现在完成时过去完成时

1、Grammar and usage,Present perfect tense 现在完成时,结构：肯定：have / has done 否定：have / has not done 疑问：Has /Have + 主语 + done 简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主语 + havent/hasnt.(否定) 被动：has / have been done,注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday,last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能与when连用 3).现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语

2、连用,用法一：表示 ( 不确定的) 过去发生的动作对现在产生影响或造成结果。,I have already lost the key. (我现在没有钥匙) I havent read that book yet . (不了解书的内容) I have just cleaned my hands. (手是干净的),常与already(已经), yet(已经), just(刚刚),ever(曾经) never(从不) ，recently(最近), lately(近来) 等词连用.,already: 常用于肯定句中. yet: 常用于否定句,疑问句尾.,注意： just: 刚刚，与现在完成时连用 ju

3、st now: 刚才，与一般过去时连用 e.g. I have just bought a pen I bought a pen just now.,用法二:表示从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，也可能继续持续下去，只能用于某些延续性动词，常与for,since,或和表示从过去某时到现在这段时间的时间状语（如: so far, up to now, in the last few years/days等）连用。,She has learned English for 5 years. He has lived in Beijing since he was born . Has he liv

4、ed in Shenzhen for 4 years?,since: (自以来) 1)since+时间点 Hehasstayedheresince5oclock. 2)since+ 时间段+ ago Hehasstayedheresince5hoursago. 3)since+ 从句 ShehastaughtEnglishsincehecamehere. for: (长达） for+ 时间段 He has kept the book for 2 weeks.,since , for 的用法:,Take notes,用for 或since填空,Mr. Brown has had his TV _

5、 15 years. Ive taken driving lessons _last month. My sister has had her cell phone _a month . My friends havent visited me _my birthday. We havent used our car _ a long time . She hasnt had a good cup of coffee _years. Tom has worn glasses _he was 7 years old.,for,since,for,since,for,for,since,注意：瞬间

6、动词在肯定句中不能与for，since等表示一段时间的时间状语连用,延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay等。瞬间动词也称非延续性动词、终止性动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open,close,finish,begin,come,go,arrive,reach, getto,leave,die,borrow, buy等。,当现在完成时 + 一段时间 注意： 1)Tom has

7、 studied Russian for three years. =Tom began to study Russian three years ago,and is still studying it now.2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.改为: Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six yea

8、rs.,误,I have received his letter for two days.,正,I received his letter two days ago. I have had his letter for two days. It is two days since I received his letter.,*瞬间动词在否定句中则可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。,I havent received his letter for a long time.,He hasnt married since he broke up with his girlfriend.,动作,d

9、ie,be over,leave,arrive,begin,end/finish,join,marry,be away,be here,be on(上演）,be married,be in,be dead,由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换,1.have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How l

10、ong has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on,b)用“be形容词”代终止性动词 1、bemarried代marry 2、beill代fall (get) ill 4、beasleep代fall (get) asleep 5、beawake代wake/wake up 7、beopen代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、bemissing (gone, lo

11、st) 代lose,用法三：表示一个过去发生的动作到现在为止已完成或刚刚完成。 Now we have planted all the trees. He has turned off the light. Up to now, the program has saved thousands of children. A: “ Would you like something to eat ? ” B: “ No, thanks. Ive just had lunch.”,All of us have heard this many times. I have visited Beijing

12、three times. You dont need to describe her; I have met her several times.,用法四：表示过去发生的一次或多次的动作，一般汉语译为“过”，常带有once，twice, threetimes等频度时间状语,特殊句型：,1.It is + 时间段 since +一般过去时的句子.,他的爷爷已经去世2年了。 Nick 参军3年了. 他离开深圳好长时间了。 这本书我已借了4个月了.,It is 2 years since his grandpa died.,It is 3 years since Nick joined the ar

13、my.,It is a long time since he left Shenzhen.,It is 4 months since I borrowed the book .,句型二: This/It is the first/second 等序数词 time + that 从句(谓语动词用现在完成时),Its the first time that Miss Liu has been to Taojiang.,句型三：It/This/That is the 最高级 + 名词 that 从句（谓语动词用现在完成时）,Its the best film that I have ever see

14、n.,have / has gone to Ive been having a lot of colds. 最近天气变化无常, 我时常感冒。,Usages,用法一：从以前到现在这一段时间里一直在进行的动作，可能仍在进行，也可能已停止。 e.g. 1.It has been raining since last Monday. 自上周一以来就一直在下雨。 2.Shes been watching television all day. 她看了整整一天电视。,用法二：表示一个从过去某时开始的动作一直延续到说话时刚结束。,Where have you been? We have been looki

15、ng for you everywhere.,用法三：表示过去刚刚完成的动作，对现在有联系或影响。,1. Ive been typing letters all day. （I am very tired. ） 一整天都在打信件。（我太累了。） 2. Susan has been crying. （Susans eyes are red.） 苏姗一直在哭。（眼睛都哭红了。）,Practice: How I wish I could bring some laughter to my students who _ so hard. will work B. had worked C. have

16、been working D. were working 2. Isnt it hard to drive downtown to work? -Yes, thats why I _ to work by train. have gone B. have been going C. was going D. will have gone,现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较:,Note 1: 两者都可表示延续至今的状态, 但现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性；而现在完成时着重说明一个事实。 A. They have lived in New York. 他们住在巴黎。 B. They have bee

17、n living in New York. 他们一直住在巴黎。,Note 2: 现在完成时强调结果和影响；现在完成进行时强调动作仍在进行。 1. Ive cleaned the windows. 我把窗户擦干净了。 2. Ive been cleaning the windows. 我一直在擦窗户。(可能窗户尚未擦完),How many times have you swum in the lake?,How long have you been swimming in the lake?,Note 3 :现在完成时表示动作重复的次数，提问时用how many times ;而现在完成进行时则

18、表示持续的不间断的动作，提问时用how long.,I have visited Egypt twice this month.,I have been touring Egypt for two months.,注意：never, yet, already , ever and once, twice等频率时间状语不能用于现在完成进行时。,Note 4 : 现在完成时通常只陈述事实，而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感情色彩。,I have waited for two hours. 我等了两小时。（陈述事实） I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了两个小时。（等得好辛苦）,1. Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. I think so. He _ for it for months. A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing