考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷636

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷636

一、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

CigarettesmokingisahealthhazardofsufficientimportanceintheUnitedStates.Itwas

50yearsagothismonththatAmerica'sSurgeonGeneralsoundedthatwarning,marking

thebeginningoftheendofcigarettemanufacturing—andofsmokingitself-asa

respectableactivity.Some20millionAmericanshavediedfromthehabitsincethenBut

advertisingrestrictionsandsmokingbanshavehadtheireffect:theproportionof

Americanadultswhosmokehasdroppedfrom43%to18%;smokingratesamong

teenagersareatarecordlow.Inmanyothercountriesthetrendsaresimilar.Thecurrent

SurgeonGeneral,BorisLushniak,markedthehalf-centurywithareportonJanuary17th,

declaringsmokingevendeadlierthanpreviouslythought.Headdeddiabetes,colorectal

cancerandotherailmentstothelistofillsitcauses,andpromisedend-gamestrategiesto

extinguishcigarettesaltogether.Newtechnologiessuchase-cigarettespromisetodeliver

nicotinelessriskily.E-cigarettesgiveusersahitofvapourinfusedwithnicotine.In

America,salesofthemanufacturer,whoisthefasteste-cigarettes-adopter,havejumped

fromnearlynothingfiveyearsagotoatleast1billionin2013.Atfirst,itlookedasife-

cigarettesmightluresmokersfromthebigtobaccobrandstostartupssuchasNJOY.But

tobaccocompanieshavebiggerwarchests,moreknowledgeofsmokers'habitsandbetter

tiestodistributorsthanthenewcomers.SomeexpertsreckonAmericanswillpuffmoree-

cigarettesthannormaloneswithinadecade,buttobaccofolkareskeptical.E-cigarettes

accountforjust1%ofAmerica'scigarettemarket.InEurope7%ofsmokershadtriede-

cigarettesby2012buton：y1%keptthemup.Andnooneknowswhatsortofrestrictions

regulatorswilleventuallyplaceonreducedriskproducts,includingecigarettes.Ifthese

companiescanmanagethetransitiontolessharmfulsmokes,andconvinceregulatorsto

besensible,thetobaccogiantscouldkeepupthesortofperformancethathasmadetheir

sharessuchafineinvestmentovertheyears.Butsomeanalystsarcnotsosure.Many

tobaccofirmsarestrugglingtodelivertheconsistencyoftheeamings-per-sharemodel

we'veseeninthepast.Ifthatpersists,investorsmayfalloutoflovewiththeindustry.A

half-centuryaftertheSurgeonGeneral'salarm,they,andhopelesssmokers,areitslast

remainingfriends.

1、ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1thatcigarettemanufacturingintheUnited

States.

A^wasofsufficientimportance

B、wasputfbnvardbyAmerica'sSurgeonGeneral

C、begantogodownhill

D、usedtobeanhonorableactivity

标准答案：D

知识点解析：推断题。艰据题干关键词定位到第一段。该段第二句讲到“这是50年

前的这个月美国卫生部部长发出的警告。这一警告标志着卷烟制造……不再是一项

让人尊敬的行为”，故D项“曾是一项令人尊敬的行为”与原文相符，为正确答案。

2、Accordingtothepassage,e-cigarettes.

A、supplysmokerswithnicotinemoresafely

B、helpthefasteste-cigarettes-adoptergainsalesIbillionlimes

C、aremasteredbyalltobaccofirmsasanewtechnology

D、haveluredsmokersfromthebigtobaccobrandstostartups

标准答案：A

知识点解析：细节题。艰据题干关键词定位到第四、五段。第四段首句指出“一些

新的技术，比如电子香烟承诺提供危害风险更小的尼古丁”，A项中的supply和

moresafely与首句中的deliver和lessriskily是同义替换，故A项为正确答案。

3、Thephases"warchests"(Para.5)mostprobablymeans.

A、space

B、funds

C、networks

D、cuiiipulilors

标准答案：B

知识点解析：含义题。眼据题干关键词定位到第五段。其中war“战争”和chests”胸

部”对考生来说并不陌生，但warchests的含义需要通过上下文并运用排除法来确

定。本句将烟草公司和新兴公司做比较，But表转折，因此考生需要参考前文。第

四段讲了运用电子香烟这一技术的新兴公司销售额激增，故本句涉及到的比较，第

一个内容可能就是“资金”方面。warchests合在一起意为“战争基金；（为竞争等筹

措的）资金”，故B项为正确答案。

4、Thesmokers'attitudetowardtheconsumptionofe-cigarettesis.

A、pessimistic

B、uncertain

C、optimistic

D、doubtful

标准答案：D

知识点解析：态度题。此题考查作者的态度，根据关键词定位到文章第五段。第三

句意为“一些专家预测在未来的十年里，美国人将消费更多的电子香烟，但是烟民

们对此却持怀疑态度“，doubtful"怀疑的”与文中skeptical意思相符，故D项为正确

答案。

5、Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A、Thepotencyoftobacco'sadvertisingbans.

B、ThehostileregulatoryclimateoftobaccointheU.S.

C、Thecurrentsituationandchallengeofbigtobaccofirms.

D、Theintroductionandgrowthofe-cigarettes.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：主旨题。艰据题干关键词需纵观全文。文章前三段讲吸烟的危害在美

国引起重视，并加大了广告限制及禁烟标志力度；第四段引出电子香烟；第五段指

出电子香烟所占的市场份额；后面谈到烟草公司的反应及发展趋势。所以C项“烟

草巨头的现状及挑战”为正确答案。

Theguyinthenextcubicleisyammeringawayonthephone.Acrosstheroom,someone

beginscursingloudlyatajammedcopymachine.Theheadphonesontheotherendof

yourdesksuddenlylookveryappealing.Wouldanyonemindifyoutappedintoyour

iTunesplaylistforawhile?Someworkersliketolistentomusicwhentheyfind

themselveslosingfocus.Theymayalsoplugintheirearbudstoescapeanenvironment

that'stoonoisy-ortooqaiet-ortomakearepetitivejobfeelmorelively.Inbiological

terms,melodioussoundshelpencouragethereleaseofdopamine(achemicalfoundin

brain)intherewardareaofthebrain,aswouldeatingadelicacy,lookingatsomething

appealingorsmellingapleasantaroma,saidDr.AmitSood,aphysicianofintegrative

medicinewiththeMayoClinic.People'smindstendtowander,"andwcknowthata

wanderingmindisunhappy,"Dr.Soodsaid."Mostofthattime,wearefocusingonthe

imperfectionsoflife."Musiccanbringusbacktothepresentmoment."Itbreaksyouout

ofjustthinkingoneway,'saidTeresaLcsiuk,anassistantprofessorinthemusictherapy

programattheUniversityofMiami.Dr.Lesiuk'sresearchfocusesonhowmusicaffects

workplaceperformance.Inonestudyinvolvinginformationtechnologyspecialists,she

foundthatthosewholistenedtomusiccompletedtheirtasksmorequicklyandcameup

withbetterideasthanthosewhodidn't,becausethemusicimprovedtheirmood.Dr.

Lesiukfoundthatpersonalchoiceinmusicwasveryimportant.Sheallowedparticipants

inherstudytoselectwhatevermusictheylikedandtolistenaslongastheywanted.

Thosewhoweremoderatelyskilledattheirjobsbenefitedthemost,whileexpertssaw

littleornoeffect.Andsomenovicesregardedthemusicasdistracting.Dr.Lesiukhas

alsofoundthattheolderpeopleare,thelesstimetheyspendlisteningtomusicatwork.

Fewcompanieshavepoliciesaboutmusiclistening,saidPaulFlaharty,aregionalvice

presidentatastaffingagency.Butitisstillagoodideatocheckwithyourmanager,even

ifyouseeotherswearingheadphonesintheoffice.Forthosewhochoosetolistento

music,it'sbesttosetlimirs,becausewearingheadphonesforanentireshiftcanbe

perceivedasrudebythosenearby.

6、Someworkersliketolistentomusicwhenthey.

A、yammerawayonthephone

curseloudlyatajammedcopymachine

C、cannotconcentrateonwork

D、wanttobeinanoisyenvironment

标准答案：C

知识点解析：细节题。艰据题干关键词定位到第一段。原文为“Someworkersliketo

listentomusicwhentheyfindthemselveslosingfbcus”，losefocus与cannot

concentrateonwork同义，即不能集中注意力。故C项为正确答案。

7、willnothelpencouragethereleaseofdopamineintherewardareaofthebrain.

A、Listeningtobeautifulmusic

B、Eatingdeliciousfood

C、Lookingatsomethingappalling

D、Smellingafragrance

标准答案：C

知识点解析；细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第二段。题干为哪一项不能够刺激大

脑奖赏区释放多巴胺，根据文章原句“melodioussoundshelpencouragethereleaseof

dopamineintherewardareaofthebrain»aswouldcaringadelicacy,lookingat

somethingappealingorsmellingapleasantaroma”,就是说“melodioussounds（优美的

音乐）""eatingadelicacy（吃美味食物）'"'lookingatsomethingappealing（观赏吸引人的

东西）”以及"smellingapleasantaroma（闻好闻的香味「都有助于刺激大脑释放多巴

胺。故C项Lookingatsomethingappalling“看可怕的东西“，不符合题意,因此选

择C项。

8、WhichofthefollowingisaneffectofmusicaccordingtoParagraph2?

A、Makingpeopledmindwander.

B、Bringpeopletotheirunhappymoment.

C、Makingpeoplefocusontheimperfectionsoflife.

D、Improvingpeople'smood.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：细节题。艰据题干关键词定位到第二段。题目要求为“哪一项是音乐

的作用第二段最后一句"becausethemusicimprovedtheirmood”与D项相符，因

此D项为正确选项。

9、WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtoParagraph3?

A、Peoplewhoarenotsoskilledattheirjobbenefitthemost.

B、Musichasthebiggesteffectonexperts.

C、Newcomersfindmusicdistractingtheirwork.

D、Olderpeoplespendlesstimelisteningtomusic.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第三段。根据选项，找到“Thosewho

weremoderatelyskilledattheirjobsbenefitedthemost...regardedthemusicas

distracting.”由此可知，那些对工作中等熟练的员工从音乐中获益最大，而专家却

很少或几乎没有受到影响，还有一些工作新手认为音乐让人分心。因此B项“专家

从音乐中受益最大”是错误的，故选B项。

10、Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.

A、companiesencouragelisteningtomusicatwork

youcanlistentomusicasyoulikewhenothersarelisteningtoo

C、youshouldbeawareofyourtimeonlisteningtomusicatwork

D、itisnoneofothers'businesswhenyoulistentomusicatwork

标准答案：C

知识点解析：推断题。取据题干关键词定位到最后一段。最后一段讲很少有公司出

台有关听音乐的政策，但是当你听音乐的时候，最好还是和经理确认一下，并且要

注意听音乐的时间限度，不要一整天都戴着耳机。C项”工作时听音乐，你应该注

意时间”符合原文意思。

ApaperinTheLancet,shamelesslytimedtocoincidewiththeOlympicgames,compares

countries'ratesofphysicalactivity.Thestudyitdescribes,ledbyPedroHallalofthe

FederalUniversityofPelotas,inBrazil,isthemostcompleteportraityetoftheworld's

busybeesandcouchpotatoes.Itsuggeststhatnearlyathirdofadultsarenotgetting

enoughexercise.Thalratesofexercisehavedeclinedishardlyanewdiscovery.Sincethe

beginningoftheindustrialrevolution,technologyandeconomicgrowthhaveconspired

tocreateaworldinwhichtheflexingofmusclesismoreandmoreanoptionratherthana

necessity.Butonlyrecentlyhaveenoughgooddatabeencollectedfromenoughplacesto

carryoutthesortofanalysisDr.Hallalandhiscolleagueshaveengagedin.Inall,they

wereabletopooldatafrom122countries,covering89%oftheworld'spopulation.They

consideredsufficientphysicalactivitytobe30minutesofmoderateexercisefivedaysa

week,20minutesofvigorousexercisethreedaysaweek,orsomecombinationofthe

two.Therearecommonthemesindifferentplaces.Unsurprisingly,peopleinrich

countriesarelessactivethanthoseinpoorones,andoldpeoplearelessactivethan

youngones.Lessobviously,womentendtoexerciselessthanmen—34%areinactive,

comparedwith28%ofmen.Buttherearcexceptions.ThewomenofIraqandFinland,

forexample,movemorethantheirmalecountrymen.SixAmericansintenare

sufficientlyactivebyDr.Hallal'sdefinition,comparedwithfewerthanfourinten

Britons.Inanaccompanyinganalysisofpeople'shabits.Dr.Hallalfoundequallywide

differences.InSouth-EastAsiafewerthanaquartersitforatleastfourhourseachday;in

Europe64%do.Andevenneighborsmaydiffer.Only2%ofSwisswalktowork,

whereas23%ofGermansdoso.Thesehighratesofinactivityarcworrying.

Paradoxically,humanbeingsseemtohaveevolvedtobenefitfromexercisewhile

eschewingitwhenevertheycan.Inastateofnalureitwouldbeimpossibletolivealife

thatdidnotprovideenoughofittobebeneficial,whileover-exercisingwoulduseup

scarcecaloriestolittleadvantage.Butthatnolongerpertains.Accordingtoanotherpaper

inTheLancet,insufficientactivitythesedayshasnearlythesameeffectonlife

expectancyassmoking.

11、WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothefirsttwo

paragraphs?

A^ThepaperinTheLancetwaspublishedwhentheOlympicgamesbegan.

B、PedroHallaldidaresearchaboutdiligentandlazypeoplearound.

C、Itissurprisingthatpeoplefindtheralesofexercisehavedropped.

D^Aftertheindustrialrevolution,peoplegraduallychoosetoexercise.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第一、二段。根据第二段第二句中的

关键词hardly和该句句意“人们的锻炼比率有所下降这并不是什么新发现”可知，C

项“人们惊奇地发现锻炼比率已经下降了“不符合文意，故为正确答案。

12、WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedbyDr.Hallalandhiscolleaguesaspart

ofwaysofsufficientphysicalactivity?

A^Doexerciselessthananhoureveryday.

BNDOmoderateexercise30minutes,fivedaysaweek.

C、Dovigorousexercise20minutes,threedaysaweek.

D、AcombinationofBandC.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第三段。该段第三句提到“他们

（Hallal博士和他的同事）认为，充足的体育锻炼应该是每周五天进行半小时的适量

运动，或是每周三天进行20分钟的激烈运动，或者对这两者进行适当结合“，故B

项、C项、D项与原文意思相符，根据题干可排除。A项“每天运动不到1小时”不

符合文意，故A项为正确答案。

13、Fromthefindingsofthestudy,welearnthat.

A、peopleinpoorcountriesaremoreinactivethanthoseinwealthyones

B、youngpeoplemovelessthantheaged

C、theratesofinactiveamongwomentendtobehigherthanthoseofmen

D^inFinland,womenexercisemorethanmeninthecountry

标准答案；C

知识点解析：细节题。取据题干及出题顺序定位到第四段。该段第二句提到“女性

通常比男性锻炼得少”，C项“女性的懒惰率通常比男性的高”与第二句相符，故C

项为正确答案。

14、ThecomparisonofratesofSwissandGermaaswalktoworkisusedto

illustrate.

A^thewidedifferenceseveninneighboringcountries

B、thehighratesofinactivityintwocountries

C、thedifferentanalysesofpeople'shabits

D^theworryingabouttheirdifferences

标准答案：A

知识点解析：细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第五段。该段倒数第三句指出“而且

即使是邻国之间差别也很大”，紧接着用例子进一步说明，即“在瑞士，只有2%的

人走路上班，但在德国却有23%的人这样做”，故A项就是上述比较的用意所在。

15^ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatTheLancetisajournalon___.

A、evolution

B、medicine

C、economy

D、life

标准答案：B

知识点解析：推断题。根据题干关键词可知，此题要求考生推断TheLancel是关于

什么的期刊。TheLancet出现在文章第一段首句“TheLancet的一篇文章对世界各国

人民进行体育锻炼的比率做了一个比较”和第六段末句“TheLancet中的另一篇文章

称，缺乏锻炼对寿命造成的影响几乎和抽烟差不多”，综合两处可推断出，The

Lancet是医学期刊，故选B项。

Ifanyoneisqualifiedtounifytheseeminglydisparatesubjectsoffinancialmarketsand

neurology,it'sJohnCoates,aseniorresearchfellowinncuroscicnccandfinanceatthe

UniversityofCambridge.TheHourBetweenDogandWolfisapowerfuldistillationof

hisworkandanimportantstepintheongoingstruggletofreeeconomicsfromrational-

actortheory.Coates'sbookarguesthatirrationality

rulesinlimesofboomandbust,andthatinbothcasesinvestorsgetcaughtupineither

irrationalexuberanceorirrationalpessimism.Thalis,"investorsduringbubblesseemto

comeequippedwithspecialeyewearthatpermitsthemtoviewalleconomicnewsas

bullish."Ontheotherhand,inthewakeofaseveredownturn,wheninvestorsare

buffetedbybadnewsanddisastroustrades,theyretreatintotheirshells.Bothofthese

tendenciesputthemarketatrisk,andneitherjibeswiththelong-runningtheorythat

investorsactrationallyinseekingoutwhatbenefitsthemthemost,thatmonetarypolicy

canhelpsteerusawayfromcalamity.Underthisview,facedwithabubbleoracollapse,

theFederalReservecanalterinterestratestostabilizethings,andinvestorswillreact

rationallytothenewresultantprices,puttingthemarketsbackonsoundfooting.But

realityisn'tnearlysoneat—thehumanbrainandbodygetintheway."Underthe

influenceofpathologicallyelevatedhormones,"Coateswrites,"thetradingcommunityat

thepeakofabubbleorinthepitofacrashmayeffectivelybecomeaclinical

population."Coatesemphasizesthetightconnectionbetweenbrainandbody.Every

potentialopportunity,everyglimmerofbadnews,registersinprimalcircuitsasajoltof

pleasureoranactivationofthefight-or-flightsystem.Thebookiswellexecutedand

makesitsargumentconvincingly,evenifalotofitwon'tbenewtothosewhohaveread

therecentspateofpopularbooksonneurologyandhumandecisionmaking.It'snotable

notjustforthespecificsofitssubject,butforitsplaceinthebroaderconstellationof

booksandarticlesslowlychippingawayatrational-actortheory.Platoarguedthatmind

andbodyaretwodistinctentities,andthisintellectuallegacyresonatesintherational-

choiccmodel.Coatesispartofabroad,ongoingintellectualprocesstopartiallyundo

PlatoandtoturnustowardAristotle,whosawmindandbodyasinextricablylinked

(whichgreatlycomplicatesthenotionofaseparate,dispassionatemindrationallymaking

decisions).Coatesandasmallarmyofpsychologistsandbehavioraleconomistsare

tryingtoguideusoutofthedarkjungleintowhichtherational-actormodelhasledus

into.

16^JohnCoatesbelievesthat.

A、gutfeelingplaysanimportantroleindecisionmaking

B、financialactivitiesaremainlydrivenbyirrationality.

C>investorsareapttotakeriskyactionsduringrecessions

D、investorstendtoberationalprofit-maximizers

标准答案：A

知识点解析：细节题。第二段详细介绍了高德斯的观点：在经济繁荣与萧条期，

“非理性”主导人们的行为，投资者在泡沫经济时期将所有金融信息都视作乐观的；

在经济严重衰退期、饱受坏消息和贸易灾难打击时，则会缩进“壳里”怯于行动。可

见，高德斯认为投资者的直觉、情感会影响其决策，故