2020-2021年职称英语考试卫生类A阅读判断

1、 卫生类职称英语考试A 阅读判读第十一篇Disease, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention （A级）Disease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions. There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its

2、 effect on the person. In order to treat a disease, the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness that is, make a diagnosis. A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together. The doctor must know the symptoms, which are the changes in body function felt b

3、y the patient; and the signs (also called objective symptoms) which the doctor himself can observe. Sometimes a characteristic group of signs (or symptoms) accompanied a given disease. Such a group is called syndrome. Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated by the

4、 physician in making his diagnosis. Although nurse do not diagnose, they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs, encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms, and then reporting this information to the doctor. Once the patients disorder is kn

5、own, the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy. Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physicians orders. In recent years physicians, nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention. Thro

6、ughout most of medical history, the physicians aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease. However, the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happensto keep people well through the promotion of health. A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose,

7、ranging from the World health Organization (WHO) on an international level down to local private and community health programs. A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is education individual patients toward the maintenance of total healthphysical and mental. 练习：1.By disease is me

8、ant the condition in which one or more parts of the body fail to function properly. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned2.A syndrome refers to a complex of signs and/or symptoms typical of a specific disease. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned3.The diagnostic aids are indispensable in any case for a p

9、hysician to diagnose a disease. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned4.Because nurses can observe patients closely, they have the authority to deal with any critical condition happening to patients. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned5.Modern medicine attaches much more importance to disease prevention

10、than traditional medicine. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned6.An effective system of disease prevention and treatment has been established in every country all over the would. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned7.Generally speaking, the physician is more willing to treat patients physical disease th

11、an their mental illness. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentionedDisease, Diagnosis, Treatment and PreventionAABBACC第十二篇First Self-contained Heart Implanted （A级）A patient on the brink of death has received the worlds first self-contained artificial hearta battery-powered device about the size of a softbal

12、l that runs without the need for wires, tubes or hoses sticking out of the chest. Two surgeons from the University of Louisville implanted the titanium and plastic pump during a sever-hour operation at Jewish Hospital Monday. The hospital said the patient was “awake and responsive” Tuesday and resti

13、ng comfortably. It refused to release personal details. The patient had been expected to die within a month without the operation, and doctors said they expected the artificial heart to extend the persons life by only a month. But the device is considered a major step toward improving the patients q

14、uality of life. The new pump, called AbioCor, is also a technological leap from the mechanical hearts used in the 1980s, which were attached by wires and tubes to bulky machinery outside the body. The most famous of those, the Jarvic-7, used air as a pumping device and was attached to an apparatus a

15、bout the size of a washing machine. “I think its potentially a major step forward in the artificial heart development,” said Dr. David Faxon, president of the American heart Association. However, he said the dream of an implantable, permanent artificial heart is not yet a reality: “This is obviously

16、 an experimental device whose long-term success has to be demonstrated.” Only about half of the 4,200 Americans on a waiting list for donor hearts received them last year, and most of the rest died. Some doctors, including Robert Higgins, chairman of cardiology at the Medical College of Virginia in

17、Richmond, said artificial hearts are unlikely to replace donor hears. “A donor heart in a good transplant can last 15 to 30 years,” he said. “Its going to be hard to replace that with a machine.” The AbilCor has a 2-pound pumping unit, and electronic controls that adjust the pumping speed based on t

18、he bodys needs. It is powered by a small battery pack worn outside the body that transmits current through the skin.练习：1.The pump of the first implanted self-contained heart was made of titanium and plastic. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned2.The patients life was expected to last several years lon

19、ger by implanting the artificial heart. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned3.There is no difference in structure between the self-contained heart and the mechanical heart. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned4.The American Heart Association recommended widely using the self-contained heart. A. Right B.

20、 Wrong C. Not mentioned5.Dr. David Faxon believed that the implantable, permanent artificial heart will certainly be developed in the future. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned6.Approximately two thousand one hundred patients received heart implantation in America last year. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not

21、 mentioned7.Some doctors doubt the possibility of doctor hearts being replaced by artificial ones. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentionedFirst Self-contained Heart ImplantedABBBBAA第十三篇 （新增） Stage Fright1（A级）Fall down as you come onstage. Thats an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vlad

22、imir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,2 Mr. Feltsman said, “ All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?”Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety

23、in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.3Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learn

24、ing pieces inside out,4 to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Dont deny that youre jittery，they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience.Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggest

25、s some strategies for the moments before performance, “Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile, she says. “And not one of these please dont kill me smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye

26、contact with them.” She doesnt want performers to think of the audience as a judge.Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright，says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.When Lynn Ha

27、rrell was 20，he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought, If I have to go

28、through this to play music, I think Im going to look for another job.”5 Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.6It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vl

29、adimir Horowitzs nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. “They had to push him on stage,” Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.Actually，success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career, when youre scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they dont have a

30、ny expectations,” Soprano June Anderson said. “Theres less to lose. Later on, when youre known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose.”Anderson added，“I never stop being nervous until Ive sung my last note.”词汇：veteran / vetrn / adj经验丰富的jittery / dtr

31、i / adj紧张不安的mentor / ment: / n指导者soprano / sprpr:n / n女高音；女高音歌手cellist/ telst / n大提琴演奏家abdominal / bdmnl / adj腹部的fallible/ flbl / adj易犯错误的tenor /ten/ n男高音注释：1Stage Fright：舞台恐惧2The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic资深大提琴家Mstislav Rostropov

32、ich故意把Vladimir Feltsman绊倒，因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症。cure somebody of something (illness, problem)：医治好病（解决问题）3 its symptoms：icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind：舞台恐惧的症状有手冰凉、身体颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白。4Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out ：老师和心理学家提

33、出了方方面面的建议，一些基础知识，比如将演奏曲目烂熟于心 inside out： in great detail详细地，从里到外地5I came to a point where I thought，“If I have to go through this to play music, I think Im going to look for another job. ”我曾经一度认为，如果搞音乐就必须经过克服舞台恐惧这一关的话，这项工作不能做。6Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever

34、 his talent, he was fallible, and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.不舞台恐惧意味着提高谦卑感，即认识到不管你多有才，你也会出错，一个有瑕疵的音乐会也绝对不是世界末日。练习：1Falling down onstage was not a good way for Vladimir Feltsman to deal with his stage fright.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned2There are many signs of stage fright.ARightBWron

35、gCNot mentioned3Teachers and psychologists cannot help people with extreme -stage fright.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned4To perform well on stage, you need to have some feelings of excitement.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned5If you have stage fright, its helpful to have friendly audience.ARightBWrongCNot menti

36、oned6Often people have stage fright because parents or teachers expect too much of them.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned7Famous musicians never suffer from stage fright.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned答案与题解：1B本文第一段讲的是钢琴家Vladimir Feltsman被Mstislav Rostropovich绊倒后，他的舞台恐惧被治愈了的故事。2A第二段的最后一句点出舞台恐惧的诸多症状为手冰凉、身体颤抖、心跳加快

37、和大脑一片空白。3B本文的第三、四、五、六段都在讲老师和心理学家为舞台恐惧者提供全方位的建议。4A依据第三段的倒数第二句：some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing.(表演中激情是自然甚至是必要的）5C第四段提到克服舞台恐惧的方法之一是：在观众中选择三位友好的面孔，与他们用眼光交流。所以克服舞台恐惧要靠自己而不是指望所有的观众都友好。6A第五段讲了舞台恐惧的根源在于指导者或父母对表演者要求太高。extreme demands就是expect too much of them的意思。7B第七段讲的是：不只年轻艺术家

38、有舞台恐惧症，钢琴家Vladimir Horowitz和男高音Franco Corelli亦不能幸免。Never一词不恰当。第十四篇（新增）Azeri Hills Hold Secret of Long Life（A级）You can see for kilometers from the mountains where Allahverdi Ibadov herds his small flock of sheep amid a sea of yellow, red, and purple wildflowers. The view from Amburdere in southern Az

39、erbaijan toward the Iranian border is spectacular, but Mr. Ibadov barely gives it a second glance.Why should he? Hes been coming here nearly every day for 100 years.According to his carefully preserved passport, Mr. Ibadov, whose birth was not registered until he was a toddler, is at least 105 years

40、 old. His wife, who died two years ago, was even older. They are among the dozens of people in this beautiful, isolated region who live extraordinarily long lives.Mr. Ibadovs eldest son has just turned 70. He lost count long ago of how many grandchildren he has.1 “Im an old man now I look after the

41、sheep, and I prepare the wood for winter. I still have something to do. “ A lifetime of toil, it seems, takes very few people to an early grave in this region. Scientists admit there appears to be something in the Azeri mountains that gives local people a longer, healthier life than most.Miri Ismail

42、ovs family in the tiny village of Tatoni are convinced that they know what it is. Mr. Ismailov is 110, his great-great-grandson is four. They share one proud boast: Neither has been to a doctor. “There are hundreds of herbs on the mountain, and we use them all in our cooking and for medicines”; expl

43、ained Mr. Ismailovs daughter, Elmira. “We know exactly what they can do. We are our own doctors.，There is one herb for high blood pressure，another for kidney stones，and a third for a hacking cough. They are carefully collected from the slopes surrounding the village. Experts from the Azerbaijan Acad

44、emy of Science believe the herbs may be part of the answer. They have been studying longevity in this region for years. It began as a rare joint Soviet-American project in the 1980s，but these studies are not being funded any more.Azeri scientists have isolated a type of saffron unique to the souther

45、n mountains as one thing that seems to increase longevity. Another plant, made into a paste, dramatically increases the amount of milk that animals are able to produce. “Now we have to examine these plants clinically to find out which substances have this effect,” said Chingiz Gassimov, a scientist

46、at the academy.The theory that local people have also developed a genetic predisposition to long life has been strengthened by the study of a group of Russian emigres whose ancestors were exiled to the Caucasus 200 years ago.2 The Russians life span is much shorter than that of the indigenous mounta

47、in folk though it is appreciably longer than that of their ancestors left behind in the Russian heartland.“Over the decades，I believe local conditions have begun to have a positive effect on the new arrivals” , Professor Gassimov said. “Its been slowly transferred down the generations.”But Mr. Ismai

48、lov, gripping his stout wooden cane, has been around for too long to get overexcited. “Theres no secret,” he shrugged dismissively. “I look after the cattle and I eat well. Life goes on.”词汇：herd / h:d / vt放牧boast / bust / vt以有而自豪longevity / lndeviti / n长寿Caucasus /丨k:kss / n高加索Dismissively /dismisiv

49、li/ adv轻蔑地spectacular / spektkjul / adj壮观的hacking cough干咳saffron / sfrn / n藏红花indigenous / nddns / adj本土的注释：1He lost count long ago of how many grandchildren he has.他很久以前就数不清他有多少个孙辈孩子。lost count：弄不清楚，数不清2The theory that local people have also developed a genetic predisposition to long life has been

50、strengthened by the study of a group of Russian emigres whose ancestors were exiled to the Caucasus 200 years ago.当地人已经具备长寿的遗传素质，一组关于俄罗斯移民的研究证实了这一理论。他们的祖先在两百年前被流放到高加索地区。genetic predisposition：遗传素质练习：1Amburdere is a city in Southern Azerbaijan.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned2Allahverdi Ibadov does not kno

51、w exactly how old he is.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned3Mr. Ibadov cant do any kind of work anymore.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned4Miri Ismailovhas never been to a doctor but his great-great-grandson has.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned5People in thisregion enjoy a easy and rich life.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned6Elm

52、ira Ismailov is a doctor who uses herbs as medicines.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned7Scientists think peoples genes might affect how long they live.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned答案与题解：1A从第一段的第二句前半句The view from Amburdere in southern Azerbaijan toward the Iranian border is spectacular中的Amburdere in southern A

53、zerbaijan可以看出，Amburdere在Azerbaijan的南部。2A通过第三段的第一句中的Mr. Ibadov, whose birth was not registered until he was a toddler以及at least 105 years old可以断定，连他自己也不知道他的确切年龄。3B从第四段的Mr. Ibadov自己的叙述：“Im an old man now I look after the sheep, and I prepare the wood for winter. I still have something to do. ”可以看出，Iba

54、dov仍旧在劳作。4B第六段讲的是Miri Ismailov一家人都住在一个小山村里，他110岁，他的玄孙4岁，他们有同一个引以为豪的事：都没有看过医生。本句说Ismailov没有看过医生，而他的玄孙看过医生。5C句的意思是：这个地区的人们生活无忧无虑且富足。本文虽然提到这个地区的人们身体健康且长寿，但没有提及他们的生活情况。6B第六段和第七段虽然讲我们是我们自己的医生，这是一个比喻，意思是我们不用医生，我们吃的东西（山上的植物）具有保健作用。所以Elmira的职业不是医生。7A本句的意思是：科学家们认为，基因可能影响人们的寿命。第九段的第一句所表达的意思与本句相符：当地人具备了长寿的遗传素质

55、（genetic predisposition)，他们具有长寿基因。第十五篇Beyond the Pap（A级）Scientists have known for some time that virtually all cases of cervical cancer are triggered by a family of viruses called human papillomavirus, or HPV. Most women who become ineffected with HPV are able to shake off the virus and suffer no ap

56、parent long-term consequences to their health. But a few women develop a persistent infection that can, for reasons that are not entirely clear, eventually lead to cancerous changes in the cervix. Now researchers at the Digene Corp of Beltsville, Maryland, have developed a test that detects an activ

57、e HPV infection by looking for its genetic byproducts in the vagina. The HPV test was better than the standard Pap test at finding cervical cancer at any stage, according to two studies published this month in the Journal of the American Medical Association. So far, so good. Unfortunately, the tests false-positive ratehow often it indicated that there was a problem when none existed was almost twice as high as that for the Pap smear. In these cases, a biopsy of the womans c