核能专业英语

1、第一课词汇： Concept概念, conception概念, conceive构想、理解 Isotope同位素, isomer同质异能素 element, atom, nucleus, nucleon element, elements, molecule, molecules, molecular atom, atoms, atomic, nucleusnju:klis，nu:klis原子核, nuclei, nuclear, nucleonnju:klin核子, nucleons, nucleonic核子的 particle, particles, fissile易裂变的, fissio

2、nable可以发生裂变的 fertile可裂变的，fertile materials增殖材料 fission, fusion, decay inner, innermost / outer, outermost chain reaction fragment碎片Expression： times A is ten times B. varies inversely as E equals m times c squared. E = mc2 the n-th power of a: an result in / result from is accompanied by / correspon

3、d to The discovery of fission was made in Germany in 1938 by Hahn. Be composed of 由组成 Binding energy 结合能 Discrete excited states 不连续的激发态 Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射 Ev：electron-volt Conservation of mass/energy 质量/能量守恒练习： 电子带负电，质子带正电。 Electron is negatively charged，proton is positively charged。 在任

4、何质量变化的反应中，质量的减少与能量的释放相伴，而质量的增加与能量的吸收相随。 In any reaction in which mass changes，a decrease of mass is accompanied by the release of energy，and an increase of mass corresponds to the absorption of energy。 电荷间的静电斥力与它们之间距离的平方成反比。 The force of electrostatic repulsion between like charges varies inversely

5、as the square of their separation。 通常，原子核存在于能量为基态的平衡态或者说稳定的条件下。 Normally atomic nuclei exist in an equilibrium or stable condition known as their ground state of energy。 原子的质量并不等于组成它的粒子质量之和。 The mass of atom is not equal to the sum of the masses of its constituent particles。 E=mc2：E is equal to m ti

6、mes c squared。 1u = 1.660410-27kg One u equals 1.6604 times 10 to minus 27 kg。第二课词汇： Qualitative定性的, quantitative定量的 matter exposed to beta particles暴露在粒子中的物质 in addition to .除了 in competition with与什么竞争 present no shielding problem不产生防护问题 cross section截面 special theory of relativity狭义相对论 potential s

7、cattering势散射 principle原则、主义, principal首要的、主要的 compound nucleus formation复合核的产生 (deformation 变形) ionization 电离 irradiate 辐照 spectrum of energies 能谱 transition 转换 transmit 传输，传导 练习： 有一种辐射叫做韧致辐射。 There is a kind of radiation called bremsstrahlung。 除了X射线辐射以外，有一种辐射叫做韧致辐射。 In addition to the X-rays，there

8、is another radiation called bremsstrahlung。 除了由电子变换轨道引起的X射线辐射以外，还有一种类似的辐射叫做韧致辐射。 In addition to the X-rays due to the transitions in the electronic orbits，a similar radiation called bremsstrahlung produced。 光子与物质的相互作用 Gamma ray interactions with matter。 光电效应，康普顿散射，电子对效应。 Photoelectric Effect，Photon-

9、electron Scattering(Compton Effect)，Electron-Positron Pair production 光子与物质的相互作用包括光电效应，康普顿散射和电子对效应。 The interactions between Gamma ray and matter include Photoelectric Effect、Compton Effect and pair production。 与结合能相比， In comparison with the energy of binding of the structure 入射能量越高，其作用效果就越明显。 The h

10、igher is the energy of projectile，the greater is the effect。 与结合能相比，入射能量越高，其作用效果就越明显。 The higher the projectile energy in comparison with the energy of binding of the structure，the greater is the effect。 Gamma辐射有着比beta粒子要强得多的穿透力从而存在着严重的防护问题。 Gamma radiation has a much greater penetration power in ma

11、tter than beta particles，and consequently(因此) presents a serious shielding problem。第三课词汇： to illustrate为了说明 counterpart配对物 rest energy / inherent energy静止能量 special relativity狭义相对论 linear momentum / angular momentum 线动量/角动量 magnitude大小、数量、量级 / direction方向、趋势 recoil反作用、弹回 as sketched in Fig.3.3如图3.3所

12、示 diminish in strength with distance强度随着距离减小 is proportional to成比例的 vary inversely as 与成反比 elastic scattering弹性散射/ inelastic scattering非弹性散射 in contrast with.和形成对比 penetrate 穿透 kinetic energy 动能 moderator 慢化剂 an array of 一排、一群、一批 account for 考虑练习： 和带电粒子相比，中子作为电中性的粒子，不需要很高的能量就能穿透原子核。 in contrast with

13、 charged particles, neutrons as neutral particles need not have high energy to penetrate the nucleus. 严格地讲，我们必须考虑所有的狭义相对论效应，包括粒子速度引起的质量增加。 Strictly speaking, we should account for all effects of special relativity, including mass increase with particle speed. 让我们通过一些计算来说明这些观点。 Let us illustrate thes

14、e ideas by some calculations. 当中子减速到和慢化剂原子的热振动相当的能量区域时，它们会在碰撞中失去或者获得能量。 As neutrons slow into energy region that is comparable to the thermal agitation of the moderator atoms, they may either lose or gain energy on collision.第四课词汇： Melt熔化, freeze冻结, volatilize挥发, boil沸腾, sublimate升华, solidify凝固 in o

15、ne form or another 各种形式的 in excess of超过 disperse分散，传播 impurity不纯，杂质 aluminium铝 magnesium镁 zirconium锆 beryllium铍 stainless steel不锈钢 uranium 铀 ； uranium dioxide 二氧化铀 ； plutonium 钚 helium 氦 compensate 补偿 adequate 充分的 thermodynamic 热力学的 eliminate from排除 buildup 累积练习： 它既可以以纯铀，也可以储如UO2和UC的化合物形式在反应堆中使用。 It

16、 can be used in reactor either as pure uranium or as a compound such as UO2 or UC. 对一个热反应堆的慢化剂的要求，也就是低质量数、非常小的中子俘获截面和大的散射截面，将选择限制于很少的材料之间。 The requirements of the moderator for a thermal reactor, namely low mass number, very low neutron capture cross-section and high scattering cross-section, limit

17、the choice to only a few materials. 将水在动力反应堆中用作慢化剂的主要问题与其不适宜的热力学性质有关。 The main problem associated with the use of water as moderator in a power reactor concerns its rather unfavorable thermodynamic characteristics. 重水大部分物理性质和热力学性质与水相似。 Heavy water is similar to water in its most of physical and ther

18、modynamic properties. 一些气体冷却剂由于这样或那样的原因可被排除在考虑范围之外。 Some gaseous coolants can be eliminated from consideration for one reason or another. 氦是惰性的，有良好的热力学性质，不存在放射性危险，所以它可被认为是理想的气体反应堆冷却剂. Helium is inert, has good thermodynamic properties and does not pose a radioactive hazard, so it might be regarded a

19、s the ideal gaseous reactor coolant. 燃料包壳材料需要非常低中子俘获截面、良好的热导率和高温下良好的强度以经受热应力，燃料解体和包壳内部裂变产物气体压力的累积。 The fuel cladding materials require a very low neutron capture cross-section, good thermal conductivity and good strength at high temperature to resist thermal stresses, deformation of fuel and buildup

20、 of fission product gas pressure inside the cladding.第五课词汇： self-sustaining自持式 chain reaction链式反应 explosive爆炸的 depend on依据，依靠 concentration浓缩，浓度 more dense than比更密集、浓厚 lie(lies, lay, lain, lying) in The secret that capitalists exploit labor lies in surplus value. lie to(lies, lied, lied, lying) argu

21、ment争论，辩论，论据 use sth up/ use up sth 用尽 enriched uranium ； depleted uranium breeding ratio 增殖率 fraction 小部分 a fraction of subdivide 细分 subdivide into练习： 一个稳定自持链式反应的必要条件是一次裂变产生的中子之一会导致第二次裂变，从中产生的一个中子继续导致第三次裂变，余此类推。 The condition that is necessary to a stable, self-sustain chain reaction is that one of

22、 the neutrons produced in one fission proceeds to cause the second fission from which one neutron goes on to cause the third one, and so on. 下面简单的论证说明了这个观点。 The following simplified argument illustrate this point. 如果增殖系数远小于1，则只有一小于部分可利用的铀被用掉。 If breeding ratio is much less than 1, only a fraction of

23、 the available uranium is used up. 相似的利用了Th232-U233的增殖过程的想法应用于反应堆， Similar ideas apply to reactors making use of 232Th-233U breeding process. 在即为增殖又为动力生产设计的反应堆里，其堆芯可以被细分为两个区域。 In reactors designed for breeding as well as power production, the core may be subdivided into two regions.第六课词汇： Withstand抗

24、拒，忍受 Erosion腐蚀 Vacant真空 Fabrication制造 phenomenon/phenomena现象 yield生产 entitle/name/call命名 consumption 消费、消耗量练习： 动力反应堆被设计成能经受高温效应、流动的冷却剂腐蚀和核辐射。 The power reactor is designed to withstand the effect of high temperature, erosion by moving coolant and nuclear radiation. 首要的和最重要的考虑是能量的产生，它和燃料的消耗直接相关。 The

25、first and most important consideration is energy production, which is directly relation to fuel consumption. 反应堆通过控制棒位置的调节被引入满功率和运行温度和压力（的状态）。 The reactor is brought to full power and operating temperature and pressure by control rod position adjustments. 既然在一年的运行循环之中不能再加入燃料，那么那些需要被消耗的燃料一开始就必须被装入。 S

26、ince no fuel is added during the operating cycle of the order of a year, the amount to be burned must be installed at the beginning.第七课词汇： Conduction传导, convection对流, radiation热辐射 Conductivity 传导率 impart sth to sb向某人传授 把分给某人 convert A to B 把A转换成B transmit传送，传达 in the vicinity of/near在附近，接近，大约 bear i

27、n mind 记住 nucleate boiling核态沸腾 film boiling膜态沸腾 subcooled boiling过冷沸腾 gradient 梯度 thermohydraulic 热工水力学 the rate of heat flow 热流率 slop of temperature 温度的斜率 temperature gradient 温度梯度练习： 对流致冷取决于许多因素，诸如流速，流动通道的形状和大小，冷却剂的热学性质，换热面积和表面与冷却剂的温差。 Convective cooling depends on many factors such as fluid speed

28、, the size and shape of flow passage, the thermal properties of the coolant, as well as the area exposed and the temperature difference between surface and coolant. 热，作为一种能量形式，有三种传递方式：热传导，热对流和热辐射。 Heat, as one form of energy, is transmitted by three methodsconduction, convection and radiation. 热流率与温

29、度的斜率，也就是温度梯度成正比。 The rate of heat flow is proportional to the slop of temperature, i.e. the temperature gradient.第十课词汇：ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)： ASME 锅炉与压力容器规范Core support barrel：A circular cylinder, including a external ring flange at the top, supports the lower support structure

30、.堆芯吊篮Austenitic stainless steel奥氏体不锈钢Nil-ductility transition temperature脆性转变温度Charpy impact test 摆锤冲击实验Threshold detector 阈探测器练习：1. What is the reactor vessel comprised of? The reactor vessel system is comprised of the reactor vessel assembly, supports, level indication and surveillance specimens.2

31、. Describe the structure of the reactor vessel.The reactor vessel is a large cylindrical vessel which serves to contain and support the core and internals (堆内构件).3. What does the reactor vessel assembly consist of?The reactor vessel assembly consists mainly of a removable hemispheric upper closure h

32、ead(半球形上封头), a vessel flange(容器法兰), three shell section(upper, inter-mediate and lower) and a hemispheric bottom head(底封头).4. Whats the relationship of the reactor vessel flange, core barrel and the reactor fuel?The vessel flange is a forged ring with a machined ledge on the inside surface to suppor

33、t the core barrel(堆芯吊篮), which in turn supports the reactor internals and the core. The reactor fuel is supported by the core barrel。5. How to monitor the water level within the reactor vessel? The water level within the reactor vessel for the system 80+ design is monitor using inadequate core cooli

34、ng monitoring system (ICCMS, 堆芯冷却监测系统) and Shutdown Reactor Coolant Level Monitor(SRCLM, 停堆冷却剂水位监测).ICCMS servers to monitor vessel temperature and water level inventory continuously during normal, Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA, 冷却剂流失事故) and post-LOCA.SRCLM servers to monitor the water level in the

35、 reactor vessel during refueling operation.6.What factors influence the cooldwon time from operating temperature to refueling temperature? This duration is dictated solely by the rate of change of decay heat generation, and the capacity of the shutdown cooling system.( Plant heatup rate is limited b

36、y the heat input from the pumps.)7. How to test the reactor vessel material and Why to test?Surveillance specimens are provided for preirradiation testing(辐照前测试) to establish the baseline properties, and for irradiation exposure(辐照) within the reactor to determine the changes which occur in these pr

37、operties as a result of neutron irradiation(中子辐照).Pre-irradiation testing：Standard and pre-crack charpy impact specimens(标准的和断裂前的摆锤冲击样品) ; Drop weight specimens (落锤样品) ; Tensile and compact tension specimens (拉伸及紧凑拉伸样品).8. Please list the materials investigated?9. Please list the functions of the re

38、actor vessel internals?Providing the structure support for the core and fuel located within the reactor vessel ;Guiding the primary coolant through the core ;Providing for the alignment of the core with the CEAs, CEMDs, and instrumentation ;Serving as a shield to protect the reactor vessel from radi

39、ation damage.10. What does the reactor vessel internals consist of?Core support barrel assembly and Upper guide structure assembly11. Please list the components of the core support barrel. It consists of the core support barrel, the lower support structure, snubbers (缓冲器) and the core shroud assembl

40、y.第11课词汇：Feed pump 给水泵：the pump forcing the condensate from condenser to steam generator.Pressurizer 稳压器Containment 安全壳：A term used in power plant to cover the pumps, heat exchangers, valves and other equipment, which accompany with the primary system.Reactor vessel 反应堆容器：The vessel in which the cor

41、e, moderator, coolant and control rods are situated.Primary coolant system 主冷却剂系统Chemical shim 化学补偿：Changes in reactivity or in reactor conditions are compensated for by varying the concentration of boric acid in the coolant.Hot shutdown 热停堆ASME：American Society of Mechanical Engineers 美国机械工程师协会ANS：

42、American Nuclear Society 美国核协会Boil dry time 蒸干时间：the time of evaporating all water in the steam generator to steamThermal shock 热冲击练习：1. Describe the coolant circulation in the reactor vessel. The core is cooled by water which flows downward through an annulus around the core and then upward through

43、 the core, then the core is cooled. The heated water leaves the core through one of several pipes, each of which leads to a steam generator (SG).The cooled water leaving the steam generator is returned to the core by a large coolant pump, and the steam produced flows to a turbine (汽轮机) , which drive

44、s the electrical generator.2. Whats the function of the control rod?Control rods are provided to control the nuclear reaction, to change power level, and to shut the reactor down。3. Whats the function of the containment?Containment structures are required now in all countries to contain potential re

45、lease of radioactivity from the plant and to protect against external natural or man-made forces such as earthquake, floods, tornadoes, tsunamis, fires and even airplane crashes.4. Whats the function of components classified into Safety class 2 to fulfill a safety function ( to shutdown the reactor;

46、 to provide cooling for the core or the containment; to cool another safety system; to contain and control radioactivity that may be released in an accident, etc.).5. How to control the reactor power distribution and reactivity?Fuel loading patternBurnable absorber rod depletionChemical shim reactiv

47、ity controlPatterns of CEA insertion and withdrawal.（反应性引入或移出方式）6. Please list the advantages using control rod only to change operating power level?The ability to change power level using control rods only (without adjusting boron concentration) has been provided, simplifying reactivity control and

48、 reducing liquid waste processing requirement.7. What are improvements of system 80+ steam generator?Steam generators include Inconel 690（因康镍690合金）, improved steam dryer efficiency (蒸汽干燥效率) and 17% increase in overall heat transfer area, and a 10% increase in tube plugging margin(管堵塞裕量).Steam genera

49、tors also has a 25% larger secondary feedwater inventory to extend the boil dry time (蒸干时间) and improve system response to upset condition. And the operating hot leg temperature has been reduced from 327to 324.Steam generator improvements also including larger and repositioned manways（人孔）, a standby

50、 recirculation nozzle, and a redesigned flow distribution plate（流量分配挡板）have been made to facilitate maintenance, and to maintain long term integrity.8. Please list advantages of using ring-forging.Pressure vessel is ring-forged（锻造环）reducing the numbers of weld and overall complexity, thus reducing t

51、he fabrication time; Also eliminating concern for thermal shock（热冲击）.9. Please list the advantages of interior-periphery refuel strategy.reducing neutron leakage;improving fuel economy;reducing irradiation of the pressure vessel.10. How to accomplish(实现)the reactivity insertion? CEA withdrawal;Dilut

52、ion of reactor coolant boron concentration;Reduction of reactor coolant temperature;11. What information can we find from the flux distribution?The flux distribution(注量率分布) in the reactor core is used in the calculation of other important core parameters such as peak liner heat rates (峰值线性热率), axial

53、 power distributions, azimuthal tilts (方位角偏差) and limits to departure from nucleate boiling (DNB). （堆芯中子注量率用于计算堆芯其他重要的参数，如峰值线性热率，轴向功率分布，（中子通量）方位角偏差以及对脱离泡核沸腾（DNB）的限制等。）第12课词汇：Burnable absorber rod 可燃吸收棒Doppler Feedback Effect 多普勒反馈效应Spacer grid 定位格架Creep 蠕变Swelling 肿胀Reactivity worth 反应性价值Magnetic pu

54、lse welding 磁力脉冲焊练习：1. How to achieve negative reactivity in reactor?CEA insertion；Increasing reactor coolant boron concentration；Increasing reactor coolant temperature；2. What factors would influence the reactivity during normal operation?Position of CEA； coolant average temperature； coolant boron

55、concentration。3. Please list the barriers against the release of fission products. (1) The ceramic pellets operate well below the melting point, then retain most of the fission products within the structure of the fuel;(2) Hermetically sealed Zircaloy-4 cladding tube contains the released fission pr

56、oducts.4. Describe the reactor core configuration simply.The reactor core consists of an array of mechanically identical fuel assemblies in an arrangement that approximates a right circular cylinder. The core is comprised of : control element assemblies, in-core instrumentation assemblies, neutron sources and reactor internals.There are no internal shrouds or channels, then simplifies the reactor design and permits flexibility in fuel arrangement.5. Why does the structure materials in active core zone use zircaloy? All of the structural materials in the active core zone, including the CE