研究生英语综合教程(下)Unit 2

1、高等院校研究生英语系列教材,综合教程（下） INTEGRATED COURSE,2,Sports in Society,Unit 2,Content,Starting out Reading Focus Reading More Practical Translation Focused Writing Final Project,Task 1 Take the quiz on Page 32 and learn more about sports.,Starting out,1. In what year were women first allowed to compete in the

2、Olympic Games? A. 1800. B. 1850. C. 1900.,Starting outTask 1,Key: C,2. Where was the 2006 World Cup held? A. In Germany. B. In South Africa. C. In France.,Starting outTask 1,Key: A,3. What are the three most popular sports in the United States? A. Football, baseball, and basketball. B. Football, soc

3、cer, and basketball. C. Football, hockey, and basketball.,Starting outTask 1,Key: A,4. What does AFC stand for?,Starting outTask 1,Key: American Football Conference,5. What is the championship game of professional US football? A. The Super Bowl. B. The Big Bowl. C. The Great Bowl.,Starting outTask 1

4、,Key: A,6. What was the first sports event to be telecast live? A. The 1972 NBA finals. B. The 1936 Berlin Olympics. C. The 1962 World Cup.,Starting outTask 1,Key: B,7. Which sport is governed by a set of rules known as the Queensberry rules? A. Boxing. B. Cricket. C. Shooting.,Starting outTask 1,Ke

5、y: A,8. Which of the following is essentially an indoor sport? A. Cricket. B. Gymnastics. C. Golf.,Starting outTask 1,Key: B,9. In which country was golf first played? A. Scotland. B. France. C. Thailand.,Starting outTask 1,Key: A,10. From what wood are cricket bats usually made? A. Maple. B. Willow

6、. C. Pine.,Starting outTask 1,Key: B,11. Which sport is called “the sport of kings”? A. Golf. B. Horse racing. C. Surfing.,Starting outTask 1,Key: B,12. When was a safety car first used in Formula 1? A. In 1993. B. In 1985. C. In 1973.,Starting outTask 1,Key: C,Task 2 Look at these newspaper headlin

7、es. Discuss in pairs what you would expect to read in the stories that accompany them. (P33),Starting outTask 2,1. Footballer Faces Suspension After Attack on Spectator Sample:,Starting outTask 2,Eric Cantona, the Manchester United striker, will probably be suspended for the rest of the season after

8、 he attacked a spectator during the match against Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park last night. The incident happened moments after Cantona had been sent off for kicking another player, his sixth send-off in 16 months. As he walked off the field, a spectator was seen running down a gangway from some 2

9、0 rows back, apparently to shout abuse at Cantona, who suddenly turned, jumped over the wall and kicked out at the man, and then punched him.,2. Olympic Champion Swimmer Apologizes for Marijuana Pipe Photo Sample: The Olympic swimming star Michael Phelps quickly acknowledged his poor judgment after

10、a photograph showing him inhaling from a marijuana pipe was published Sunday in an English newspaper. Although his admission is unlikely to affect his swimming eligibility, it could affect the millions of dollars he had secured in endorsement deals. In a statement released Sunday by his marketing ag

11、ency, Octagon, Phelps, who won a record eight gold medals at the Beijing Olympics, did not challenge the legitimacy of the photograph published by the tabloid News of the World.,Starting outTask 2,3. “Own Goal” Defender Shot Dead Outside Restaurant Sample:,Starting outTask 2,A Colombian footballer w

12、as shot dead yesterday by angry fans who blamed him for their sides early exit from the World Cup. Andres Escobar, a defender who scored an own goal during his sides defeat by the United States team, was confronted by a group of men as he left a restaurant in Medellin, 200 kilometers from Bogota. Af

13、ter an argument about his poor performance, they fired 12 bullets. One of the gunmen is reported to have said to Escobar before the shooting, “Thank you for the own goal.”,4. Wimbledon Pays Equal Prize Money Sample:,Starting outTask 2,The Wimbledon Championships will offer women and men equal prize

14、money at this years tournament for the first time. The announcement by the All England Club brings the tournament into line with other Grand Slams, following criticism from officials and players. Wimbledon joins the United States and Australia in paying equal money to women and men across the board,

15、 from the champions down to the first-round losers in all events. The French Open offers the same check only to the champions.,Task 3 Look at the following cartoons carefully, and discuss in groups the message in each cartoon.(P33),Starting outTask 3,Starting outTask 3,Sample: The use of sport as a

16、setting for advertising products is common in many countries. Fees from corporate sponsors are often used to support amateur athletes, events, and the administrative structures of sports organizations.,Starting outTask 3,Sample: Like the greedy golfer, most people assume that the cash rewards for pr

17、ofessional athletes are a source of motivation. However, one of the dangers of commercial sports is that they focus too much on external rewards rather than the intrinsic satisfaction of participation.,Starting outTask 3,Sample: Female athletes have traditionally been excluded or discouraged from pa

18、rticipating in many sports. Statistics show that global collegiate institutions only spend 24% of their athletic operating budgets, 16% of their recruiting budgets and 33% of their scholarship budgets on female athletes. Moreover, less than 1% of all coaches of mens teams and less than 46% of all co

19、aches of womens teams are female. Even if female athletes win at the games, they may receive less prize money or scholarships and less media coverage than male athletes.,Starting outTask 3,Sample: In heavy contact sports, violent behavior and intimidation are often learned as strategies. Although al

20、l players do not feel comfortable with the amount of violence in their sports, they have generally come to accept it. Even those who dont like it may reluctantly use it as a way of improving or maintaining their positions on teams and their popularity with spectators.,Big Sports, Big Cost World spor

21、ting events such as the Olympics and World Cup require billions of dollars of investment and years of planning. But do the investments pay off, helping the local or national economy? Now watch the video and then finish the blank-filling exercise.,Starting out,Click the picture,World sporting events

22、such as the Olympics and World Cup attract hoards of _, bringing _, jobs, money for businesses and _ for local government. Countries compete hard to hold such events. But analysts say that these sporting events are not usually likely to be a _ to the host country. Fariborz Ghadar of Pennsylvania Sta

23、te University points out that host cities of a sporting event tend to _ the benefit while _ both the costs of actually running the operation and the costs of building the _ for the event. George Mason Universitys Tony Samara says that it is not often clear how host cities calculate revenues from maj

24、or sporting events, because bookkeeping can _ from one city to the next. Ghadar also notes that the cost of _ is a major issue that can offset financial gains an event might bring.,spectators,construction projects,tax revenues,net benefit,exaggerate,Starting out,underestimating,infrastructure,vary,s

25、ecurity,Commercialization and Changes in Sports,Reading Focus,Reading Focus,As well as being a form of recreation for the participants, much sport is played in front of an audience. Most professional sport is played in a “theater” of some kind, be it a stadium, arena, golf course, race track, or the

26、 open road, with provision for the (often paying) public. Large television or radio audiences are also commonly attracted, with rival broadcasters bidding large amounts of money for the “rights” to show certain fixtures. The football World Cup attracts a global television audience of hundreds of mil

27、lions; the 2006 Final alone attracted an estimated worldwide audience of well over 700 million. In the United States, the championship game of the NFL, the Super Bowl, has become one of the most watched television broadcasts of the year. Super Bowl Sunday is a defacto national holiday in America; th

28、e viewership being so great that in 2007 advertising space was reported as being sold at $2.6 million for a 30-second slot.,Background Information,Reading Focus Global Understanding,(Para. 1),(Para. 2),(Paras. 3-9),Introduction,Sports have become _.,Reading Focus Global Understanding,commercialized,

29、Three factors that influence spectators attachment to sports,Spectators are attracted by: A. _ B. The risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event. C. _,The uncertainty of an events outcome.,The anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes.,Changes in sports as

30、sociated with commercialization,A. Changes in the format and goals of sports. Sports have _ their basic format and goals. e.g. _ _ B. Changes in the orientations of people involved in sports. a. Without technical knowledge about a sport, spectators are impressed more by _ than by athletic skills and

31、 strategies used by players and coaches. e.g. _ _ _,The basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before.,dramatic expression,Reading Focus Global Understanding,maintained,Those who lack technical knowledge about ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadrup

32、le jumps than by smooth and flawless routines.,b. Sport participants tend to emphasize _ over aesthetic orientations. C. Changes in sport organizations. The control of sport organizations shifts further and further away from _. Their decisions generally reflect the combined economic interests of man

33、y people, but athletes are cut out of _ _,Reading Focus Global Understanding,heroic orientations,the players,decision-making processes even when decisions affect their health and well-being,Task 2,Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false according to the text. Put “T”

34、before a true statement and “F” before a false one. (P 39),Key: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10,T,T,T,F,T,F,T,F,F,T,Reading Focus Detailed Information,Critical Thinking,Reading Focus,Read the following sentences from the text. Interpret the sentences and discuss with your partner whether you agree with the autho

35、r or not. Give specific examples to support your opinions.,1. Commercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the formats and goals of most sports.,Reading FocusCritical Thinking,2. As the need to please nave audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations.,Discuss in group

36、s the following questions.,1. Are there any other things affected by commercialization in the same way as sports? Give specific examples to support your opinions.,Reading FocusCritical Thinking,2. Many people feel that athletes are paid too much. How do you feel about this issue?,1. Fun and “good ga

37、mes” are now defined in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising potential. (Para. 1) in terms of: as regards, expressed as 在方面；以某说法来表达 e.g. 1) Its a mistake to think of Florida only in terms of its tourist attractions. 2)

38、Id rather think of it _ (从投资的角度).,Reading Focus Language Point,in terms of an investment,concession: 1) something that you allow someone to have in order to end an argument or a disagreement 妥协，让步 e.g. Both sides made various concessions, but neither would back down on the crucial points. 2) a speci

39、al right that a particular person or group of people is allowed to have, for example by the government or an employer, or the act of giving or allowing something as a right （政府或雇主等许可的）特权；特许权 e.g. the import/export concessions that had been granted to the island 翻译： 今天，乐趣和“好比赛”的定义取决于门票收入、特许权收入、媒体传播权的

40、出售、市场份额、收视率以及广告潜力。,Reading Focus Language Point,2. We know that whenever any sport is converted into commercial entertainment, its success depends on spectator appeal. (Para. 2) converted into: 1) change (something) from one form or use to another 转变，转换 e.g. They converted the spare bedroom into an

41、office. 2) (persuade someone to) change to a different religion (使某人)改变宗教信仰 e.g. European missionaries converted thousands to Christianity. 翻译： 我们知道，每当任何一项体育运动被转化为商业性娱乐活动时，它的成功就依赖于观众的兴趣。,Reading Focus Language Point,3. To make money on a sport, its necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets

42、 or watch the events on television. (Para. 4) “mass” is used here as an adjective, meaning “involving or intended for a very large number of people”. e.g. 1) 大众传媒 _ 2) 大规模杀伤性武器 _ 3) 大规模生产 _ 4) 大规模抗议活动 _ 5) 大众营销 _,Reading Focus Language Point,mass media,weapons of mass destruction,mass production,a m

43、ass protest,mass marketing,4. Similarly, those who know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless.(Para. 5) The prefix “tri-” in “triple” means “three

44、times” and the prefix “quadr-” in “quadruple” means “four or four times”.,Reading Focus Language Point,1. one: 拉丁前缀 uni-: unique 独一无二的 uniform 制服 希腊前缀 mono-：monologue 独白 2. two: 拉丁前缀 bi- ：bilingual 双语的 bilateral 双边 希腊前缀 di- ：dioxide 二氧化物 disyllable 双音节词 3. three: 拉丁前缀 tri- ：triangle 三角形 tricycle 三轮车

45、 4. four: 拉丁前缀 quadr-：quadrangle 四边形 quadruple 四倍 希腊前缀 tetra- ：tetragon 四边形 tetrahedron 四面体 5. five: 拉丁前缀 quint- ：quintuple 五倍 quintet 五重奏 希腊前缀 pent- ：pentagon 五角大楼 pentathlon 五项全能,routine n. 1) the usual order in which you do things, or the things you regularly do 常规 e.g. Officials at the exchange

46、said yesterday that its current investigation was a matter of routine. 交易所的官员昨日表明，目前的调查只是例行公事。 2) a set of movements, jokes etc that form part of a performance 舞蹈等表演的成套动作 e.g. a dance routine 一套舞蹈动作 routine adj. e.g. 常规手术 _ 定期保养_ 例行手续 _,Reading Focus Language Point,routine operation,routine maintena

47、nce,routine procedure,5. They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going beyond them. (Para. 5) Try to figure out different meanings of “collapse”in each of the following

48、 sentences. 1) Minutes later the second tower collapsed. 2) He collapsed with a heart attack while he was dancing. 3) I thought that without me the whole project would collapse. 4) Share prices collapsed after news of poor trading figures. 交投 数额不佳使股票价格暴跌。,(of a building) fall down,Reading Focus Lang

49、uage Point,(of a person) fall down because of illness, tiredness, etc.,(of a system, idea or organization) fail,(of prices, level, etc.) suddenly become much lower,6. As the need to please nave audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations. (Para. 7) This sentence means that

50、 as the need to please nave audiences grows, increasingly more emphasis is placed on heroic orientations of athletes. 翻译： 取悦无知观众的需求越强烈，就越会强调英雄主义取向。,Reading Focus Language Point,7. These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic

51、actions as signs of true commitment and dedication to their sport. (Para. 7) ethic: (n.) a general idea or belief that influences peoples behavior and attitudes 伦理，道德体系 e.g. People still believe in the traditional work ethic and we are fortunate they do. ethical: (adj.) 1) relating to principles of

52、what is right and wrong 有关道德的 e.g. The use of animals in scientific tests _ _ (提出了一些棘手的伦理道德问题). 2) morally correct 合乎道德的 e.g. It would not be ethical for me, as a doctor, to talk to you about my patients.,Reading Focus Language Point,raises difficult ethical questions,Distinguish between ethic and e

53、thnic: ethic ethical ethnic 1) Only 19 percent of the respondents gave lawyers high marks for maintaining honest and _ standards. 2) To me, so much of it comes back to the work _ and commitment. 3) Employers cannot discriminate on the basis of racial or _ background.,Reading Focus Language Point,eth

54、ical,ethic,ethnic,8. These conditions come under the control of general managers, team owners, corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, professional management staff, accountants, and agents. (Para. 8),Reading Focus Language Point,publicity: n. 1) the attentio

55、n that someone or something gets from newspapers, television etc 公众的注意 e.g. Standards in education have received much publicity over the last few years. 2) the business of making sure that people know about a new product, film etc or what a particular famous person is doing 宣传，广告 e.g. The publicity

56、for the book was poor and sales were low.,该书宣传工作没有做好，所以销量不大。,近几年来，教育标准得到了公众的大量关注。,Task 1 Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate form of the word given and explain its meaning. (P.41),Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,attached,entertaining,entertainment,attachment,1. entertain A. Frankie is known throughout the _ business as an energetic performer. B. Childrens TV programs nowaday