best-seller.举例来说，他对于那没有给他留下什么好印象的土耳其君主苏丹是这样报道的

30、，“人们可以任意选择一个地方设一个陷阱，一夜之间准可捕捉到十几个更有能耐的人。”他信口开河地对一些受人景仰的艺术家和艺术珍品加以鄙薄，甚至对宗教圣地也敢于以亵渎性的言辞加以侮蔑。 回国以后，越来越多的报纸开始刊登他的文章，整个美国都同他一齐欢笑。他一回到美国，他的旅行杂记傻子出国旅行记立即成为畅销书。At the age of 36 Twain settled in Hartford, Connecticut. His best books were published while he lived there.三十六岁时，马克 ?吐温开始定居于康涅狄格州哈特福德镇，他的最优秀的作品全是在那段

31、时间里问世的。As early as 1870 Twain had experimented with a story about the boyhood adventures of a lad he named Billy Rogers. Two years later, he changed the name to Tom, and began shaping his adventures into a stage play. Not until 1874 did the story begin developing in ear nest. After publication in 18

32、76, Tom Sawyer quickly became a classic tale of American boyhood. Tomsmischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection for BeckyThatcher arealmost as sure to be studied in American schools to-day as is the Declaration of Independence.早在 1870 年，马克 ?吐温就试着写了一篇关于一个他名之为比利?罗杰斯的男孩子的童

33、年历险故事。 两年后， 他又将主人公的名字改为汤姆， 并着手将故事改编成剧本。 直到 1874 年他才开始认真地扩展故事情节。 汤姆 ?索亚于 1876 年出版后，很快成为美国儿童故事的经典之作。这部描写汤姆的顽皮、勇敢、机智以及他对贝琪?莎切尔的天真纯洁的感情的故事几乎像独立宣言一样成了今天美国学校里的必读书本。Mark Twains own declaration of independence came from another character. Six chapters into Tom Sawyer, he drags in the juvenile pariah of the

34、village, Huckleberry Finn, son of the town drunkard. Fleeing a respectable life with the puritanical Widow Douglas, Huck protests to his friend, Tom Sawyer: Ive tried it, and it dont work; it dont work, Tom. It aint for me . The widder eats by a bell; she goes to bed by a bell; she gits up by a bell

35、 everythings so awful reglar a body cant stand it.马克 ?吐温本人的独立宣言却是由另一个人物表达出来的。在汤姆?索亚第六章里，他引出了 “村里的流浪少年，镇上酒鬼的儿子哈克贝利?费恩”。哈克不愿在清教徒道格拉斯4最新 料推荐寡 家 上等人的体面生活，从那里逃出来后 他的朋友 姆?索 牢 ： “我 了， 是不行；不行啊， 姆。那不是我 的日子那寡 家吃 要听 声，睡 要听 声，起床也要听 声，什么事情都得 矩矩， 直叫人受不了。”Nine years after Tom Sawyer swept the nation, Huck was give

36、n a life of his own, in a book often considered the best ever written about Americans. His raft flight down the Mississippi with a runaway slave presents a moving panorama for exploration of American society. 姆 ?索 靡美国九年之后，哈克被 予独立的生命，成 一本被 多人 是最成功的描写美国人的作品的 中的主人公。 他同一个逃跑出来的奴隶一起乘坐木筏沿着密西西比河 流而下的漂流航程展 了

37、一幅幅揭示美国社会生活全貌的生 画面。On the river, and especially with Huck Finn, Twain found the ultimate expression of escape from the pace he lived by and often deplored, from lifes regularities and the energy-sapping clamor for success.通 密西西比河，尤其是 哈克 ? 恩 一人物的描写， 克 ?吐温将自己想从那束 着自己并常常令自己苦 的生活步 中 脱出来， 从生活中的各种清 戒律以及 了

38、事 成功而 行的 苦 扎中解放出来的愿望表达得淋漓尽致。Mark Twain suggested that an ingredient was missing in the American ambition when he said:What a robust people, what a nation of thinkers we might be, if we would only lay ourselves onthe shelf occasionally and renew our edges. 克 ?吐温 ， 美国人的理想中缺少了一种成分。他 ：“我 只消偶 地躺下来好好放松休息一

39、下， 保持 棱利角， 我 将有可能成 一个多么朝气蓬勃的民族，一个多么富有思想的民族啊 !”Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones: his father, dying of pneumonia when Sam was 12; his brother Henry, killed by a steamboat explosion; the death of his son, Langdon, at 19 months. His eldest daughter, Susy, died of spi

40、nal meningitis, Mrs. Clemens succumbed to a heart attack in Florence, and youngest daughter. Jean, an epileptic, drowned in an upstairs bathtub. 克 ?吐温的一生都 罩在悲 的阴影之中，自己的 人一个接一个地去世：他的父 在他十二 那年死于肺炎，他的兄弟亨利在一次汽船爆炸事故中遇 ；他的儿子朗 才 十九个月即离开人世。 他的大女儿 茜死于脊膜炎； 克莱 斯夫人在佛 死于心 病； 而他的小女儿也因 病的 作淹死在楼上的浴盆里。Bitterness fed

41、 on the man who had made the world laugh. The moralizing of his earlier writing had been well padded with humor. Now the gloves came off with biting satire. He pretended to praise the U. S. military for the massacre of 600 Philippine Moros in the bowl of a volcanic, crater.In The Mysterious Stranger

42、, he insisted that man drop his religious illusions and depend upon himself, not Providence, to make a better world. 位曾令全世界 笑的人自己却 了人世的辛酸。 他早期作品中的道德 教厚厚地包着一 幽默的外衣， 在幽默 成了辛辣的 刺。 于美国 在一个火山口上屠 六百名菲律 摩洛人的行 ， 他没有直接 行抨 ， 而是假装 之高唱 歌。 在神秘的陌生人 中，他指出人 抛弃宗教幻想，依靠自己而不是上帝的力量去 造一个更加美好的世界。The last of his own illusi

43、ons seemed to have crumbled near the end. Dictating his autobiography late in life, he commented with a crushing sense of despair on mens final release from earthly5最新 料推荐struggles: . they vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake a

44、nd a failure and a foolishness; where they have left no signthat they had existed a world which will lament them a day and for-get them forever.”他自己的最后一个幻想到后来似乎也破 了。 在晚年口述自 的 候， 他以极端 望的心情 到人从 世的苦 中的最 解脱： “他 从世界上消失了，在 个世界上他 无足 重，无所成就；甚至他 的存在本身就是个 ，是个失 ，是种愚蠢。 个世界上也没有留下 毫能表明他 存在 的痕迹。 个世界 他 的只是一日的哀 和永久的 忘。”6最新 料推荐Devices of figurationMetaphorMark Twain - Mirror of Americasaw clearly ahead a bla