定语从句 (2)

1、 定语从句一、定语从句概念定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例：The woman who lives next door is a teacher.先行词定语从句在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。二、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分

2、，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示：格先行词主格宾格所有格人who whom whose物which whichwhoseof which人、物that that （一）关系代词who, whom和whose的用法who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如：An architect is a person who designs buildings.建筑师是设计房屋的人。I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first ye

3、ar of my senior middle school.我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first.想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如：Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday?昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗？This is the

4、student whom my father taught ten years ago.这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。The girl who I saw is called Mary.我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。（在非正式英语中，主格who代替了宾格whom，亦可省略）whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如：The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad.其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。Do you know the name of the hotel w

5、hose window we can see here?我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗？（关系代词whose指代先行词hotel，正式用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which，意思是：the window of the hotel。）真题：Look out! Dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair.A. whose B. which C. of which D. that (2006福建卷-22)简析：考查关系代词whose引导的定语从句。whose在这个

6、句子里代替物，whose roof=the roof of which，定语从句用另外一句话表达即为：The roof of the house is under repair。所以A是正确答案。（二）关系代词which的用法which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which可以换成that）Tom works for a factory which makes watches.汤姆在一个制表厂工作。（which可以换成that）（三）关系代词

7、that的用法that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：Is she the girl that sells newspapers?她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that可以换成who）Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了？（that可以换成which）Is this the book that you want to buy?这是你要买的那本书吗？（that可以换成which，在定语从句作宾语，还可以省略）三、关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个：when

8、, where, why，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀：the time whenthe place wherethe reason why（一）关系副词when的用法关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语。例如：In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。（when先行词是months）Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer P

9、alace?你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗？（when先行词是day，当代英语里when可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示时间的关系副词）I havent seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。（when先行词是year，同样when可以用that代替）真题：Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer _ it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poorly equipped.

10、A. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that(2005安徽卷-32)简析：考查关系代词when引导的定语从句。第一个空填连接代词what，第二个空前的先行词是20 years ago，故这个空应填表示时间的关系副词when。故A是正确答案。（二）关系副词where的用法关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。例如：During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.春节期间，我回到了生我养我的

11、家乡。（where的先行词是town）This is the place where Li Bai once lived.这是李白曾经生活过的地方。（where先行词是place）上面这个句子不可以将where改为that，因为that不能作为表示地点的关系副词。试比较下句：This is the place that Li Bai once visited.这是李白曾经游览过的地方。（that的先行词同样是place，但这个that是关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，还可以用which替换）真题：If a shop has chairs _ women can park their m

12、en, women will spend more time in the shop.A. that B. which C. when D. where (2005上海卷-40)简析：考查关系副词where引导的定语从句。定语从句的意思是说男人可以停留在椅子上休息，显然是表示地点，故D是正确答案。（三）关系副词why的用法关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。例如：The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件

13、。（why先行词是reason，当代英语里why可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词，还可以将why省略）This is the reason why he came late to school.这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。（why先行词是reason，why可以用that替代，还可以省略）注意：如果上面的句子将the reason省略，那么这个句子就变成了（This is why he came late to school.）表语从句，句子意思丝毫未变。四、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句as是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些句型搭配里，二是独立于主句之外

14、。下面分别讲解。（一）在固定搭配asas, soas, suchas, the sameas中，as引导定语从句You may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少书就拿多少。（第一个as是副词，修饰many的；第二个as才是关系代词，代替先行词books，在定语从句中作宾语）I have got such a computer as yours.我有一台你这样的电脑。（as是关系代词，代替先行词computer，在定语从句中作表语，因为yours后省略了is）I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin

15、.我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。（as是关系代词，代替先行词place，在定语从句中作表语，因为Guilin后省略了is）（二）独立于主句之外，as引导定语从句As we know,the earth turns around the sun.正如我们所知，地球围绕太阳旋转。As is known to us,（As we know和As is known to us均为定语从句，as分别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句。）Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。（关系代词as指代整个主句

16、，在定语从句中作宾语。）真题1：The Beatles, _ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.A. what B. that C. how D. as (2006天津卷-12)简析：考查关系代词as引导的定语从句。as代替先行词the Beatles同时又在从句中作remember的宾语，as的功能同which，但as有“正如”的意思，故D是正确答案。真题2：_ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.A. Which B. Whe

17、n C. What D. As (2004江苏卷-33)简析：考查关系代词as引导的定语从句。which与as引导定语从句均可代表整个一句话或整个主句，但which不能放在句首，另外as有“正如”的意思，而which却没有，故D正确。五、关系代词who, which与that的区别（一）关系代词who与that的区别1.当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格who。例如：He who loses hope loses all.失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时，多用who）I met Alice, who told me that she was

18、learning Chinese.我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。（在非限制性定语从句中，用who）2.当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom，不用that。例如：The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。（介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格whom，不可用主格who）注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用主格who，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法：(1) The

19、man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.第4句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多

20、。3.当关系代词泛指人时，多用that。例如：He is a man that is never afraid of failure.他是个从不怕失败的人。（that用来泛指人）4.当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如：Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁？（避免重复使用who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清）（二）关系代词which与that的区别1.当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时，关系代词多

21、用that。例如：All that glitters is not gold.闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。She told me everything that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。2.当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时，关系代词一般都用that。例如：This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我读过的最好的一部小说。He is the only person that has been invited to the ball.

22、他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。3.当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如：Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest?哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆？（这里使用that很明显是为了避免重复which）4.在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用which。例如：Beijing, which is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games.北京是中华人民共和国的首都，将主办2008年奥运会。5

23、.介词后的关系代词用which，而不用that。例如：She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps.她收集了600张邮票，其中60是德国邮票。真题1：I saw a women running towards me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come.A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which (200

24、6重庆卷-34)简析：考查介词关系代词which引导的定语从句。先行词为事物时，关系代词既可用which，也可用that，但介词后的关系代词却只能用which。由于词组为come from，故此句应选from which。真题2：He was educated at a local grammar school, _ he went on to Cambridge.A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this (2005山东卷-30)简析：考查介词关系代词which引导的定语从句。句意是上完中学后到剑桥大学深造，所以应选afte

25、r which。如果在空格前加上and，那么就要选B。真题3：The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which (2005广东卷-34)简析：考查“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。表达“在英语剧中”，介词用in，故选择C. in which。六、限制性定语从句和非制性定语从句限制性定语从句中，从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系很密切，若缺少，句意则不完整，故从句前不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句中

26、，从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系不太密切，若缺少，句意则仍完整，故从句前一般都用逗号隔开。试比较以下两组句子：The water which has been polluted by the factory is not fit to drink.被工厂污染的水不宜饮用。（如果缺少定语从句，句子的主要意思会受到影响）Water, which is a clear liquid, is widely used in our everyday life.水是一种清澈的液体，在我们的日常生活中应用非常广泛。（如果缺少定语从句，句子的主要意思不会受到影响）His brother who is nineteen years old is serving in the army now.他的一个十九岁的哥哥现在部队服役。（表明他不只一个哥哥）His brother, who is nineteen years old, is serving in the army now.他的哥哥，今年十九岁，现在部队服役。（表明他只有一个哥哥）真题1：The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it runn