四级阅读长难句分析(终结版)

1、四级阅读长难句分析,1、句子种类和类型,（一）按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences/Statement）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如： Light travels faster than sound.（说明事实） The film is rather boring.（说明看法） 2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences/Question）：提出问题。有以下四种： a. 一般疑问句（General Questions）： Can you finish the work in time? b. 特殊疑

2、问句（Wh-Questions）： Where do you live? c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）： Do you want tea or coffee? d. 反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）： He doesnt know her, does he? 3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences/Command）：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如： Dont be nervous!别紧张！ 4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences/Exclamation）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如： What good new

3、s it is!多好的消息啊！,（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类： 1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如： She is fond of collecting stamps. 2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如： The food was good, but he had little appetite. 3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如： The film

4、had begun when we got to the cinema.,2. 句子成分,1. 组成句子的成分叫句子成分。 2. 在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。 3. 句子成分由词或词组充当。 4. 英语句子的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。,同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。同位语的表现形式有以下几种： (1) 名

5、词： Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. (2) 代词： I myself will do the experiment. (3) 数词： She is the oldest among them six. (4) 从句： He told me the news that the plane had exploded. (5) 由such as, that is引导 Some subjects, such as maths and physics, are very difficult to learn. (6) 由 of 引导 The city of B

6、eijing has been greatly changed since 2000. (7) 由 or 引导 The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure.,同位语 the Appositive,3、简单句6种基本结构。 1主语系动词表语（A is B.） Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students. 哈佛是最早

7、接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。 2主语及物动词宾语（A does B.） These traditions have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinese people, and on Chinas road of development today. 这些传统，对今天中国人的价值观念、生活方式和中国的发展道路，具有深刻的影响。 3主语不及物动词（A leaves.） In 1847, Chinese student Rong Hong and others came to the Unit

8、ed States as the first group of Chinese students to study here. 1847年，中国最早的一批留美学生容闳等人赴美求学。,4主语及物动词双宾语（间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物）（A gives B something.） My visit to IBM, AT for example; including etc.）,插入语主要起补充或说明的作用，我们在进行快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略，即忽略不看。但是，笔者在这里要提出的一点是，如果根据文章问题回原文定位句子时，如果定位的关键句子包含了以上插入语中的任何一种形式，则答案往往就在此处。例如

9、： 原文：Finally, other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid, material resources, and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems. 考题： Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of A. instrumental support B. informational support C

10、. social companionship D. the strengthening of self-respect （1）Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually, and adults and teens often do not get a fever. （2005.1） 翻译：普通感冒患者的一些典型症状，如鼻塞、流鼻涕、喉咙发痒，发作比较缓慢，成人和青少年患者一般不会有发热症状。 （2）And in general, flu symptom

11、s including fever and chills, sore throat and body aches come on suddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms. （2005.1） 翻译：一般来说，流感症状包括发烧、发冷、喉咙发痒、浑身疼痛，比普通感冒的症状来得突然和猛烈。 注意：举例有时可以换成短语，如介词短语、不定式短语等等；还可以换成有两个破折号引起的插入语成分。例如： It is 37 years later. Stokoenow devoting his time to writing and editing books

12、 and jounals and to producing video materials on ASL and deaf cultureis having lunch at a caf near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution.(2004.6) 时间过了37年。现在Stoloe致力于撰写和编辑关于美国手语和聋哑人文化的书籍和杂志，以及制作相关的录像材料。,5、并列句连用使得句子变长（主谓宾都可以并列）,并列句是四级阅读理解中的主要句式。出题人会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过剔除多余成分从而使其合并

13、为一个很长的句子。 解决方法：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两个句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后重新还原为几个单独的句子即可。例如： To make matters worse for the government, it soon emerged that the Princesss trip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British governments policy

14、regarding landmines. (2004.6) 翻译：对政府来说，更糟糕的是，不久得知的消息是，王妃的安哥拉之行得到过外事办的批准，并且她事实上非常了解安哥拉的形势和英国政府关于地雷的政策。相当于拆分成三个句子： (1) To make matters worse for the government (2) It soon emerged that the Princesss trip had been approved by the Foreign Office. (3) It soon emerged that she was in fact very well-inform

15、ed about both the situation in Angola and the British governments policy regarding landmines.,6、多重复合句叠加,所谓多重复合句叠加，就是说一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。 解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至关重要。通常采用图表法。例如： （1）Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific ac

16、t that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. (2006.1) 显然，原句子是由有there be引导做主句，后面跟了两个which 引导的定语从句，两者是并列的。比较特殊的是which定语从句中有各自有一个定语从句，像是一个连环套。,总结长难句分析步骤,1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。2、如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的话）；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找

17、出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分，给出全句大意（可用翻译法）。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。3、如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。4、如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。

18、,例. Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material. 如果没有句子的宏观感觉，在理解的时候就会比较费劲。不少同学是一个单词一个单词往下理解，结果发现很难把分散理解的信息串成一个符合逻辑的整体。如果用图形的方式把句子结构分析出来，我们就能较好理解了。 主语

19、：Recycling 谓语： stimulates the local economy by and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries (that)by 显然，这句话是一个主语做了两件事情,每件事情还有by引导的状语，第二件事情还有that引导的定于从句修饰前面的名词。,四级长句结构分析与翻译,1. The fridges effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has bee

20、n insignificant. 1. 冰箱对人类幸福贡献不多，但他对环境的影响倒是不小。,2. There is another conversation, which from our point of view is equally important, and that has to do not with what is read but with how it is read. 2. 依我们看，还有另一种对话同样重要，它与所读的内容无关，而与阅读的方式有关。,3. Decision-thinking is not unlike pokerit often matters not o

21、nly what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. 3. 作决定就像打扑克一样，不仅你心里怎么想，而且别人认为你心里怎么想，以及你认为他们认为你心里怎么想，常常是很重要的。也就是说：作决定就像打扑克，知己知彼非常重要。 (29个词的句子，有四个从句，即：在主语部分中，“but also”后面的“what others think you think”中的“what”是“you think”的宾语，而不是“others think”的宾语。因此，这个从句

22、意为“别人认为你心里怎么想”；“and”后面的“what you think they think you think”中的“what”是最后一个“you think”的宾语，而不是前面的“you think”或“they think”的宾语。另外，“they think”是前面“you think”的宾语，“what you think”又是“they think”的宾语。一个双重否定（not unlike），三处省略( matters)。,4. But it will be the drivers responsibility to make sure that children unde

23、r 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind. 4. 但是，驾驶员有责任让座在前排的14岁以下的乘客系上某种安全带，否则不得坐在前排。,5. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask man

24、y questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. 5.对大多数人来说，海洋是遥远的，除了早期飘洋过海旅行的人或靠海谋生的人之外，没有什么理由询问有关海洋的问题，更谈不上询问海洋里有什么之类的问题。,6. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all his answers, but people should also rely on their own internal compu

25、ters and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong. 6. 当然，如果计算机得出的全部答案均需复查一遍，花钱买计算机就毫无意义。不过人们也应该信赖自身内部的计算能力，一旦感觉到计算机得出的结果有不对之处，就必须进行复查。,7. Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course, which he attends, gives him a

26、credit, which he may count towards a degree. 7. 大学生通常必须修满一定数量的课程才能毕业，每修完一门课就得到相应的学分，累计到一定量便能拿到学位。,8. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupils technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expr

27、essions of the childs deep feelings. 8. 这种评语可能是对该学生写作技巧的严厉批评，但同时也是对那个未曾仔细阅读学生作文的教师令人遗憾的做法的批评，因为作文中包含表达学生深刻感情的一些优美词句。,9. A breakthrough in the provision of(在方面 ) energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be

28、provided in the EECs research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EECs scientific laboratories at Ispra, near Milan.,9. 在米兰附近的伊斯普拉的欧共体科学试验室进行太阳能试验的欧洲经济共同体资深科学家认为，只要略微增加欧洲经济共同体在利用太阳能方面的研究经费，就能使这方面的研究提前20年取得突破。,10. Mr.Gretz calculates

29、even though solar energy only provided three percent of the EECs needs, this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year. 10. 格雷茨先生计算得出，即使太阳能只解决欧共体对能源需求的3%，每年也能为其节约价值约10亿英镑的进口能源所需的费用。,11. At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primar

30、y nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. 11. 贝斯以色列医院为每一位病人指派一名责任护士，责任护士要与指派给他的病人做深入交谈，并对病人的身体状况作全面纪录，内容包括从病史到病人情绪的一切事情。,12. Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of

31、the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. 12. 巴普塞克将发光器直接放在婴儿面前，他观察到如下有趣的现象：有时婴儿并不回头仔细看灯，但是灯亮的时候就会发出“咯咯的笑声”。,13. Complaining is usually most effective when it

32、is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. 13. 通常，投诉如果既有礼貌，又很坚决又极有效，尤其是当消费者能说明有问题的商品的毛病所在时。,14. So we sleep well when we are in a familiar, safe place, but we sleep lightly, if at all, when we fear that bears will nose into

33、the tent. 14. 因此，我们身处熟悉，安全的环境时就睡得好，而担心熊会闯入帐篷时就睡不好。,15. When children understand that the light of the lighting flashing reaches their eyes almost at the same moment, but the sound of the thunder takes about 5 seconds to travel just one mile, they can begin to time the interval between the flash and

34、the crash to learn how close they were to the actual spark.,15. 假如孩子们明白闪电发出的光几乎同时到达他们的眼睛，而雷声约5秒钟才传播1英里，那他们就可以开始给闪电和雷声二者的间隔计时，以了解自己离实际火花的远近。,16. Most people would agree that, although our age exceeds all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no corresponding increase in wisdom. 16. 大多数人都会同意这一看法：

35、尽管当代在知识方面超越了过去所有的时代，但智慧方面并无相应的增加。,17. When they get sick, we transfer them to a hospital, where children are forbidden to visit terminally ill patients- even when those patients are their parents. 17. 他们生病时，我们把他们转到医院，而孩子们不许探望患有不治之症的病人，即使病人就是他们的父母也不行。,18. When we talk about someones personality, we m

36、ean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different form others. 18. 我们所说的个性是指示个人与他人不同的行为，言谈，思维和感觉等方式。,19. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. 19. 研究

37、行为与结果之间的关系的行为主义者认为：奖励能提高工作和学习表现。,20. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others. 20. 研究精神生活各个方面的认知学派研究人员则认为：奖励促使学生对别人给予的肯定和礼物有依赖心理，常常会破环他们的创造性。,21. Such enormous numbers u

38、sed to discourage us and cause us to dismiss the possibility of making a machine with human-like ability, but now that we have grown used to moving forward at such a pace we can be less sure. 21. 如此巨大的数目过去常常使我们感到泄气，以至于放弃了制造具有人类大脑功能的机器人的想法，然而由于我们已经习惯于如此迅速的发展，我们不再认为没有可能制造具有人类大脑功能的机器人了。,22. Further ahe

39、ad, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power. 22. 进一步展望未来，通过这个新时代所产生的巨大财富和新技术的结合，人类可望在太空建立一个浩大的可供千万人居住的世界。,23. It is also

40、possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice. 23. 学生也能在攻读学位期间到其他学校修课，不过实际上通常不这么做。,24. A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement spread ever

41、farther westward. 24. 随着新拓居地不断向西推进，快速长途运输方式这个问题亟待解决。,25. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumers favor, assuming he or she has a just claim. 25. 在这种情况下，假如消费者提出的要求合理，常常按对其有利的方法解决。,26. People will be alert and receptive if they are faced with information that gets them to think about th

42、ings they are interested in. 26. 假如人们面对的信息使他们思考自己感兴趣的事物，他们就会警觉起来，而且表现出较强的接受能力。,27. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade. 27. 但是他指出欧洲经济共同体在这方面的研究经费只要在现有水平上略微增加

43、，到下个十年的末期就有可能取得突破。,28. And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be possible to satisfy a much bigger share of the Communitys future energy needs. 28. 他认为如果能在这方面采用更先进的技术，满足欧共体未来能源需求的比例可能更大。,29. But with the renewed concern about pesticides

44、 on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation. 29. 但是随着人们重新关注杀虫剂对农产品的影响，以及红外线扫描技术的改进，Paley希望能重操旧业。,30. The sight of Barney Clark- alive and conscious after trading his diseased heart for a metal and plastic pump- convinced the press, the public and many do

45、ctors that the future had arrived. 30. 新闻界，公众和许多医生看到巴尼克拉克以一个金属和塑料制成的人造心脏换下自己患病的心脏后仍然或者，并且头脑清醒，于是他们相信患者们的光明未来已经到来,31. Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. 31. 试图探索婴儿从发声到开始说话的过程是十分困难的。,32. The problem then aris

46、es as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech. 32. 问题是中模仿到了什么程度可以算是讲话了。,33. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it. 33. 假如不那么做，你可能被送上法庭，导师如果你不能向法

47、庭证明你有理由可以不系安全带，你将会被罚款。这一点你必须牢记在心。,34. Oceanography has been defined as “The application of all sciences to the study of the sea.” 34. 海洋学被定义为“综合应用所有科学学科对海洋进行的研究”。,35. Yet, unfortunately, few attempts have been made to educate fathers in this resocialization process. 35. 然而，令人遗憾的是，很少有人试图给处于这个再社会化过程中的

48、父亲提供教育。,36. For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies- and other creatures- learn to do things because certain cats lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. 36. 过去一段时间以来人们普遍接受一种观点，即婴儿和其他生物学做某些动作，是因为做这些动作可以得到“奖赏”没有理由怀疑这一点的正确性。,37. But is used also to be w

49、idely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drives” as thirst or hunger. 37. 过去人们也普遍相信“产生预期效果的奖赏”都与人的基本生理需要，如口渴，饥饿等直接相关，至少在婴儿时期如此。,38. It is argued by some writers that the transition to the fathers role, although diffi

50、cult, is not nearly as great as the transition the wife must make to the mothers role. 38. 有些作家认为，(丈夫向)父亲角色的转变尽管困难，但不如妻子必须向母亲角色转变那么大。,39. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States. 39. 它把城镇和人们相互联系起来，对统一美国起了促进作用。,40. Although numerous books have been written about A

51、merican mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of a father. 40. 尽管写美国母亲的书很多，但是文学指示最近才开始关注父亲的角色。,41. Pinned to their drawing boards are blueprints for improved quake-resistant buildings. 41 他们的绘图板上钉着改进的防震楼的设计蓝图。,42. A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands

52、out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. 42. 艾森伯格认为：如果一个老师不断地要求学生把注意力放在奖励上，并对一般的成绩也大方的送以高分，最终只能培养出没有创造力的学生。,43. In earlier grades, the use of so-called token（象征） economics, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points towards valued rewards , shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.,43. 德拉华大学心理学家指出：对小学生运用所谓的象征性奖励制度，即学生解决一定要动脑筋才能解决的问题，同时根据表现的好坏得到一定的分数，直到获得宝贵的奖赏，这有望使学生更加努力，更好发挥创造性。,44. The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanen