grammar语法.ppt

1、Unit 1 Module 4,Grammar and usage To-infinitive and Verb-ing form as a noun,Part 1 To-infinitive,不定式在句子中可以充当哪些成分？,1、作主语,To run is a good habit.(=It is a good habit to run.),2、作表语,Our plan is to build a bridge over the river.,3、作宾语,I want to buy a dictionary.,4、作定语,He has a chance to go abroad.,5、作状语

2、,To finish the work, he had to get up early.,6、作补语,I ask us to help him.,* 不定式作主语常见句型：,a) It is + adj. (easy, important, necessary, difficult) + 不定式,b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + 不定式,c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + 不定式,It requires p

3、atience to be a good teacher.,“Its my duty to teach you how to use this library .” said the librarian.,* 不定式做表语 （to do as a predictive）,Our most important task now is to make a plan.,当句子的主语是 hope, wish, aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主语是 what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语

4、,说明主语所包含的内容。,注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。,Now the only thing we can do is wait. The first thing she did was run to her coach to say thanks.,eg.,* 不定式做宾语 （to do as an object ） eg. The cat said “Remember not to take it next time!” (Tips:不定式的否定:not to do),1) 可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，如agree, afford, ten

5、d, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish,2005年天津卷12题：I dont want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair. A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded,只有少数介词如 but, except, besides 等后面可以跟不定

6、式作宾语. 但如果but 或 except 所在句子里的谓语动词含有do, does, did 时，通常省略to。,We have no choice but _.,We can do nothing but _.(wait),to wait,wait,注意 ：,*不定式做宾语补足语 （to do as an object complement）,You should get them to help you . (They will help you.),They believed him to be honest. (He was honest.),(常用于此结构的动词有: get,ask

7、,force, order, tell, invite, allow, wish,want,like ,expect, advise , beg等。),*但在谓语动词believe, find , think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove 等后面 跟to be作宾补,不跟to do,Tips:有些动词后面须接不带to 的不定式做宾语补足语,常用的动词有:,make,let,have,see; hear,watch,notice,feel; look at, listen to; help, observe 等,但是句子变成被动语态后, 不定式

8、成为句子的主语补足语,需带to.,The boss made her work long hours. 主语 谓语 宾语 宾补,She 主语,was made 谓语,to work 主补,long hours (by her boss).,2005全国卷(I)No.18 While watching television, _. A. The doorbell rang B. The doorbell rings C. We heard the doorbell ring D. We heard the doorbell rings,2005福建卷No.23 If anyone happens

9、 to drop in while Im out, _ him or her leave a message. A. have B. get C. ask D.tell,She told me _(be) cheerful and _(look) on the bright side.,We had nothing _(do) but _(watch) TV.,to be,look,to do,watch,Tips: 当两个不定式and, or, expect, but, than或rather than连接起来时，第二个不定式符号省略。,5. to do as an attributive,

10、能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有 attempt, decision, promise, plan等,He has not kept his promise _(write) to his parents regularly.,不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语：,She made a decision _(go)abroad for a year.,to write,to go,常与不定式搭配的形容词，其 同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。,常见的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagernes

11、s等,His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.,序数词,形容词最高级或被only, last, next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。,She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.,Tips: 不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上适当介词。,Hes always the first to come and the last to leave. (=The first comes a

12、nd the last leaves.)(主谓关系),I have no time to listen to your excuse. (同位关系),She has a meeting to attend. （=attend a meeting),Theres nothing to worry about. (=worry about nothing)(动宾关系),* to do as an adverbial 不定式作状语， 表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。,so as to (不能放句首), to, in order to作目的状语,2005年辽宁卷22题：All these gifts m

13、ust be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving,在soas to, suchas to, only to 结构中不定式作结果状语，其中only to用于表示意想不到的结果。,He hurried to the station only _ that the train had gone. A. to find B. finding C. found

14、 D. to have found,enough to, tooto结构,The boy isnt old enough to go to school. = The boy is too young to go to school.,形容词（glad, happy , lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等）+ 不定式结构作原因状语,Im glad to meet you.,*不定式 作插入语，用来说明说话人的 态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释， 如to be frank（坦

15、白地说），to be sure（确实）等。,To tell you the truth, I hate you.,The order to start the general attack soon came.,不定式复合结构:以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构，如前面的形容词指行为的性质就用：for sb. to do sth.这种复合结构在句中可作主、表、宾、定、状等。,It is necessary for us to go there.(主语),There is no need for him to leave.(定语),My suggestion is for you to d

16、o the job.(表语),如果该形容词是指行为的性质，同时又指行为的人，则用of sb. to do sth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。,Its very kind of you to come to see me.,It was foolish of him to believe her.,I think it wise of her not to accept th

17、eir offer.,Tips:连接代（副）词+不定式（包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, （不包括why/if），在句中起名词作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等动词后作主、宾或表语。,No one can tell me where to find John.,When to the exam is still unknown.,The problem is how to get enough money.,动词不定式的形式 John said that

18、he had run in order to catch the bus. （一般式的主动态）He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被动态)He pretended to be listening attentively. (进行式),He intended to have told you that. (完成式主动态)This work of art seemed to have been created long ago. (完成式的被动态)Were happy to have been working with you. (完成进行式)

19、,不定式完成式：to have + V-ed 构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。,2005年江苏卷No.25 - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said _ the stage already as he has become an official. A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been D. to be left,2006年四川卷No.26 The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _ in Beijing in 20

20、08. A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held,The book is said to have been translated into many languages.,当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示 的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。 不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to be V-ed和完成式被动to have been V-ed,The question is difficult to answer.,=The question is difficult for me to answer.,=It is difficult for me to

21、 answer the question.,He is hard to get along with.,=It is hard to get along with him.,用动词不定式翻译下列各句并指出功能 1. 是否执行该计划还没有讨论. 2. 为了使自己被听明白,他举了个简单例子来阐述该要点. 3. 当妈妈进来时他假装正在复习功课. 4. 他匆忙赶到火车站结果却发现那趟车已经开走了.,Whether to carry out the plan hasnt been discussed yet.,To make himself understood, he gave an example

22、to illustrate his point.,He pretended to be going over his lessons when his mother came in.,He hurried to the station, only to find the train had already left.,5. 你的任务就是校对这篇文章并指出错误. 6. 他给了儿子一张纸画. 7. 这个问题很难回答. 8. 有人看见他在谋杀案发生前进入那栋楼的.,Your task is to proofread the article and point out any mistakes in

23、it.,He gave his son a piece of paper to draw on.,The question is hard to answer. Its hard for the question to be answered.,He was seen to enter the building before the murder happened/was committed.,Part 2 Verb-ing form as a noun,1、主语,Nodding the head means agreement.,点头表示同意。,2、宾语,Would you mind my

24、closing the windows?,3、表语,His job is selling newspapers.,4、定语,This is a swimming pool.,V-ing在句子当中可以充当哪些成分？,5.补语,He kept me waiting so long.,6.状语,Walking in the street, I met my teacher.,作主语，可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代词it作为形式主语，而把动名词后置。,Seeing is believing. (眼见为实),Collecting stamps is a good hobby.,(单个动名词短语作主语时

25、，动词用单数),动名词作主语还有以下两个习惯表答法：,It is no use (good) + 动名词：做某事没用(不好),Its no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收) Its no good spitting in public.,There is no + 动名词 (= It is impossible to do sth.),There is no knowing what may happen.（未来的事无法知道）,2005年上海卷No.32 He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he c

26、ould not risk _ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost,2006年北京卷No.35. I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works. A.working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. To work; to stop,作宾语,A.作及物动词的宾语,(stand, admit

27、, dislike, imagine, delay, consider, mind, understand, avoid, enjoy, practise, miss, finish, keep, suggest, appreciate, ),2006年江苏卷N0.32 -There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. -My goodness! I cant imagine _ that old. A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been,Tips:有些动词（ c

28、ontinue, prefer,begin, hate, like, start,love）后面既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，意义差别不大。通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性，用不定式则表示特定或具体某一种动作。,I like swimming but I dont like to swim in winter.,I prefer to drive rather than to be driven.,I prefer driving to riding.,2005年北京卷No.30 When asked by police, he said that he remembered _

29、 at the party, but not _. A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave,B. 作介词的宾语,2005年浙江卷No.3 The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without _ his notes. A.bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying on,be used to doing 习惯于做

30、；look forward to doing 盼望做；devote ones life to doing 致力于做；spend time (in) doing 花时间做；be fond of doing 喜爱做；be good at doing 擅长做；be proud of doing 为做而自豪；be tired of doing 对做感到厌倦；feel like doing 欲想做；,go on doing 继续做（原来的事）； keep on doing 不停地做；what about doing 做怎么样；think of doing 考虑做；be interested in doi

31、ng 对做感兴趣；have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困难；be busy (in) doing 忙于做；instead of doing 做而不做,2005年江苏卷No.23 Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and _ jokes. A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up,作定语,动名词可作前置定语，表示所修饰的词的用途或目的，可用for改写；而现在分词作定语时，可用定语从句改写。,swimming pool, waiting room, walking sti