shakespeare-career生涯莎士比亚英文-简明英国文学史.ppt

1、,English Renaissance and Shakespeare,Contents,Ideological Trend,Renaissance Means “rebirth” or “revival” Began in the 14th century in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture, and literature and later spread to France, Spain, Holland, etc. It is a Represented by the translation of classical w

2、orks Its ideal was Humanism,Ideological Trend,Humanism: the rediscoveries of the ancient Greek and Roman mythology and the discovery of man himself: emphasizing his dignity, potentiality of the individual, the worth of this life; glorifying mans love, friendship, etc.,Social Background,Social format

3、ion: feudal society the foundation of capitalism; Economy: wool trade Enclosure Movement Politics: The absolute monarchy (the reign of King Henry VIII) Religion: Religious Reformation Military Affairs: powerful navy Science: influenced by Copernicus; Galileo,Social Background,Historical periods: The

4、 Tudors: Henry VII unified England(not Scotland and Ireland) Henry VIII (1509-1547) Mary (1553-58) Elizabeth (1558-1603) The Stuarts: James I (1603-1685) James II (1685-1688) William and Mary (1688-1702),Golden age of Dramas,Lyrical poetry: sonnets, pastoral, etc.,great development of prose,Poetry,L

5、yrical verses Samuel John “ a nest of singing birds” Sonnet：Italian poet Petrarch; introduced to England by Sir Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey Representatives: Edmund Spenser; William Shakespeare; Ben Johnson; John Donne, John Milton,Edmund Spenser,(1552-1599),Life: was born in a cloth-m

6、akers family, educated at a humanistic school, and then at Pembroke College, Cambridge, worked as a secretary to Lord Grey of Wilton, Lord Deputy of Ireland. the poet of the poets, the great experimenter of the time, his representative works: a. The Shepheardes Calendar(1579), his first important wo

7、rk b.The Faerie Queene(1596), an allegorical romance in verse,Poetry,what is a pastoral: pastoral presents a simple and idealized world inhabited by shepherds and shepherdesses who chiefly are concerned to tend their flocks, fall in love, and engage in poetry contests. The values of this mode are de

8、fined by leisure and humble contentment which are the opposite of pride, ambition and the pursuit of fame and fortune. Pastoral exalts the simple country life over the city and its business, the military camp and its warfare, the court and the burdens of rule.,Poetry,The Shepheardes Calendar, a past

9、oral poem in 12 parts, one for each month of the year modeled on Virgils verse dialogues/famous for his skillful use of many verse forms and his extraordinary musical effects/set the pastoral fashion in English literature/starting the great lyrical poetry of the last two decades of the 16th century,

10、Poetry,The Faerie Queene, His major achievement, it has the following characteristics: 1. an allegorical romance; 2. a morality book, because it is modeled on the moral values set up by Aristotle tending to educate young rulers; 3. a romantic epic: baroque style, a blending of picturesque elements:

11、the unexpected, the wild, the fantastic, the eccentric /national epic; 4. the language: imitating Chausers language, an archaic language,Philip Sidney,(1554-1586),Life: educated at Christ Church, Oxford; worked as diplomat, governor of Flushing; He is an important poet and critic of poetry, his repr

12、esentative works: Essay: A Defence of Poesy (1579-1580) Prose romance：The Arcadia (1580), Shakespeare based the Gloucester story in King Lear on Sidneys plot,Ben Jonson,(1572-1637),Life: born in London, educated at Westminster School; worked as soldier, actor, playwright; imprisoned for his co-autho

13、rship with George Chapman and John Marston in composing Eastward Hoe, a comedy of humors, satirizing against the Scottish nobility, and had his ears and nose slit as punishment He was made the first poet laureate, an advocator of classic rules in drama (three unities), his works: Drama: Every Man in

14、 His Humor (1598); Volpone (1606); The Alchemist (1610) Prose ：Timber, or Discoveries (1640),Prose,Thomas More (1478-1535) Life: a Parliament member and a judge Works: Utopia , in Latin; the first real significant expression of the English humanist idea,Francis Bacon(1561-1626) “forerunner of modern

15、 science and scientific learning” Life: educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, worked as parliament member, solicitor-general, atorney-general, lord keeper, lord chancellor; He is not only the first English essayist, but also the founder of English materialist philosophy. Works: Advancement of Lear

16、ning (1605); Novum Organum (1620) (Latin); The New Atlantis; Collection of Essays,Drama,University Wits: John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, Thomas Nashe, Robert Greene and Christopher Marlowe,John Lyly,(1553-1606),Life: was educated both at Oxford and Cambridge Main works: Euphues, a verse romance The first p

17、art: The Anatomy of Wit (1578) The second part: Euphues and His England (1580) 3) characteristics: peculiar style by using excessive stylistic devices, ignoring sense and occasion such as antithesis and alliteration. The term “Euphuism”is established in English to mean this kind of redundant, pompou

18、s and flowery style.,Thomas Lodge,(1558-1625),Life: was educated at Trinity College, Oxford and studied law in 1578 at Lincolns Inn. A versatile writer, produced prose, romances, poetry, drama, etc., the major works are: Play：The Wounds of Civil War (1594); A Looking Glasse for London and England (1

19、594) Prose romance: Rosalynde,Thomas Nashe,(1567-1601),Life: was educated at St. Johns College, Cambridge His major works are: Pamphlets：The Anatomie of Absurditie (1588); The Unfortunate Traveller, Or The Life of Jacke Wilton (1594) Play: Dido, Queene of Carthage?,Robert Greene,(1558-1592),Life: wa

20、s educated at St. Johns College and Clare Hall of Cambridge He wrote moral dialogues, prose romances, pamphlets, and realistic accounts of underworld life. His major works are: Pamphlets：Groats-Worth of Wit Romance: Pandosto: The Triumph of Time(1588), which provided Shakespeare with the source for

21、The Winters Tale,Christopher Marlowe,(1564-1593),A bright star with a life of only 29. The most gifted of the University Wits.,Life: The son of a Canterbury Shoemaker. He studied at Cambridge. He was the most gifted among the University Wits In 1593, he was killed in a quarrel,2) His works: Tamburla

22、ine 帖木耳大帝: a sweeping success on the stage, a man of the renaissance for power. The Jew of Malta 马耳他的犹太人: Barabas is greedy of money Dr. Faustus: German legend; the greatest of Marlowes play; Faustus aspired for knowledge, meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.,3) His a

23、chievements: Marlowe perfects the blank verse（无韵诗）, a poem written in unrhymed iambic pentameter, and makes it the principle medium of English drama. It is Marlowe who brings vitality and grandeur into the blank verse with his mighty lines(雄伟的诗行)，which carry strong emotions. He creates Renaissance h

24、eroes, who stands for the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie.,How do I incorporate my logo to a slide that will apply to all the other slides? On the View menu, point to Master, and then click Slide Master or Notes Master.,“All the world s a stage, / And all the men and women merely players.”,Click to

25、 edit title style,Click to edit title style,He was born on April 23, 1564 and died on April 23, 1616,He produced 37plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems,Shall I compare thee to a summers day?.,To be or not to be: That is the question,His birth place： Stratford-upon-Avon,His School： Kings New School,Hi

26、s wife: Anne Hathaways Cottage,London,went to London at 21 joined a travelling company of actors worked both as an actor and a writer,The Globe Theatre,opened in 1599 Its successes had made Shakespeare a rich man He became one of the principal investors,The Globe Theatre,The Globe Theatre,The Rebuil

27、t Globe Theater,The end of his life,Return to Stratford in 1610 Destruction of the Globe Theatre in 1613 (the Great Fire of London) In 1616 Shakespeare died on April, 23 (his birthday!),His Plays,Comedy Tragedy Historical play,Comedies,Much Ado About Nothing As You Like It A Midsummer Nights Dream T

28、he Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Winsor Twelfth Night The Tempest,Tragedies,Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth,Sonnet,1. Sonnet: a 14-line iambic pentameter with a rigid rime scheme. two variants: the Italian one with abbaabbacdcdcd or abbaabbacdecde as rime scheme and the English one with aba

29、bcdcdefefgg. 2. 1) Rime scheme: systematic arrangement of the rime. 2）Iambic: one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. 3）Pentameter: five foot.,Sonnet 18,Quatrain 1: abab Shall I compare thee (you) to a summers day?Thou (you) art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake th

30、e darling buds of May,And summers lease hath (has) all too short a date: 我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？你不独比它可爱也比它温婉：狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，夏天出赁的期限又未免太短,Sonnet 18,Quatrain 2: cdcd Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed, And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or natures changing course untrimmed: 天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈，它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽：被机缘或无常的天道所摧折，没有芳艳不终于雕残或销毁。,Sonnet 18,Quatrain 3: efef But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lo