2013年职称英语真题卫生B

1、学派网2013年职称英语真题卫生(B) 第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。1. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems.A. sendB. hearC. confirmD. spread2. The contract between the two companies will expire soon.A. shortenB. startC. endD. resume3. I have little informati

2、on as regards her fitness for the post.A. aboutB. atC. withD. from4. She gets aggressive when she is drunk.A. worriedB. offensiveC. sleepyD. anxious5. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company.A. taughtB. keptC. changedD. attracted 6. As a politician, he knows how to manipulate public

3、 opinion. A. expressB. divideC. voiceD. influence7. These animals migrate south annually in search of food.A. exploreB. travelC. inhabitD. prefer8. The rules are too rigid to allow for humane error.A. generalB. inflexibleC. complexD. direct9. There was something peculiar in the way he smiles.A. diff

4、erentB. strangeC. wrongD. funny10. Come out, or Ill bust the door down.A. shutB. setC. beatD. break11. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town.A. cautiousB. nakedC. blindD. private12. She came across three children sleeping under a bridge.A. passed byB. took a notice ofC. woke u

5、pD. found by chance13. Make sure the table is securely anchored.A. repairedB. clearedC. fixedD. booked14. He paused, waiting for her to digest the information.A. withholdB. understandC. exchangeD. contact15. It seemed incredible that he had been there a week already.A. rightB. obviousC. unclearD. un

6、believable 第2部分：阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分）Promising Results from Cancer StudyA new experimental vaccine (疫苗) has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer. In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas, USA, cured lung cancer

7、 in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study. Forty-three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials. Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in the advanced stag

8、es of the disease. They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months, and were carefully monitored for three years. In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer, the disease disappeared and in the others, it did not spread for five to twenty-four months. However, no g

9、reat difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.This new vaccine uses the patients own immune system. It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg. It stimulates the bodys immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmf

10、ul, and attacks and destroys them.The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer. It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general, although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.16. The vaccine cured all the participants in the trial.A. RightB.

11、 WrongC. Not mentioned17. Over forty people participated in the study.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. Patients in the early stages of the disease recovered more quickly in the trial.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. All the patients were from Dallas.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. Every pa

12、tient was injected with the same vaccine.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. The vaccine activates the immune system.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. The vaccine may be useful for treating other cancers.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23-30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第2326题要求从所给的6

13、个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第2730题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。Organic Food: Why?1. Europe is now the biggest market for organic food in the world, expanding by 25 percent a year over the past 10 years. So what is the attraction of organic food for some people? The really important thing is that organic soun

14、ds more “natural”. Eating organic is a way of defining oneself as natural, good, caring, different from the junk-food-eating masses.2. Unlike conventional farming, the organic approach means farming with natural rather than man-made, fertilisers and pesticides. Techniques such as crop rotation impro

15、ve soil quality and help organic farmers compensate for the absence of man-made chemicals. As a method of food production, organic is, however, inefficient in its use of labour and land; there are severe limits to how much food can be produced. Also, the environmental benefits of not using artificia

16、l fertiliser are tiny compared with the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by transporting food.3. Organic farming is often claimed to be safer than conventional farming. Yet studies into organic farming worldwide continue to reject this claim. An extensive review by the UK Food Standards Agency found

17、 that there was no statistically significant difference between organic and conventional crops. Even where results indicated there was evidence of a difference, the reviewers found no sign that these differences would have any noticeable effect on health4. The simplistic claim that organic food is m

18、ore nutritious than conventional food was always likely to be misleading. Food is a natural product, and the health value of different foods will vary for a number of reasons, including freshness, the way the food is cooked, the type of soil it is grown in, the amount of sunlight and rain crops have

19、 received, and so on. Likewise, the flavour of a carrot has less to do with whether it was fertilised with manure or something out of a plastic sack than with the variety of carrot and how long ago it was dug up.5. The notion that organic food is safer than “normal” food is also contradicted by the

20、fact that many of our most common foods are full of natural toxins. As one research expert says: “People think that the more natural something is, the better it is for them. That is simply not the case. In fact, it is the opposite that is true: the closer a plant is to its natural state, the more li

21、kely it is that it will poison you. Naturally many plants do not want to be eaten, so we have spent 10,000 years developing agriculture and breeding out harmful traits from crops.”A. Factors that affect food health valueB. Main reason for the popularity of organic foodC. Testing the taste of organic

22、 foodD. Research into whether organic food is betterE. Necessity to remove hidden dangers from foodF. Description of organic farming23. Paragraph 1 24. Paragraph 2 25. Paragraph 3 26. Paragraph 4 27. Techniques of organic farming help .28. There is no convincing evidence to .29. The weather conditio

23、ns during the growth of crops .30. The closer a plant is to its natural state, the less suitable it is to . A. affect their nutritional contentB. poison youC. improve soil qualityD. be eatenE. show that organic crops are safer than conventional onesF. be specially trained大家网首发2013年全国职称英语考试教材-理工类电子版下

24、载大家网首发2013年全国职称英语考试教材-卫生类电子版下载大家网首发2013年全国职称英语考试教材-综合类电子版下载大家论坛职称英语每日一练汇总2014年职称英语考试热点问题及备考方法(如教材、词典等问题)第4部分：阅读理解（第31-45题，每题3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。第一篇“Dont Drink Alone” Gets New MeaningIn what may be bad news for bars and pubs, a European research group has found that people d

25、rinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3, 500 adults who had never had c

26、ancer.After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only

27、 at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal cancer. “Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites traced to smoking or drinking by the study volunteers,” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with

28、 meals didnt eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.For their new analysis, the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to 20 drinks a week. The high

29、est group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day. Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption grou

30、p, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and e

31、sophageal cancers.People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal ca

32、ncer risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group was only triple that in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals.“Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer.” Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tra

33、ct tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissues lower exposure to alcohol.31. Who are more likely to develop cancer in the mouth and neck? A. People who drink alcohol at meals

34、.B. People who never drink alcohol.C. People who drink alcohol outside of meals.D. People who drink alcohol at bars and pubs.32. Which of the following is NOT the research finding about “drinking with meals”? A. It lowers cancer risk compared with drinking without food.B. It may be a cause of cancer

35、.C. It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.D. It increases by 20 percent the risk of cancer in all the four sites.33. How many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per week?A. 21.B. 20.C. 34.D. 56.34. Which of the four cancers has the lowest risk?A. Oral cancer.B. Laryngeal cance

36、r.C. Pharyngeal cancer.D. Esophageal cancer.35. According to the last paragraph, tissues lower exposure to alcohol A. reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.B. explains why inflammation triggers cancer.C. accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissues.D. is the reason why food can scrub alcoho

37、l off tissues.第二篇The Worlds Best-Selling MedicineSince ancient times, people all over the world have used willow to stop pain. The willow tree contains salicylic acid (水杨酸). This stops pain, but there is one problem. Salicylic acid also hurts the stomach. In 1853, a French scientist made a mixture f

38、rom willow that did not hurt the stomach. However, his mixture was difficult to make, and he did not try to produce or sell it.In 1897, in Germany, Felix Hoffmann also made a mixture with salicylic acid. He tried it himself first and then gave it to his father because his father was old and in a lot

39、 of pain. His fathers pain went away, and the mixture did not hurt his stomach.Hoffmann worked for Bayer, a German company. He showed his new drug to his manager, who tested the drug and found that it worked well. Bayer decided to make the drug. They called it aspirin and put the Bayer name on every

40、 pill.Aspirin was an immediate success. Almost everyone has pain of some kind, so aspirin answered a true need. Aspirin was cheap, easy to take, and effective, it also lowered fevers. Aspirin was a wonder drug.At first, Bayer sold the drug through doctors, who then sold it to their patients. In 1915

41、, the company started to sell aspirin in drugstores. In the United States, Bayer had a patent on the drug. Other companies could make similar products and sell them in other countries, but only Bayer could make and sell aspirin in the United States. In time, Bayer could no longer own the name aspiri

42、n in the United States. Other companies could make it there, too. However, Bayer aspirin was the most well known, and for many years, it was the market leader.By the 1950s, new painkillers were on the market. Aspirin was no longer the only way to treat pain and reduce fever. Bayer and other companie

43、s looked for other drugs to make. However, in the 1970s they got a surprise. Doctors noticed that patients who were taking aspirin had fewer heart attacks than other people. A British researcher named John Vane found the reason aspirin helped to prevent heart attacks. In 1982, he won the Nobel Prize

44、 for his research. Doctors started to tell some of their patients to take aspirin every day to prevent heart attacks. It has made life better for the many people who take it. It has also made a lot of money for companies like Bayer that produce and sell it!36. Why didnt the French scientist continue

45、 to make the medicine that stopped pain?A. It didnt work well.B. It hurt the stomach.C. It was hard to make.D. It was not cost-effective.37. Why was Felix Hoffmann looking for a painkiller?A. His company told him to do that.B. He wanted to make a lot of money.C. His father was in pain.D. He suffered

46、 from headache.38. Bayer started making aspirin becauseA. it helped prevent heart attacks.B. other companies were making it.C. the manager was a scientist.D. it worked well in stopping pain.39. Bayer aspirin wasA. the only drug with the name “aspirin”.B. the first aspirin sold in the United States.C

47、. not sold in drugstores in 1915.D. not easy to find in drugstores.40. What has happened to aspirin since new painkillers came on the market?A. Companies have stopped selling it.B. It has become the best-selling painkiller.C. Its new use has been discovered.D. Doctors have sold it to patients.第三篇On

48、the Trail of the Honey BadgersOn a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers

49、movements and behaviour as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animals reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant

50、 to do.“The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “that, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they wont be shy about coming right up to you for som

51、ething to eat. Theyre actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.”The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate a

52、ny creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animals fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the a

53、nimal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey (猎物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fact that female badgers never soc

54、ialized with each other. Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fight

55、s over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species. As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals curiosity or their sud

56、den aggression. The badgers eating patterns, which had been disrupted, returned to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seems to adopt the badgers relaxed attitude when near humans. 41. Why

57、 did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert? A. To observe how honey badgers behave.B. To find where honey badgers live.C. To catch some honey badgers for food.D. To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?A. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.B. They are always looking for food.C. They do not enjoy human company.D. It is common for them to attack people.43. What did the team find out about honey badgers?A. There were some creatures they did not eat.B. They may get some of the water they