廉政研究室研究情况汇报.ppt

1、Professor Ting Gong Department of Public Policy City University of Hong Kong,Corruption and Government Integrity in Mainland China and Hong Kong,What is Corruption? “Everyone knows what corruption is; but it is difficult to define it in exact terms.” - M. Halayya,Contemporary definitions,Law-centere

2、d definitions (Nye, 1067; Ekpo, 1979) Objective but what if legal systems are not well established? Public-interest-centered (Friedrich, 1966) What is “public interest”? Public-opinion-centered (Heidenheimer, 1970) “Black corruption”, “grey corruption”, “white corruption” Is public opinion homogeneo

3、us? Personal-gain-centered (Brooks, 1974; MacRae, 1982) Does corruption always involve personal gains?,Defining Corruption in China,A narrow definition ordinary citizens “abuse of public power for private interests” Key elements: 1) abusing public office; 2) relying on legal standards A broad defini

4、tion public officials behavior that violates not only legal but also moral conventions,Difficulties in Defining Corruption,difficult to draw distinction between public and private“ “grey areas” intangible, long-term, widely dispersed gains loopholes in a legal system cultural impact,Eight Questions

5、about Corruption(by Jakob Svensson),What is corruption? What are the common characteristics of countries with high corruption? What is the magnitude of corruption? How to measure it? Does corruption adversely affect growth? Do higher wages for bureaucrats reduce corruption? Can market competition re

6、duce corruption? Why have there been so few (recent) successful attempts to fight corruption? Is corruption eradicable ?,Forms and Characteristics of Corruption in China,Corruption by consumption,“Cash corruption” - embezzling and extravagantly consuming public funds Often seen in position-related c

7、onsumption Examples Lavish eating and drinking Misuse and abuse of government vehicles Sightseeing tours disguised disguised as duty trips,Capital Corruption,Meaning: “unsanctioned transfers of state assets into private hands of government officials Differs from “corruption by consumption” in that i

8、t aims at seizing production capital which will bring in more money is a more rapacious form of encroachment on state property with more sophisticated tactics,Example: Illicit transfers of state assets in ownership diversification,In corporate restructuring: lowering the value of the state assets in

9、 an asset assessment process setting higher dividend rates for individual shares than state shares split individual shares only, not those owned by the state establishing “shadow companies”,Collective Corruption,“Collective corruption“: government officials collude with each other or with people out

10、side the government in corruption Collective corruption takes place under certain conditions: when concerned value or anticipated benefit is high; when the technical difficulty of corruption requires greater co-operation; and when the stake is so high that divided responsibilities among collaborator

11、s help reduce risks,Cross-border Corruption,Transnational corruption: cross-border collaboration of corrupt government officials with overseas individuals or organizations Opportunities expanded as China becomes more integrated into the global economy Examples: smuggling Transnational money launderi

12、ng Overseas Flight of Corrupt Officials,Controlling Corruption: Institutional framework Reducing incentives: the deep involvement in local business affairs place economic interests at arms length of local officials Enhancing supervision: multiple entrustment chains of power make it difficult to moni

13、tor bureaucratic behavior,Anticorruption Agencies,The Central Discipline Inspection Commission of the CCP and its local branches The Supervision Ministry Anti-corruption Bureau of the Peoples Procuratorate The National Bureau of Corruption Prevention,Number of Official Regulations Enacted Each Year,

14、 1979-2009,17,Roughly 173 regulatory provisions have been adopted in the past three decades; more than half were made in the last decade alone.,18,Integrity regulations include -,Provisions against bribery, illegal gratuities, and improper gains Provisions on the disclosure of information about conf

15、licts of interest Provisions setting forth specific procedures for dealing with conflict of interest situations Provisions specifying accountability mechanisms and penalties to ensure compliance,19,Two challenges,How to implement the rules more effectively? How to engage the public and enhance downw

16、ard accountability?,20,Hong Kongs Successful Experience,Hong Kong is regarded as one of the cleanest societies in the world, ranked 14th by TIs CPI among 182 countries in 2012 Hong Kongs ICAC is taken as a model of a powerful and independent anticorruption agency,22,Hong Kongs success,Rampant corrup

17、tion as a way of life, not just a fact of life Police corruption “Rent seeking” through public services (fire control, inspection, public hospitals, immigration office, etc.) Other social problems: mafia, gambling, etc.,23,The Old Days (1960s-1970s),24,Peter Fitzroy Godber was a former Chief Superin

18、tendent of the Hong Kong Police. He engaged in a bribery scandal shortly and then fled to the UK. He was extradited back to Hong Kong and subsequently convicted for corruption.,Established in 1974 Independent answerable to Chief Executive 3 Pronged Strategy Enforcement Operations Department Prevention Corruption Prevention Department Education Community Relations Department,25,Independent Commission Against Corruption in Hong Kong,26,Zero tolerance for corruption,27,Willingness to report suspected corruption,The power of the ICAC,Right of