（定）第二册英语复习

1、Unite oneAI thought for a while I minght learn something from the Spanish-speaking people, the most conversationally adroit people on earth. Say to one of them, “This is the most beautiful house Ive ever been in,” and he responds,“It is made immeasurably more beautiful by your lovely presence.” You

2、are left standing there with immeasurably lovely egg on your face. There is no point in trying to play the game back at themtheyll top you in the end, no matter what.One thing is clear: at the bottom of all graceful social intercourse lies poise. Eliza W. Farrar, who wrote one of Americas earliest b

3、ooks on etiquette, illustrated the importance of poise when she told of an elegant New England dinner party at which the host was carving a goose. The bird got away from him, shot out of the dish and landed in the lap of a lady of quality. Given the same circumstances I would have quietly asked for

4、a coil of rope. This host, however, had poise. He said, with superb calmness and gravity,“Madam, I will thank you for that goose.” If we could all comport ourselves with that kind of dignity, and quit jittering, our social life would be much more enjoyable.We may acquire a bit more poise if we keep

5、one thing in mind: whenever a person pays you a compliment, the chances are hes just making conversation. The only sensible response consists of eight little letters arranged neatly into two little words: Thank you.我想了片刻，觉得世界上讲西班牙语的人最善于辞令，也许可以从他们身上学到点什么。你对他们中的一个人赞叹说，“我从来没见过这么漂亮的房子，”他马上答道，“您大驾光临，更使蓬荜

6、生辉。”让你站在那儿，一脸尴尬。要想回敬他们是没有用的不管说什么，最后他们总会占上风。 有一点很清楚： 在所有得体的社交场合，最根本的就是保持镇定。伊利莎法勒写过一本美国最早的有关礼仪方面的书。她在书中讲述了一个故事，阐明保持镇定的重要性。那是在新英格兰举行的一次高雅的宴会上，主人切鹅时，鹅不慎脱手，滑出了盘子，落在一位贵妇人的衣裙上。要是我遇到这种情况，我会感到极为窘迫，恨不得悄悄地找根绳子去上吊。可是，这位主人却泰然自若。他极为平静而庄重地说，“夫人，您把那鹅给我，我将感激不尽。”要是我们的行为举止都能保持这种风度，摆脱局促不安，那我们的社交生活就会有趣得多。如果我们牢记下面这一点，我们就

7、会显得更加镇定自如： 每当有人恭维你时，他可能只是想和你说说话。唯一明智的回答就是由八个小小的字母构成两个简洁的小词： Thank you ！B.要善于恭维他人，重要的一部就是要懂得为什么恭维有助于你建立更好的人际关系。恭维之所以奏效，最根本的原因是恭维符合了人类行为的一个基本原则：人们渴望得到赏识。尽管文化背景各不相同，但绝大多数人都有类似的想法。在亚洲文化中，人们对群体赏识的渴求一般要强于对个体赏识的渴求。但不管怎样，人们渴望赏识是普遍存在的。 很多人认为，工作本身带来的乐趣要比外界赏识包括恭维更为重要。工作的乐趣也许是一种巨大的动力，但是即使是那些从工作中得到极大乐趣的人如科学家、艺术家

8、、摄影师也渴望得到恭维和认可，否则他们就不会竞争诺贝尔奖或在重要的展会上展示自己的作品了。恭维之所以奏效，还因为它与人们对认可的正常需要有关。尽管有一些关于恭维的书和文章问世，并对恭维极力进行宣扬，但是大多数人还是没有得到应有的赏识。很多人无论在工作上或在家庭里都很少受到赞美，所以对认可的渴求就更加强烈了。 An important step in becoming an effective flatterer is to understand why flattery helps you establish better relationships with others. The root

9、 cause of the power of flattery gets at a basic principle of human behavior： People crave being appreciated. The vast majority of people are of the similar idea despite different cultures. In Asian cultures the desire for group recognition is generally stronger than the desire for individual recogni

10、tion. Nevertheless, the need for recognition is present. Many people hold that the joy of work itself is more important than external recognition, including flattery. The joy of work may be a powerful motivator, but even those who get the biggest joy from their work such as scientists, artists, and

11、photographers crave flattery and recognition. Otherwise they wouldnt compete for Nobel Prizes or enter their work in important exhibitions. Another reason flattery is so effective relates to the normal need to be recognized. Although some articles and books have been written and preached zealously a

12、bout flattery, most people receive less recognition than they deserve. Many people hardly ever receive compliments either on the job or at home, thus intensifying their demand for flattery. Unite twoV. Translation I dated a woman for a while literary type, well-read, lots of books in her place whom

13、I admired a bit too extravagantly, and one Christmas I decided to give her something unusually nice and, Im afraid, unusually expensive. I bought her a set of Swifts Works not just any set but a scarce early eighteenth-century edition; then I wrapped each leather-bound volume separately and made a c

14、ard for each volume, each card containing a carefully chosen quotation from Swift himself. I thought it was terribly romantic; I had visions of her opening the set, volume by volume, while we sat by the fire Christmas Eve sipping cognac and listening to the Brandenburg Concertos. How stupid I am som

15、etimes! She, practical woman that I should have known she was, had bought me two pairs of socks and a shirt, plus a small volume of poems by A. R. Ammons. She cried when she opened the Swift. I thought they were tears of joy, but they werent. “I cant accept this,” she said. “Its totally out of propo

16、rtion.” She insisted that I take the books back or sell them or keep them for myself. When I protested she just got more upset, and finally she asked me to leave and to take the books with me. Hurt and perplexed, I did. We stopped seeing each other soon after that. It took me weeks to figure out wha

17、t I had done wrong. “Theres a goat in all of us,” R. P. Blackmur wrote somewhere, “a stupid, stubborn goat.” To my credit, Im normally more perspicacious about the gifts I give, and less of a show-off. But I have it in me, obviously, to be, as my ex-girlfriend said, totally out of proportion: to giv

18、e people things I cant afford, or things that betoken an intimacy that doesnt exist, or things that bear no relation to the interests or desires of the person Im giving them to. Ive kicked myself too often not to know its there, this insensitivity to the niceties of gift-giving. 我曾与一位女子约会过一段时间她属文学爱好

19、者之类，博览群书，其寓所藏书甚丰我对她的仰慕有点太过分。有一次过圣诞节，我决定送她一样非同一般的好东西，其价格恐怕也贵得非同一般。我给她买了一套斯威夫特文集那可不是一套普通的文集，而是18世纪早期的珍藏版；随后，我把每一卷皮面精装书独立包装，还为每一卷制作了一张卡片，每张卡片上都写有我精选的一条斯威夫特语录。我以为这样非常浪漫；我想象着这样的情景： 圣诞之夜，我俩围炉而坐，一边啜饮科涅克上等白兰地，一边欣赏着勃兰登堡协奏曲，她把文集一卷卷地打开。我有时真笨！我早该知道她是个讲实惠的女人才是。她曾给我买过两双短袜和一件衬衫，还有一册小开本的AR阿曼斯诗集。她 打开斯威夫特文集时， 哭了起来。 我

20、还以为那是喜悦的泪水呢，但其实不是。“我不能接受这件礼物，”她说，“这太不合适了。”她硬要我把书拿走，要么卖掉，要么自己留着。见我不肯罢休，她越发不安。最后，她请我带着书离开。我伤心困惑地离开了。从那以后，我们彼此再也没有见面。几周之后，我才认识到是自己的不对。RP布莱克默曾在某处写道：“我们都是些愣头青，既愚笨又倔强。” 我引以为荣的是，我通常送礼还是比较有眼光的，不太张扬。但我的毛病也是明摆着的，正如我的前女友所言，送的礼物根本就不合适。比如说： 送给人家的礼物自己难以支付，或者把象征亲密关系的礼物送给与自己没有那层关系的人，或者送的礼物与所送之人的兴趣或渴望的东西毫不相干。我对送礼的奥妙

21、感觉迟钝，为此经常责备自己不解其中味。B.鲜花是最常送的礼物之一。有一种传统的用鲜花表达的语言。精心挑选的一束花卉传达多种不同的情感和祝福。红玫瑰象征爱情也象征着新事物充满希望的开端；紫罗兰是祈求受花人不要忘却送花人。兰花以及其他精美的花卉则表示受花人认为你情调高雅、受人尊重、出类拔萃。送一束鲜花能唤起温馨的回忆，比那些仅仅显示炫耀和奢华的礼物更为珍贵。一位顾客请花商把一束特殊的黄中透红的玫瑰送到医院他母亲患重病正躺在那里。这位顾客说：“它们一直是我母亲最喜爱的鲜花，许多年前她在自己的婚礼上捧过这种花.”花商寻找了一个星期才找到她想要的花。这位顾客的母亲看到鲜花后十分欣喜。此外，送鲜花还能增进

22、夫妻间的情感。一位医生在他57岁生日那天，收到了一份更意味深长的礼物。当他下班回到家时，惊喜地看到他家门前的草坪被改变成了玫瑰园，有57丛玫瑰。他说：“这是妻子送给我的一份令人惊喜的、使我焕然一新的礼物它提醒我永远别忘了她。”Flowers are among the most frequently given gifts. Theres a traditional floral language, and a carefully selected bouquet or plant can convey a wide range of emotions and sentiments. Red

23、roses symbolize love as well as the hopeful beginning of a new enterprise; violets beseech the recipient not to forget the donor; orchids and other exquisite blooms indicate that the recipient regards you as exotic, precious and rare. A floral gift that evokes warm recollections will be prized more

24、than one that is simply showy and extravagant. Heres an example: Once a customer asked a florist to deliver a bouquet of a certain variety of rose yellow tinged with red to a hospital where her mother lay seriously ill. “Theyve been my mothers favorite flowers since she carried them at her wedding m

25、any years ago,” she said. The florist found the flowers she wantedafter a week of searching. The customers mother was delighted at the sight of the flowers she had long cherished. A floral gift can also strengthen the emotional ties between husband and wife. Heres a brief story of that nature: A doc

26、tor, on his 57th birthday, received an ambitious floral gift. What was it? Well, he returned home from work that day, much to his joyful surprise, he found his front lawn turned into a rose garden containing 57 bushes. “It was a wonderful, self-renewing gift from my wife a constant reminder of her a

27、nd her love,” he said.Unite sixThe college you select will play a large role in your future. It will help or hinder your career development. It will be the place where many of your life-long friendships are established. How do you choose the right college? Do you agree that the college a person atte

28、nds is a significant factor in that persons future success? Write an essay to illustrate your opinions with the examples of your personal experience. The suggested title is Going to a Top-flight University is a Passport to Success? the hard part of child rearing is now over. Junior went to the right

29、 prep school, made the right friends, signed up for the right activities and is now headed for the right school. Now we can get the heck out of here and move to Tuscany. But in reality, life doesnt end at age 17. Or 21. In real life, some children get the finest educations but still become first-cla

30、ss screw-ups. My own profession is filled with people who went to the right school but ended up in the wrong career. (They should have been flacks; the phone ringing in the next room is not and never will be the Pulitzer committee.) Some of those boys and girls most likely to succeed are going to en

31、d up on welfare or skid row. At which point theyll need parental input. Or cash. A parents responsibility doesnt end once the kids leave. A parents responsibility never ends. Thats why Nature gives you the job.最让人愤怒的谈话就是做父母的明显要从感情上全部包揽，寻找一个决定性的、确定未来职业的时刻。这些人都认为让孩子获准进入一流的大学，就安全了，给孩子提供了一张通往成功的不可撤销的护照，

32、保证一辈子财运亨通，不会中断。像这些社会地位上流的傻瓜家长们在宣告自己孩子的目标、庆贺自己干了件好事的同时，也在不知不觉地流露出一副普鲁士似的好战，无声地奚落了那些不是很有天赋孩子们的家长。对他们来说，抚养孩子最艰难的部分完成了。中学上完后，上了合适的预备学校，交上正当的朋友，签名参加合适的活动，现在又上了合适的学校。嗨，现在我们可以离开这儿了，搬到托斯卡纳区享受去。但是，现实生活并不是停止在17岁或21岁。实际生活中，有些孩子受到了最好的教育，但是仍然把事情弄得很糟糕。我自己的这行职业中，就有许多人上了很好的学校，但结果职业却很不理想(他们本应该就是宣传品；可是隔壁房间里响起的电话不是，而且

33、永远都不会是普利策委员会打来的)。那些最有可能成功的男孩女孩中，有些结果不是靠政府福利生活，就是沦落在贫民区。这时，他们需要父母的投入或者现金。父母的责任并不因为孩子离开了，就可以了结了，父母的责任永远不会终止。这就是为什么大自然赋予你这种工作。B.在中国，很多父母都会为孩子能够进入好学校而不遗余力地奔波，甚至花大笔“择校费”为孩子进入重点学校铺路。英国国立中小学没有重点和非重点之分，但学校教育质量相差很大，英国父母为了让孩子进入教育质量好的学校，也在绞尽脑汁的想办法，其操心劳力、焦虑的程度绝不亚于中国的父母。入学申请表是家长向学校提交的重要材料。在填写入学申请表时，某些家长为了孩子能够在好学

34、校就读，没有如实交代家庭地址。英国每年都有数百起、甚至数千起这样的入学申请舞弊事件，且家长们的手段越来越“高明”。一些人用亲戚的地址，一些人用办公室的地址，但故意填错邮政编码，因为他们知道这所学校是通过邮政编码来计算家庭住址与学校之间的距离。有些家长为了向学校出示家庭税收以证明其家庭住址，甚至真的到税务所去为一个并非他们居住地的地址交税。In China, a large number of parents spare no efforts to work for selecting a better school for their children, and even spend a la

35、rge sum of money as long as their children can go to the key schools. The same case also occurs in Britain. Although there is no distinction between key public schools and non-key public schools, yet the quality of education in each school is of great difference. Therefore, the parents also leave no

36、 stones unturned in order to find a better school for their children. The degree of their anxieties is no less than that of Chinese parents. The first step to get in a school is to fill in the application forms. Since these application forms are considered as very important materials to get access t

37、o a better school, some parents cheat by writing down wrong home addresses. Hence, every year in Britain finds hundreds of or thousands of such cheating events and the ways of cheating are increasingly “wiser”. For example, some fill in the relatives address or the offices address instead, others wr

38、ite down the correct home address but with a wrong post code, because they know the school will calculate the distance between the school and home according to the post code. Moreover, some parents even go to Tax Bureau to pay tax for a place where they dont stay at all, so that they could get the t

39、ax payment receipt and present it to the school as a proof of valid home address.Unite sevenA.As I look over what I have written, I feel that I have presented an excessively bleak picture of an inherently glorious event. Though the misbehavior described is tragic but true, I still do not share the p

40、essimism of the writer whose most famous work has given him a near-franchise on the digit “1984.” George Orwell viewed the Olympics as “bound up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness, disregard of all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence; in other words, it is a war without the shooting.

41、”This is going much too far. The Olympics are nothing more or less than a reflection of everything that is good as well as bad in human nature. The anecdotes of ancient Greek skulduggery prove that the Games have always suffered from what we might benevolently call “human frailty.” And one might arg

42、ue that our own age can actually claim a tiny bit of moral superiority over classical Greece. Very few of us, I think, would subscribe to the view of a European coach, who was recently quoted as saying: “As long as you are still alive for the victory ceremony, you should get your reward. There is no

43、 room for ethics in sports anymore.”读完我写下的这些文字，我感到自己把这项历史性的辉煌盛事描述得过于晦暗了。尽管文中所述的这些可悲的舞弊行为是真实存在的，但我从内心深处仍不赞同那位因一部名著而对“1984”这个数字几乎享有特权的作家所持的悲观态度。乔治奥维尔认为，奥运会“交织着仇恨、妒忌、夸耀、对规则的藐视，以及从观看暴力行为中获得的变态的快感。换句话说，这是一场没有硝烟的战争”。他的话过于偏激了。奥运会反映的只是人性中一切美好和丑陋的方面。对古希腊体育运动中的欺诈行为的记载证明了奥运会总是不断地受到所谓的“人性的弱点”的影响。也许有人会提出，现代人在道德水

44、准上要略高于古希腊人。我想，很少有人会赞同一位欧洲教练近来发表的观点，“只要你还活着为胜利而庆贺，就应该得到报酬。体育比赛中没有伦理道德的位置。”B.吸引大量观众的体育运动为人们观赏青春的活力、速度和力量提供了一个窗口。它所展示的技能水平强烈地吸引着人们。男性之所以比女性更认同这种运动，是因为他们的童年经历和比赛所展示的阳刚之气。这种运动对于男性来说，在心灵上还有另外一种吸引力：因为他们是男人，有可能被召唤到赛场上，被要求打比赛或者做教练，去贡献自己的一技之长。因此，观看这类比赛给他们的遐想提供了素材。而女性在观看比赛中也从他人身上间接地获得了渴望取胜的满足感，而且有更多的女性正积极投入到竞技

45、体育中去。到20世纪70年代初，体育爱好者对比赛不断增长的兴趣，在电视联播中得到了进一步的加强，并且把职业运动转变成了利润丰厚的商业活动。结果，一些全新的俱乐部联合会雨后春笋般地涌现出来，与现有的体育组织展开竞争，并以诱人的工资吸引运动员加盟。随着体育变得更像传统的商业活动，越来越多的运动员寻找他们的经纪人，代表他们参加工资谈判。现在，职业体育运动已经进入一个新时代。 Spectator sports provide an outlet for viewing the vitality of youth, speed, and strength. The levels of skill dis

46、played fascinate people. Men identify more directly than women with spectator sports because of their childhood experience and the macho nature of games. For men there is an additional attraction in their minds because since they are male they could be called on to the field, asked to contribute the

47、ir playing or coaching skills. Viewing sports thus provides the raw material for dreams. Nevertheless, women too feel vicarious satisfaction from a desire to win than ever and more women are becoming active in competitive sports. By the early 1970s, growing fan interest in the games, heightened by n

48、etwork television, had transformed professional sports into lucrative business enterprises. As a result, entirely new leagues sprang up to compete with established organizations and lure away players with attractive salaries. As sports became more like traditional businesses, players increasingly tu

49、rned to agents to represent them in salary negotiations. Now professional sports have entered a new era. Unite eightA The art of pleasing is a very necessary one to possess, but a very difficult one to acquire. It can hardly be reduced to rules; and your own good sense and observation will teach you

50、 more of it than I can. “Do as you would be done by,” is the surest method that I know of pleasing. Observe carefully what pleases you in others, and probably the same things in you will please others. If you are pleased with the complaisance and attention of others to your humors, your tastes, or y

51、our weaknesses, depend upon it, the same complaisance and attention on your part to theirs will equally please them. Take the tone of the company that you are in, and do not pretend to give it; be serious, gay, or even trifling, as you find the present humor of the company; this is an attention due

52、from every individual to the majority. Do not tell stories in company; there is nothing more tedious and disagreeable; if by chance you know a very short story, and exceedingly applicable to the present subject of conversation, tell it in as few words as possible; and even then, throw out that you d

53、o not love to tell stories, but that the shortness of it tempted you. Of all things banish the egotism out of your conversation, and never think of entertaining people with your own personal concerns or private affairs; though they are interesting to you, they are tedious and impertinent to everybod

54、y else; besides that, one cannot keep ones own private affairs too secret. Whatever you think your own excellencies may be, do not affectedly display them in company; nor labor, as many people do, to give that turn to the conversation, which may supply you with an opportunity of exhibiting them. If

55、they are real, they will infallibly be discovered, without your pointing them out yourself, and with much more advantage. Never maintain an argument with heat and clamor, though you think or know yourself to be in the right; but give your opinion modestly and coolly, which is the only way to convinc

56、e; and, if that does not do, try to change the conversation, by saying, with good-humor, “We shall hardly convince one another; nor is it necessary that we should, so let us talk of something else.” 取悦他人是一门很有必要掌握、但又是很难学会的艺术。它几乎无法被归纳成为几条规则；你本人的敏锐意识和观察能力所能教会你的将比我传授予你的更多。“己之所欲，勿施于人”据我所知是万无一失的取悦方法。仔细观察别

57、人身上哪些东西令你高兴，或许你同样的东西也会令别人愉快。如果别人对你的幽默、情趣或嗜好所给予的恭维和关注令你高兴，那么毫无疑问，你对他们的幽默、情趣或嗜好给予同样的恭维和关注也同样会令他们高兴。与朋友相聚时说话要和他们口吻一致，而且别装着你是特意表现出来的；无论是严肃、快乐还是懒散，你的情绪要和朋友们同步，这是每个个人应对多数人表示的一种礼貌。别在大庭广众之下讲故事，再没有比这更沉闷更令人不悦的了。假如你碰巧知道一则很短的故事，而它又和当时的话题极其吻合，那么尽可能简短地说完；然后婉转地说你并不喜欢讲故事，但这则故事短小精悍，使你欲罢不能。 谈话中切忌唯我独尊。千万别打算用自己所关心的事或个人

58、私事去取悦他人，尽管这些事对你有趣，可对其他每个人而言却是乏味的、不相干的。况且，个人的私事无论怎么保密也不会过分。不论你认为自己有何长处，也不要装模作样地在公众面前展现；即使谈话为你提供了展示这些优点的机会，你也不要像许多人那样，拼命地把它们转移到话题中去。如果这些优点是真实的，那它们肯定会被人发现，你无需自己去指出它们，而且由别人发现对你更加有利。辩论时千万不要激昂慷慨、大呼小叫，哪怕你认为或者知道自己是正确的；而且要谦虚冷静地说出观点，这是唯一说服对方的办法。如果这样也不起作用，那就试着改变话题，心情愉快地说：“我们都很难说服对方，也没有必要说服对方，还是让我们谈点别的吧。”B我心里有一

59、些东西，一直渴望说出来教育年轻人；因为正是在一个人早年尚未成熟的时候，这些东西最能生根、最能持久、也最珍贵。当父母在场时要始终服从他们。从长远的观点来看，这是最好的策略。因为即使你不服从他们，他们也会使你服从。大部分父母认为他们知道的比你多。你接受这一点，通常比你根据自己的判断行事，会获得更大的收益。要尊重你的上司，也要尊重你的朋友、熟人和身边的其他人。如果一个人冒犯了你，你又不能确定他是有意还是无意，不要采取极端的做法；只要等待时机予以回击就行了。如果你能肯定他并非有意冒犯，就应该坦率地说出来，承认自己攻击他是错误的，像一个男子汉那样承认错误，对他说你不是有意这样做的。要始终避免使用暴力，在这个仁爱和