How to write a paragraph.ppt

1、How to write a paragraph,论说文段落的构成,主题句 推展句：主要推展句，次要推展句 结尾句 example: After all, technology can fail. Computers go down and computer programs crash. Televisions break, and the electricity can suddenly go off. In those situations, whos going to teach me? If I am at school, and the televisions or compute

2、rs stop functioning, theres a teacher to step in and change the lesson plan. Teachers can draw on their teaching experience and be creative. Computers and televisions cant.,What are topic sentences?,Before writing any essay or even a paragraph, it is important to think, first about the topic and the

3、n what you want to say about the topic. Most often, the topic is easy, but the question then turns to what you want to say about the topic which is the controlling idea. Topic sentences should always contain both (1) a topic and (2) a controlling idea. Read the following topic sentences. They all co

4、ntain a topic (in red) and a controlling idea (in green). When your introduction contains a clearly stated topic sentence such as one of the following, your reader will know what to expect and, therefore, understand your ideas better.,What are topic sentences?,1. People can avoid burglaries by takin

5、g certain precautions. (The precautions for? 2. There are several advantages to growing up in a small town. (The advantages of? 3. Industrial waste poured into Lake Michigan has led to dramatic changes in its ability to support marine life. (The effects of? 4. Air pollution in Mexico City is the wor

6、st in the world for a number of reasons. (The causes of? or (The effects of? 5. Effective leadership requires specific qualities that anyone can develop. (The qualities (or characteristics or traits) of?,What are topic sentences?,A topic sentence has several important functions: it substantiates or

7、supports an essays thesis statement; it unifies the content of a paragraph and directs the order of the sentences; and it advises the reader of the subject to be discussed and how the paragraph will discuss it. Readers generally look to the first few sentences in a paragraph to determine the subject

8、 and perspective of the paragraph. Thats why its often best to put the topic sentence at the very beginning of the paragraph.,How to write top sentences?,主题句的特点 简洁 概括 客观 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, suc

9、h as letters, e-mail, or telephone calls. 1. If you are talking to someone directly, you can see right away if they dont understand you. 2. When you talk face-to-face, you communicate with more than words. 3. Face-to-face encounters tend to go on longer than other forms of communication.,How to writ

10、e topic sentences,Brainstorming 头脑风暴 Try to write down as many details as possible to support your opinion. Then divide your supporting details into several groups. Try to generalize the main idea of each group of ideas.,Example: Should smoking be banned? I dont think smoking should be banned. Suppo

11、rting details: by selling cigarettes, our country can earn a lot of money; if smoking is banned, a lot of people will lose their jobs; whether to smoke or not is decided by people themselves; the industry of tobacco is an important industry in our country; smoking can make people mentally alert, rel

12、axed, and it is a good way for some people communicating with others, etc. Generalize your opinions: a) The tobacco industry is a high-profit industry in China, which provide considerable employment opportunities. b) It is an individual choice whether to smoke or not. c) To some extend, smoking has

13、certain advantages.,How to write topic sentences,几种方式： 最常用：陈述客观事实 tobacco is a silent killer to smokers; the first situation involves those who want to lead a healthy and meaningful late life 提出假设：Another reason is that if people do not work hard but depend on their high intellect, whey will be far

14、from successful. 做出判断、估计: students study will be delayed and disadvantaged.,Practice writing topic sentences,Topic: Companies should encourage old employees (55 years old) to retire, in order to give opportunities to the new generation. To what extent do you agree or disagree? agree Plenty of young

15、employees mean that the company is infused with lots of young blood. Old employees cannot adapt themselves to the rapid pace. Old employees have already worked for more than half their lifetime, so they should retire to enjoy life.,Practice writing topic sentences,People attend colleges or universit

16、ies for many different reasons. Why do you think people attend college or universities? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. How do movies or television influence peoples behavior? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.,推展句 supporting sentences,主要推展句 主要推展句（maj

17、or supporting statement）的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明,句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。 例1：（主题句） There are several factors affecting climate. （推展句1）One factor is the amount of sunlight received. （推展句2）Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. （推展句3）Thirdly, the oceans have an e

18、ffect on the climate of adjacent land. （推展句4）In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.,推展句 supporting sentences,次要推展句 次要推展句（minor supporting statement）是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。 例2：（主题句）I dont teach because teaching is easy for me. （主要推展句1）Teaching

19、is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living： mechanic, carpenter, writer. （主要推展句2）For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. （次要推展句1）Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. （次要推展句2）Sweaty-palm,

20、 because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. （次要推展句3）Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.,推展句 supporting sentences,主要推展句与次要推展句的关系 1每个主要推展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接

21、、明确的说明。2每个次要推展句都应该说明它的主要推展句。3含有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要有主要推展素材,又要有次要推展素材。,段落发展的几种手段 1.列举法,作者运用列举法,是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释,列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。,段落发展的几种手段 1.列举法,题目：同意让儿童做家务 First of all, household tasks build skills. What skills can children learn from household chores?,段落发展的几种手

22、段 1.列举法,First of all, household tasks build skills. Very young children learn classification skills when they pick up their toys and put them away. Talking about how to do things helps them learn to analyze situations. Older children learn skills theyll need as an adult. Cleaning and cooking may see

23、m dull, but knowing how to do them well makes life a lot easier. How many young adults leave for college unable to do their own laundry or cook anything besides a frozen microwave dinner? Its amazingly common.,段落发展的几种手段 1.列举法,Secondly, when everyone in a family helps out, the family is happier. Nowa

24、days its common for both parents to work. When they come home, they have more work to do. Life is stressful and theres no time for fun. By sharing household tasks, everyone gains. Children can help their parents with simple tasks such as picking up their own rooms, putting away their own laundry, st

25、arting dinner occasionally, or taking care of younger siblings. Then the family can relax together, and parents wont feel like servants to their couch potato offspring.,段落发展的几种手段 1.列举法,Finally, the most important thing children learn from helping with household tasks is responsibility. Handling ever

26、yday tasks teaches organization and time management skills. Children learn that chores have to be completed before they can play, or before they get their allowances. Children who understand that effort pays off will be more successful later in life.,段落发展的几种手段 1.列举法,通常列举的事实论据是并列的关系。 常用连词有：for one th

27、ing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, first, second, also, in addition, etc.,段落发展的几种手段 1.列举法,Practice People do many different things to stay healthy. What do you do for good health? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 1. Eating healthfully is important to maintain one

28、s health. 2. Secondly, a certain amount of physical exercise is very necessary.,段落发展的几种手段 1.列举法,Eating healthfully is important to maintain ones health. I try to avoid foods high in fat like French fries or cookies. I also try to limit the amount of animal protein I consume. I never eat more than a

29、few ounces of fish or chicken a day and I rarely eat meat. I eat a lot of vegetables and fresh fruit which are full of fiber and vitamins. It is important to know how to cook these foods so the nutrients are not lost in the cooking process.,段落发展的几种手段 1.列举法,Secondly, a certain amount of physical exer

30、cise is very necessary. Your muscles must continue to be strong to support your body as it grows older. Exercise helps the bones build density and helps you maintain your posture. A regular exercise program of cardiovascular training and weight training is an important part of keeping you healthy.,p

31、ractice,In general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay. 1. medical advances 2. improvement in civilization 3. relatively relaxing working styles,段落发展的几种手段 2. 举例法,作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容,严格地讲,举例法也是列举法的一种,它们的区别在于：列

32、举法侧重罗列事实,所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点,且事例可多可少。,段落发展的几种手段 2. 举例法,我们来看下面这个用举例法展开的段落。 There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a ru

33、n or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.,段落发展的几种手段 2. 举例法,1. 数字统计说明 according to a survey, a rece

34、nt statistics shows that, research shows that 练习用数字统计论证下列论点： Sports help children build good characters. People can learn a language easily when they are young. Part-time jobs make students in a favorable position in their future job markets.,段落发展的几种手段 2. 举例法,Sports help children build good characte

35、rs. Research has shown that children who attend sports frequently tend to be more easy-going, active, popular with friends, etc. People can learn a language easily when they are young. Scientific evidence has shown that due to less influence of their mother tongue, children have more potential in le

36、arning a new language. Part-time jobs make students in a favorable position in their future job markets. A recent statistics shows that almost 90% of the companies in job markets require working experience of the candidates.,段落发展的几种手段 2. 举例法,2. 著名人物 注意时态、例子不要太长。 题目：The expression Never, never give u

37、p means to keep trying and never stop working for your goals. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Who can you think of to support your opinion?,段落发展的几种手段 2. 举例法,Helen Keller Helen Keller, the first deafblind person to graduate from

38、college, held her strong belief that she would never give up her life. After going through a lot of unimaginable hardships, she finally became a famous writer and educator.,段落发展的几种手段 2. 举例法,3. 自己的例子 注意时态 Topic: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A person should never make an impo

39、rtant decision alone. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.,段落发展的几种手段 2. 举例法,A person should never make an important decision alone. Important decisions should be well thought out. People who know you well, know what is best for you. People close to you can give you good advice, give you a different perspective, or share their own experience. When I had difficulty deciding which classes to take in college, I talked to my teachers and