英汉翻译基础(二).ppt

1、英汉语言对比,Instructor: JIANG Wenping,A Sketch of the Comparison,Indo-European印欧语系 Intonation language语调语言 alphabetic script表音文字,Sino-Tibetan汉藏语系 Tonal language声调语言 ideograpic script表意文字,1）英语重形态；汉语轻形态,英语中： 名词有人称、数、格的变化； 例：a pig/pigs/the pigs skin 动词有人称、时态、情态、语气和非谓语动词变化 I am writing a letter. I wrote a le

2、tter yesterday. I should have written the letter. I can write an English letter. Writing a letter entails a true heart.,形容词和副词有级的变化； 例：幸福的/happier, happiest 代词则有人称和格的变化。 例：I, me, mine/ he, him, his,Practice:,他带他学生去工厂参观。 He took his students to the factory for a visit. 二十岁那年我逃出家，直到现在还是过着流浪的生活。 When I

3、 was twenty, I fled home. Since then I have been wandering around like hobo.,2）英语重形合；汉语重意合,Hypotaxis: clauses arranged with connectives; 注重显性衔接（overt cohesion），用语法手段连接句子。 Parataxis: clauses without without connectives; （汉语注重隐性连贯（covert coherence) ， “以意统形”，强调逻辑关联与意义关联。,Example:,An Englishman who coul

4、d not speak Chinese was once traveling in China 一个英国人，他不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。 If otherwise? There was an EnglishmanHe could not speak ChineseHe was once traveling in China 一个不会说中国话的英国人有一次在中国旅行。,Practice,我常见许多青年的朋友, 聪明，用功, 成绩优异, 而语文程度不足以达意, 甚至写一封信亦难得通顺。 1)I have come across a great many young friends, 2)Th

5、ey are bright, 3)They are diligent, 4)They do exceedingly well in studies, 5)They are rather weak in Chinese, 6)They even cant write a smooth Chinese letter.,I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but they are too weak in Ch

6、inese to write a letter in correct Chinese.,3）英语繁复complex；汉语简约simplex,The English complex sentences are often like chains with clauses linking clauses.英语结构紧凑，句中有句，“链”性结构 The Chinese sentences or clauses tend to be short and simple in structure. They are flowing and simplex, with one clause following

7、 the other rather in a line.汉语结构散乱，句式简单，“线”性结构；,Example,文章做到极处，无有他奇，只有恰好；人品做到极处，无有他异，只有本然。 洪应明：菜根谭 When a piece of writing reaches the acme of perfection it is not because it contains some miraculous ingredient, but because it is written in exactly the right way. When a man refines his moral charact

8、er to the point of perfection he does so not with the aid of any magic formula but by letting his pure inborn mature shine forth.,Practice,The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most

9、powerful telescopes which have yet been invented. 月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在移动，我们用当今发明的最高倍率的望远镜，也不能看见它们。,4）英语前中心front focus；汉语后中心end focus,In English, the main clause at the beginning is the main part主句和重要信息在前，形成前中心； In Chinese, sentences tend to develop logically and chronologically 按照逻辑和时间顺序，将重要信息放

10、在句尾，形成后中心。,Examples:,I went out for a walk after I had my dinner. 晚饭后我出去散步。 He has to stay at home because he is ill. 他病了只得呆在家里。,Practice,The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country，if only they dare to rise in struggle，dare to take up arms and grasp in their own h

11、ands the destiny of their own country(“多枝共干”式的长句、复合句 ) 比较： a) 小国人民一定能够战胜大国的侵略，只要他们敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运。 b) 只要小国人民敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能够战胜大国的侵略。,5） 英语头轻脚重end-weight；汉语头重脚轻top-heavy,In English, the shorter elements usually go before longer ones in arrangement order, thus the whole sentence l

12、ooks like a pyramid. The arrangement of a Chinese sentence seems quite the opposite, where the longer elements are often said at the beginning of a sentence. So it looks like an inverted pyramid or triangle.,Practice,1.普通人在办公处和家庭中使用电子计算机的时代已经到来。 The time has come when ordinary people can use electro

13、nic computers both in the office and at home. 2. Before them lay miles of miles of beautiful plain with lots of wild animals among the grass. 美丽的草原，茵茵的绿草，野生动物成群结队，绵延数英里，展现在眼前。,6）英语主语少省略Subject-prominent ；汉语主语常省略subject-omitted,英语祈使句无主语: Dont doze in class. 上课时别打瞌睡。 汉语无主句大量存在: 活到老，学到老。 One is never t

14、oo old to learn. （用泛指人称代词）,Examples:,1. 应该教育孩子讲老实话。 Children should be taught to speak the truth.（被动语态） 2. 现在不可能下课回家。 Now it is impossible to get home from class.（形式主语 it） 3. 教室角落里坐着一个瞌睡虫。 A sleeper (dozy-bastard) sat at the corner of the classroom. （找到真正主语） At the corner of the classroom sat A slee

15、per (dozy-bastard) .（倒装）,7）英语静态static; 汉语动态dynamic,In English, only one verb is used as the predict of the sentence or clause.（英语中名词与介词占优势） In Chinese, a number of verbs can be used at the same time（汉语中动词占优势）,Examples:,1. The very sight of it makes me nervous 一看见他，我就感到紧张。 2. A mastery of Chinese and

16、 English is essential for E-C or C-E translation. 做英汉/汉英翻译必须同时掌握汉语与英语。,Practice,Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again，by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. （7个介词） 卡莱尔大街往西伸展出去，越过一座

17、黑色大桥，随着山岗伏了又起，经过许多小铺和肉市，又穿过一些平房，到了一大片绿草地时便戛然而止。,8）英语无灵主语Impersonal ；汉语有灵主语 Personal,In an English sentence, the choice of its subject often falls on the inanimate or the thing that is not living. We Chinese tend to pick up animate things or persons to function as the subject of a sentence.,Examples:

18、,1. 我突然想到一个主意。 An idea suddenly struck me 2. “Hi! Hi!” said the cab driver, whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler “嗨！嗨！”出租车司机嚷道，他一瞅见乘客就“砰”地一声打开车门。 比较：“嗨！嗨！”出租车司机嚷道，车门在瞅见乘客时“砰”地一声打开了。 3. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 这位曾使全世界人发笑的人自己却饱受辛酸。 比较：痛苦哺育了这位使全世界的人发出笑声

19、的人。,9）英语多被动（Passive）；汉语多主动（Active）,1. Youre wanted on the phone. 你的电话。/ 有人找你。 2. Has the doctor been sent for? 去请大夫了吗? 或已经派人请大夫了吗? 3. They want to be listened to. 他们希望有人听听他们的意见。,Practice,Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. No household can get on without it，for it is used in cookingPerfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils 植物油自古以来就为人们所熟悉。任何家庭都离不开它，因为做饭的时候就要用它。有些花儿提炼的油可以用来制造香水。植物油和动物油还可以用来制作肥皂。,10）汉语对称平衡，英语句法严谨,春眠不觉晓, Slumbering, I know not the spring dawn is peeping, 处处闻啼鸟。 But eve