常用临床医学术语

1、13、浅表淋巴结superficial lymph nodes浅表淋巴结未扪及be no palpable superficial lymph nodes (can not be palpated)淋巴结肿大enlarged lymph nodes (lymphnode enlargement)部位site全身（局部）general (local)耳前（后）淋巴结pre(post)-auricular nodes枕后淋巴结occipital nodes颏下淋巴结submental nodes下颌淋巴结submaxillary nodes颈前（后）淋巴结anterior (posterior)

2、cervical nodes 锁骨上淋巴结supraclavicular nodes滑车上淋巴结epitrochlear nodes腋窝上（内侧，前，后，外侧）淋巴结axillary top (medial,anterior,posterior,lateral)腹股沟淋巴结（横组，纵组）inguinal nodes (transverse group,longitudinal group) lymphnode大小size42cm大小4 by 2 cm in diameter (size)米粒（豌豆，核桃，小指，拇指，拳头，手掌，鸡蛋）大小size of a rice grain (pea,wa

3、lnut,small,ringer,thumb,fist,palm,hens egg)针头大小pinhead size苹果大小size of an apple小孩头（成人大小）size of a(n) infants(mans) head形态shape不规则irregular结节（颗粒、纺锤）状的tuberous (granular,spindle-shaped)光滑（粗糙）的smooth (coarse)平坦（凹凸不平）的flat (uneven)球（椭园，卵园，园）形的globular (elliptical,oval,circular)硬度和活动度hardness and mobilit

4、y硬（软）hard (soft)石头（骨）样硬of stone-like (bone-like)可活动（固定）的movable (fixed)与周围组织（结构）固定be fixed to the surrounding tissues (structures)压痛tenderness融合（粘连）fusion (adhesion)肿胀（疤痕）swelling (fistula)第七章 体检（头颈部）Physical examination(head and neck)1、头颅cranium,skull头颅变形deforming skull头形（围）head contour (circumfere

5、nce)小颅（尖颅，巨颅）microcephalism (acrocephalia,large skull)长（短）头dolichocephalia (brachycephalism)方（塔）颅squared (tower) skull落日现象sitting sun phenomenon颅缝cranial suture前（后）囟门anterior (posterior) fontanel囟门膨出（塌陷）bulging (edpressed) fontanel囟门晚（早）闭delayded (earlier) closure of the fontanel2、眼球eyeball眼球浮动ocula

6、r bobbing眼球破裂eyeball rupture眼球穿孔伤ocular-perforating injury眼球内异物intralcular foreign body眼距增宽（变窄）ocular hypertelorism (hypotelorism)眼球萎缩atrophy of eyeball眼球突出（凹陷）exophthalmos (enophthalmos)眼球震颤nystagmus眼球固定eyeball fixation (stare)眼球活动受限limitation of eye movement假眼ocular prosthesis眼外肌运动extraocular move

7、ments3、眼睑eyelids睑内（外）翻entropion (ectropion)流泪lacrimation上睑下垂ptosis眼睑痉挛（松驰）blepharospasm (blepharo-chalasis)眼睑水肿（红肿）edema (redness and swelling) of the eyelids瞬目过少nictitation diminution(lid lag )瞬目过多frequent nictitation (blinking)眼裂缩小（增宽）blepharophimosis (blepharodia stasis)眼睑充血blepharal hyperemia泪囊l

8、acrimal sac 睫毛反射eyelash reflexes压眶反射reaction to pressure on the supraocular notch皱眉（皱额，闭目）raise eyebrows (wrinkle forehead,force eyelids closing)4、结膜conjunctive结膜反射conjunctival reflexes充血congestion红（白）redness (pallor)球结膜水肿chemosis结膜滤泡（滤泡增生）conjunctival follicle (folliculosis)沙眼trachoma胬肉pterygium水样（

9、脓性）分泌物watery (purulent) discharge5、角膜和巩膜cornea and sclerae角膜反射corneal reflexes角膜混浊cornea opacity透明（不透明）的transparent (opaque)异物foreign body老年环arcus senilis溃疡（穿孔）ulcer (perferation)黄染（无黄染）stained yellow (anicteric)6、瞳孔pupil右眼OD (oculus dextet)左眼OS (oculus sinister)2mm大小2mm in size等大等园be equal and roun

10、d 瞳孔大小不一unevenness of pupils (anisocoria)固定fixed瞳孔缩小contraction of pupils (miosis)瞳孔散大dilation of pupils (platycoria)瞳孔畸形（闭锁）deformity (seclusion) of pupils直接（间接）对光反射direct (consensual) response to light瞳孔对光反射（佳）（差）good (poor) light reflex of pupils对光反射存在retain light reflexes调节反射accommodation reflex

11、辐辏反射convergence reflex7、视力和视野Vision and Visual fields视力模糊（减退，差）blurred (impaired, poor) Vision弱视amblyopia复视double vision (diplopia)斜视strabismus麻痹性斜视paralytic squint偏盲hemiscotosis失明amaurosis (blindness)夜盲night blindness色盲color blindness全色盲achromatopsia绿（蓝）色盲achromatopsia green(blue) blindness红-绿色盲red

12、-green blindness色弱color weakness远视far-sightedness (far sighted,hyeropia)近视short-sightedness (short-sighted,nearsightedness,myopia)右（左）眼200度200 degree,OD(OS)左（右）眼视力OS(OD) vision视野完整full (intact) visual fields象限视野缺损tetarfanopia单侧（双颞侧）缺损unilateral (bitemporal) defect视野缺损visual field defect视野缩小contracti

13、on of visual field8、眼底和眼压fundus and intraocular pressure眼底镜检查fundoscopy (ophthalmoscopy)眼底清晰fundi are clear小动脉（小静脉）arteriole (venule)小动脉狭窄narrow arteriole小动脉硬化arteriolosclerosis微动脉瘤microaneurysm动静脉压迹A-V nicking点状（头焰样）出血punctate (flame) hemorrhage视乳头色素沉着pigmentation of disc (retina)视神经乳头（视神经）水肿papill

14、edema (papilloedema)视乳头凹陷（苍白）excavation (pallor) of optic disc视网膜出血（水肿，渗出）retinal hemorrhage (edema,exudation)视网膜色素变性pigmentary degeneration of retina视网膜剥离retinodialysis视网膜变性（损伤）retinal degeneration (injury)测眼压intraocular pressure measurement眼压升高（降低）increase (decrease) of intraocular pressure9、耳廓和外耳

15、道pinna and external canal红（肿、痛，压痛）redness (swelling,pain,tenderness)糜烂（渗出物，脓性分泌物）erosion (exudate,purulent discharge)疱疹（瘘管，小水疱，血疱）herpes (fistula,visicle,blood blisters)狭窄（闭锁）stenosis (clausura)耵聍（耵聍栓塞，耵聍过多）cerumen (ceruminal impaction,ceruminosis)耳疖furuncle of ear 耳化脓（溢脓）otopyosis (otopyorrhea)耳廓假性

16、囊肿pseudocyst of auricle外耳道异物foreign body of external auditory canal耵聍钩（钳）cerumen hook (forceps)10、鼓膜tympanic membrane (drum)光反射light reflex红色（粉红色，苍白）be red (pink,pale)鼓膜内陷otopiesis (indrawing of drum)鼓膜膨出umbo (bulge of drum)鼓膜穿孔（粘连）perforation (adherence) of drum中央（周围）性穿孔central (marginal) perforati

17、on鼓膜破裂myringorupture鼓膜增厚（充血，疤痕，疱疹，肉芽）hypertrophy (congestation,scar,herpes,granulation) of drum鼓室积水（血）hydrotympanum (hematotympanum)11、听力audition (hearing)听觉过敏（减退）hyperacusis (hypoacusis)听觉不良（迟钝，障碍）dysacousis (bradyacusia, dysacusis)听觉域auditory sensation area听力正常normal hearing听力（觉）迟钝auditus depressi

18、on (amblyacousia)听力障碍dysaudia听力丧失hearing loss (disability)传导性（神经性，感音神经性）耳聋conductive (neural,sensorineural) deafness老年性耳聋presbycusis音叉试验tuning fork test秒表（耳语）听力检查stopwatch (whisper) audiometry韦伯氏试验（骨导偏向试验）Webers test任内氏试验（气骨导听力比较试验）Rinnes test施瓦巴赫氏试验（骨导对比试验）Schwabachs test12、鼻nose酒渣鼻rosacea鞍（蛙状）鼻sad

19、dle(frog) nose畸形（肿胀，溃疡）deformity (swelling,ulcer)鼻翼扇动flaring (movement) of alae nasi (nasal ala flap)鼻骨骨折fracture of nasal bone鼻疖nasal furuncle鼻道狭窄rhinostenosis (stenosis of nasal canal)流涕running nose鼻粘膜干燥（苍白，红）dry (pale,red ) mucosa鼻腔异物nasal foreign body鼻粘膜萎缩（肥厚，肿胀）nasal mucosa atrophy (hypertrophy

20、,swelling)鼻孔（甲）naris (turbinates)上（中、下）鼻甲superior (middle,inferior ) turbinates鼻塞nasal obstruction鼻中隔偏移（穿孔，肿胀，血肿，溃疡）deviation (perforation,swelling,hematoma,ulcer) of nasal septum鼻（副鼻）窦nasal (paranasal) sinus额（上颌，蝶，筛）窦frontal (maxillary,sphenoid,ethmoid) sinus鼻窦压痛tenderness over sinuses鼻镜检查rhinoscop

21、y13、嗅觉smell (scent)嗅觉减退（敏锐）hyposmia (oxyosmia)嗅觉异常heterosmia嗅觉测定measurement of olfaction嗅觉倒错（嗅幻觉）paraosmia (olfactory hallucination嗅觉缺失anosmia14、口腔粘膜与唇mucosa of mouth and lips口腔（唇）oral cavity (lips)口瘢痕挛缩cicatricial contracture of mouth口疮aphtha口角angle of mouth唇（口角）干裂cheilosis (angular cheilosis)皱裂eha

22、gades口裂oral fissure干燥（湿润）dry (moist)口唇干燥xerocheilia (desiccation fissure)口臭halitosis (ozostomia)口唇（腔）疱疹herpes labialis (of mouth)口唇肥厚lips pachynsis口角糜烂perleche口腔坏疽oral gangrene柯泼力克氏斑Kopliks spots口腔白斑（溃疡形成）oral leukoplakia (ulceration)口水（口涎增多）saliva (ptyalism)口周苍白（雀斑）circum-oral pallor (freckle)闭口困难o

23、pen bite (closure lips irreducible)张口受阻（困难）limitation (difficulty) of mouth opening15、牙齿tooth牙表面tooth surface牙不齐odontoloxy (alignment disorder,malalignment)牙发育不全（异常）metodontiasis (dysplasia dentalis)牙根折断dental root fracture牙齿缺失anodontia (absence of the tooth)牙脱落odontoptosis (lose a tooth)缺齿missing t

24、eeth残根residual root牙松动odontoseisis (loosening of the tooth)牙垫bite-block牙磨损tooth abrasion牙骨质增生hypercementosis牙冠破裂cracking of crown牙石odontolith (tartar,dental calculus)牙列拥挤crowded dentition牙缝宽wide interdental space牙萌出过迟（早）delayed (premature) eruption of tooth牙线dental floss牙髓腔（炎）pulp cavity (pulpitis)拔

25、牙extract (pull out ,draw out,put out) a tooth假牙false (artificial tooth)假牙prosthesis镶牙insert tooth龋齿decayed teeth (dental caries)龋洞carious cavity牙面色素沉着pigmentation of tooth surface牙关紧闭trismus (lockjaw)牙触（叩击）痛tooth tenderness (percussion pain)牙周囊肿（感染，萎缩）periodontal cyst (infection,atrophy)16、牙龈gum (gi

26、ngiva)牙龈出血（囊肿，坏疽，撕裂）gingival bleeding (cyst,gangrene,laceration)牙龈充血（肿胀，糜烂）gingival engorgement (swelling,erosion)牙龈萎缩（增生）gingival atropy (hyperplasia)牙龈（牙周）溢脓gingival pyorrhea (peripyema)牙龈脓肿gumboil17、舌tongue舌背静脉dorsal lingual veins舌颤动tremulous tongue (lingual tremor)舌淀粉样变性amyloid degeneration of t

27、ongue舌后坠glossocoma舌尖麻木tongue tip numbness舌裂split tongue舌脓肿（溃疡）tongue abscess (ulcer)舌乳头（体，背）papillae (body, dorsum) of tongue舌苔coated (furred) tongue地图（草莓，镜面）舌geographic (strawberry, marror face) tongue裂纹（牛肉）舌wrinkled (beefy) tongue毛舌hairy tongue舌光滑（粗糙）smooth (rough) tongue舌滤泡lingual follicles舌干燥sau

28、sarism舌肌萎缩（肥厚）atrophy (hypertrophy) of tongue muscle舌系带过短tongue tie (ankyloglossia)舌下囊肿（溃疡，脓肿，肿块）sublingnal cyst (ulcer, abscess, tumor)伸舌困难（偏斜）difficulty (deviation) of tongue extenison movement18、咽和扁桃体pharynx and tonsil鼻（口）咽nasal (oral) pharynx扁桃体不肿大no enlargement of tonsil无充血和渗出no injection (cong

29、estion) and exudate脓点（滤泡，白色小点）beads of pus (follicle, white particle)扁桃体出血（感染，肥大，溃疡）hemorrhage (infection, hypertrophy, ulcer) of tonsil扁桃体肿大swelling of tonsil扁桃体（后，周围）脓肿tonsillar (retrotonsillar, peritonsillar) abscess扁桃体缺如tonsil deletion扁桃体隐窝（窝）tonsillar crypts (fossa)咽部异物（溃疡，分泌物）pharyneal foreign

30、 body (ulcer, secretion)咽后壁淋巴滤泡增生retropharyneal folliculosis咽部干燥（疱疹，充血，水肿）dryness (herpes, congestion, swelling) of throat咽反射pharynx reflex咽下不能dysphagia腮腺肿大enlargement of parotid gland19、喉larynx白喉（喉白斑）diphtheritic croup (leukoplakia of larynx)喉闭锁atretolemia喉梗阻laryngemphraxis (laryngeal obstruction)喉

31、痉挛（狭窄）laryngeal spasm(laryngo-stenosis)喉头痉挛laryngospasm喉反射laryngeal reflex喉坏死（钙化）necrosis (calcification)of larynx喉瘘（囊肿，脓肿，息肉，血肿，异物）laryngeal fistula(cyst,abscess,polyp,hematoma,foreign body)喉膨出laryngocele喉缺失absence of largnx喉头水肿laryngeal edema声嘶（哑）hoarseness (dumbness)变（失）声mutation (loss) of voice失

32、音aphonia发音（构音）障碍pararthria (dysarthria)喉部感觉缺失laryngeal anesthesia会厌发育不全（擦伤，裂，囊肿，脓肿）agenesis (abrasion, fissure, cyst, abscess) of epiglottis会厌分叉（结节）bifid epiglottis(epiglottic tubercle)声带肥厚hypertrophy of vocal cords声带麻痹vocal cord paralysis声带小结vocal nodule声带息肉polyp of vocal cord声门痉挛glottis spasm声门下狭窄

33、subglottic stenosis20、颈部neck颈部创伤neck trauma颈部淋巴结（囊肿）cervical lymph node (cyst)颈动脉窦按摩carotid sinus massage颈强直neck rigidity (stiff-neck rigidity, stiff neck)颈软soft neck (supple)斜颈torticollis角弓反张opisthotonus颈静脉搏动（曲张）jugular pulse (varicosity)颈静脉怒张jugular vein distention (JVD)颈静脉充盈（怒张）jugular vein is fu

34、ll(distention and prominence)库斯毛氏征Kussmauls sign肝颈反流hepatojugular reflex收缩期（舒张期）囊颤systolic (diastolic) thrill颈动脉搏动异常（增强、减弱、消失）abnormal carotid pulsation (increase, decrease, disappearance)21、甲状腺thyroid弥漫（局灶，结节）性甲状腺肿大diffuse (local, nodular) thyroid enlargement甲状腺震颤thyroid tremor震颤thrill甲状腺血管杂音thyroi

35、d vascular murmur甲状腺峡部isthmus of thyroid gland甲状旁腺parathyroid gland甲状腺囊肿（滤泡、肿块，出血）thyroid cyst (follicle, tumor, hemorrhage)22、气管trachea气管插管endotracheal intubation气管痉挛tracheospasm气管囊肿（息肉、狭窄、移位）tracheal cyst (polyp, stenosis ,displacement)气管（向右）偏移displacement of trachea (tracheal deviation to the rig

36、ht)气管居中trachea is in the midline气管内异物intratracheal foreign body第八章 体检（胸腹部）Physical examination(chest and belly)1、肋骨和软组织ribs and soft tissure胸骨上切迹suprasternal notch浮肋free ribs胸壁chest wall扁平（桶状、佝偻、漏头、鸡）胸flat (barrel,rachitic, funnel, pigeon) chest皮下气肿subcutaneous emphysema捻发音Crepitus佝偻病串珠rachitic rosa

37、ry软骨病chondrosteoma脂肪瘤lipoma软骨发育不全achondroplasia (chondrodysplasia)软组织损伤soft tissue injury肋骨畸形abnormality of the ribs(rib deformity, costal anomaly)肋骨串珠（错位）beading (displacement) of rib肋软骨畸形costochondral deformity肋软骨增生costal cartilage hyperplasia肋下切口subcostal incision肋间隙宽（窄）wide (narrow) intercostal

38、space2、乳房breast对称性symmetry乳头内陷（内缩）crater (retracted) nipple乳头皱裂cracked nipple乳头偏斜（抬高）nipple skewness(elevation)乳头溢液nipple discharge乳头脓肿（溃疡、血肿）abscess (ulcer, hematoma) of nipple乳头过小hypomastia乳斑milk spots乳房潮红breast flush乳房出血mastorrhagia乳房过早发育premature thelarche乳房肿胀（脓肿）mammary swelling(abscess)乳房湿疹ecz

39、ema mammae乳房下垂mastoptosis (pendulous breast)乳房萎缩mastatrophy巨乳macromastia乳晕mammary areola乳房硬化zaranthan异常泌乳abnormal lactation男子女性化乳房gynecomastism乳房皮肤红肿erythroswelling of mammary skin乳房桔皮征mammary orange-peel sign乳记局限性凹陷mammary localized pitting乳房瘘管breast fistula正常女性乳房normal female breasts无压痛性肿块nontende

40、r mass3、肺lung呼吸缓慢（急促）bradypnea (tachypnea)呼吸浅慢（深快）hypopnea (hyperpnea)呼吸不规则irregular respiration点头呼吸nodding breathing端坐呼吸orthopnea三凹征retraction sign of three fossae叹息样呼吸sighing respiration浅快shallow and rapid呼（吸）气性呼吸困难expiratory (inspiratory) dyspnea呼吸道烧伤（塌陷）burn (collapse) of respiratory tract(airwa

41、y)呼吸道阻塞respiratory tract obstruction呼吸均匀（呼吸加深或加快）eupnea(exaggerated or acclerated respiratory)呼吸停止apnea呼吸费力respiration is labored语音（触觉）震颤vocal (tactile) fremitus语颤相等（减弱、增强）vocal fremitus is equal(diminished, accentuated)间接（直接）叩诊mediate (immediate) percussion 浊（实、鼓、清、过清、金属）音dullness (flatness, tympan

42、y, vesicular resonance, hyperresonance, bell)移动范围range of movement 呼吸音消失（减弱，增强）absence (diminution, exaggeration) of breath sound呼吸音粗（清）sound of breath(SOB) is rough (clear)支气管（支气管肺泡，肺泡）音bronchophony (bronchovesicular sound, vesicular sound)管状呼吸音tubular breath sound捻发音crepitant rales爆裂音crackles干（湿）罗

43、音dry (moist) rales细（中等、粗）罗音fine (medium, coarse) rales呼（吸）气未罗音end-inspiratory (expiratory) rales胸膜摩擦音pleural friction rub呼（吸）气延长prolonged inspiratory (expiratory)高（低）调鼾音sibilant (sonorous) rhonchi (sonorous rales)哨笛音sibilant rales哮鸣音wheezing小（中、大）水泡音small(middle, big) bubbles支气管语音bronchophony耳语音whis

44、pered羊鸣音egophony高（低）音调high (low)-pitched两肺部（右背部）over both lung fields (right back)两（左）肺底over the both (left) lower lung整个肺野the whole lung field左（右）上（下）肺the left (right) upper (lower) lung肺尖（底）apex (base) of lung4、心脏Heart用手掌（指尖）触诊心尖搏动palpate apical area with palm numbness (fingertips)心前区隆起（凹陷）precord

45、ial bulge (retraction)搏动弥漫（局限）diffuse (local) pulsation负性搏动inward inpulse心尖搏动apex beat (apical impulse)剑突下搏动xiphoideusal pulsaton抬举性心尖搏动heaving apex impulse心尖搏动最强点point of maximal impulse (PMI)锁骨中线mid-calvicular line (MCL)肋间intercostal space (ICS)收缩（舒张）期震颤systolic (diastolic) thrill心浊音界the border of

46、 cardiac dullnes心绝对（相对）浊音界扩大（缩小）enlarged (diminished) absolute (relative) cardiac dullness叩诊心脏大小正常heart size is normal on (to) percussion心脏向左（右）扩大cardiac dilation (enlargement) to the left (right)第1（2、3、4）心音S1(S2,S3,S4)第1心音增强（减弱，听不清）first heart sound is exaggerate (decreased, muffled)生（病）理性杂音（分裂）phy

47、siologic (pathological) murmur (splitting)生理性（固定、反常、逆）分裂physiologic (fixed, paradoxical, reversed) splitting肺动脉瓣第2心音(=，(=，)A2大炮音connon sound心音消失heart sound is absent (disapeared)心音增强（减弱）accentuated (diminished) cardiac sound心音响亮（遥远）cardiac sound is loud (distant)收缩期（舒张期，连续性）杂音systolic (diastolic, co

48、ntinuous) murmur收缩（舒张）前（中、晚）期杂音pre-(mid-, post) systolic (diastolic) murmur全收缩期的holosystolic(pansystolic)全舒张期的holodiastolic (pandiastolic)低（高）音调low (high) pitched递减（递增，递减-递增）性杂音decrescendo (crescendo, decrescendo-crescendo)murmur呈喷射型be ejection in type级喷射型收缩期杂音grade (I-/6) systolic ejection murmur吹风

49、样杂音murmur of puffing character低音调隆隆样low-pitched rumbling quality柔和（粗糙）的soft (harsh or rough)吹风样（喷射性、隆隆样、沙沙声样、搔抓声样、机器声样、汽笛声样、倒水声样）杂音blowing (ejection, rumbling, rustting, scratching, machinary, whistling, pouring )murmur功能性（器质性）杂音functional (organic) murmur血管（静脉）杂音vascular (venous) murmur枪击音pistol sh

50、ot sound静脉营营音venous hum奔马律gallop rhythm胎心律embryocardia心律齐（不齐）regular (irregular) rhythm心律不齐arrhythmia二（三）联律bigeminy (trigeminy)早搏premature (extrasystol)喀嗽音click钟摆律pendular rhythm二尖瓣开瓣音mitral opening snap心包摩擦音pericardial friction sound听诊on auscultation二尖瓣（主瓣，肺瓣，三尖瓣）听诊区mitral (aortic, pulmonary, tricu

51、spid) valve area心包叩击音pericardial knock肿瘤扑落音tumor plop5、腹部abdomen腹（妊娠）纹abdominal striae (striae gravidarum)腹膨隆abdominal distention (prominence)腹平坦（凹陷）abdominal flatness (retraction)蛙状（球状、舟状）腹frog(bulbous, scaphoid) belly (abdomen)腹围增大increased abdominal girth肠型intestinal pattern梯形腹ladder-shaped abdomen胃（小肠）蠕动波gastric (intestinal) peristaltic wave静脉曲张varicosity (dilated tortuous vein)疤痕scar腹壁紧张（松驰）guarding (abdominal muscular relaxation)腹壁切口（创伤）incision (wound) of abdominal