考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷90

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷90

一、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

Itisnotsurprisingthataphilosophyborrowedfrombusinessshouldseeitsprincipal

focuswithineducationasthefurtheringoftheconnectionwithbusinessandindustry.

Moreover,whenaphilosophyisimplementedatgovernmentallevelbypeople,itisnot

surprisingthatthemajoritywholearnttheirunderstandingoflifewithinthisenvironment

shouldpictureeducationasfeedingthisgoal.InanagewhentheUSisseenasbeingin

desperate,almostcut-throatcompetitionwithindustrialneighbours,itbecomesanarticle

offaiththattomaintainpresentstandardsofliving,educationmustincreasinglyfocus

upontrainingtheyouthofthecountrytocompeteinsuchmarkets.Thisdemandis,of

course,nothingnew.Anumberoffactorsconictogethertoprovidethemotiveforcefor

makingeducationthehandmaidenofthejobmarket.Forthosewitheconomicblinkers,

suchconcentrationmakesgoodsense,butforthosewhotakeawiderviewofthe

purposesofeducation,thisappearsnarrowanddamaging,even,inthelongterm,tothe

economicgoodhealthofthecountry.Itispossibletoarguefortheultimatepurposesof

educationfromdifferentstandpoints.Theonethatappearstobethemotiveforceinmuch

educationaldecision-makingatthepresenttimevaluesknowledgethatisconduciveto

thefurtheranceofthenationaleconomicwell-being.Itseesthechildasabeingtobe

trainedtofitintothiseconomicmachine.Initiativeandactivityareencouragedonlyas

farasthesedovetailwithultimateoccupationaldestinations.Theteacher,therefore,is

seenasatrainer,aconstructor,atransmitter.However,therearemanywhovalue

knowledgewhichisperceivedaspartofthatcountry'sculturalheritagewhileotherchild-

centredadvocatesseethecurriculumasbasedoneachindividualchild'sexperiencesand

interests,eachbeingactive,involved,uniqueconstructorsoftheirownreality.Otherssee

schoolsasbeingessentiallyconcernedwithpressingsocialissueswhichneedtobe

resolved,andthereforethecurriculumtakestheformofbeingtopicorproblem-based.

Suchsketchesdonotbegintodojusticetothecomplexityandrichnessofargument,

whichmaybecontainedindifferingeducationalideologies.However,iftheyatthevery

leastconveytheprofoundconilictingviews,thesedescriptionssuggestthatthereistruth

ineachofthem,butnonemusthavethestagetoitself.

1、Accordingtothetext,itisnotsurprisingthat.

A、businessandeducationfindsomuchincommon

B>politiciansexpecteducationtobelikebusiness

C、theeducationworldismanagedbypeoplefromthebusinessphilosophy

D、thosewhocomefromthebusinessworldthinkeducationshouldserveindustryneeds

标准答案：D

知识点解析：属事实细节题。本文开篇即指出：“借自商业的哲学视教育的首要宗

旨为促进商业与工业之间的联系，这不足为怪。“D是这句话的同义改写。

2、Thedesiretomakeeducationsubservienttothedesireofindustryisattractive

because.

A、thegoalsareeasiertodefineandmeasure

B、somepeopletakeawiderviewofeducation

C、economiccompetitionissointensethesedays

D、theyoutharelackingtheskillstocompeteinthemoderneconomy

标准答案：C

知识点解析：属逻辑关系题。第二段开头说：“在人们认为美国正在与工业邻国展

开激烈的、近乎残酷无情的竞争的时代，要维持目前的生活水准，教育必须H益关

注培养国家的年轻人在这样的市场上进行竞争，这成为一种信条。”很明显本句的

前后信息为因果关系。

3、Thosewhothinkeducationshouldservetheeconomyareoftheopinionthat.

A、allsubjectsshouldhavesomerelationshiptoeconomics

B、knowledgeistobeperceivedaspreservinganation'sculturalhistory

Cxknowledgeistobetransmitted

D、studentsmustlearnhowtobebusinessmen

标准答案：C

知识点解析：属信息推断题。第三段介绍了认为教育应服务于经济的观点，该观点

把教师视为传输人，即认为知识应传输。

4、Thedisagreementchild-centredadvocateshavewiththeeconomicaimofeducation

stemsfromtheir.

A^trainingbackground

B、theirbeliefsaboutchildrenandhowknowledgederives

C、distasteoftheeconomicsystem

D^viewoftheirroleasatrainernotatransmitterofknowledge

标准答案：B

知识点解析：属信息归纳题。第三段后半部分介绍了倡导以孩子为中心的观点，该

观点认为“课程应以每个孩子的体验和兴趣为基础，每个孩子都是自己现实的、积

极的、投入的、独一无二的建设者。”可见，这些人的观点源自于他们对孩子以及

对知识来源的看法。

5、Accordingtotheauthor,thevariousconflictingviewsofeducation.

A、addcomplexityandrichnesstotheprofession

B、demonstratethefallaciesoftheeconomicapproach

C、preventprogressiontowardstheeconomicaim

D、ensurethatoneparticularphilosophyisnotoverlydominant

标准答案：D

知识点解析：属事实细节题。文章在结尾指出：“这些描述则表明每种思想都言之

成理，但必定会莫衷一是。”

IntheUnitedStatesthescienceofclimatechangestillremainsacontroversialissue.Part

oftheproblemisthatitiscomplexandhardtoisolateitsparts.Wedoknowhowvitalit

istolife.Theatmosphereformsagaseous,protectiveenvelopearoundtheearth,

protectingitfromthecoldofspace,fromharmfulultravioletlight,andfromallbutthe

largestmeteors.Aftertravelingover93millionmiles,solarenergystrikestheatmosphere

andearth'ssurface,warmingtheplanetandcreatingwhatisknownasthe"biosphere",

whichistheregionofearthcapableofsustaininglife.Atmosphericcirculationisone

importantreasonthatlifeonearthcanexistathigherlatitudesbecauseequatorialheatis

transportedpoleward,moderatingtheclimate.Theatmosphereisnotjustaprotectorbut

alsoagreattransporter.Thetransportofwatervaporintheatmosphereisanimportant

mechanismbywhichhealenergyisredistributedpoleward.Heatenergyabsorbedatthe

equatorisdepositedalthepolesandthetemperaturegradientbetweentheseregionsis

reduced.Thecirculationoftheatmosphereandtheweatheritgeneratesisbutone

exampleofthemanycomplex,interdependenteventsofnature.Theweboflifedepends

ontheproperfunctioningofthesenaturalmechanismsforitscontinuedexistence.Some

arguethatclimatechangeistoocomplicatedtobeattributedonlytohumanactivity.For

example,fossilstudiesofradiolaria,agroupofone-celledanimalscharacterizedby

silicon-containingshells,havegivenscientistsafairlyaccurateaccountofclimaiic

conditionsinthedistantpast.Geologistsfoundthese450,000-year-oldmicroorganisms

preservedincoresofsedimenttakenbeneaththeflooroftheIndianOcean.Theyprovide

arecordofcyclesofclimaticchanges,determinedbythealternatinglayersofspeciesof

warmandcold-preferringradiolaria.Wenowhaveconfirmationthatchangesinthe

earth'sorbitalgeometrycausedtheiceages.Thisdoesnotletusoffthehookbecause

althoughwecanhardlyalterthebasicforcesatworkthatalterclimate,evensmall

contributionsbyhumanscanhavedramaticeffects.Givennature'sinterconnectedness,it

ispossiblethatthemostseriousthreatshaveyettoberecognized.

6、Thefirstparagraphofthetextdealsmainlywiththeearthatmosphere's.

A、shelteringeffect

B、revivingeffect

C、invigoratingeffect

D、cleansingeffect

标准答案：A

知识点解析：属主旨思想题，考查第一段的内容概括。第一段主要介绍大气层是地

球的保护者。

7、Thebestdefinitionof"biosphere1'asitisusedinthetextis.

A、theprotectiveenvelopeformedbytheatmospherearoundthelivingearth

B、thatpartoftheearthanditsatmosphereinwhichlifecanexist

C、thelivingthingsonearthwhoseexistenceismadepossiblebycirculationofthe

atmosphere

D^thecirculationoftheatmosphere'scontributiontolifeonearth

标准答案：B

知识点解析：属概念理解题。根据第一段，生物圈是指能够维持生命的地球区域。

只有B项符合这个定义。

8、Accordingtothetext,fossilstudiesofradiolariaarepossiblebecausethey.

A、liveinthedepthsoftheocean

B、areone-celled

C、havesurvivedthroughtheages

D、haveashellsurroundingthecell

标准答案：D

知识点解析：属信息推断题。第二段讲到，放射虫是有含硅外壳的单细胞动物，生

活在45万年前。可以推断，如果没有外壳保护是不可能保存至今的，说明对放射

虫可以进行化石研究是因为它们具有外壳。

9、Accordingtothetext,thefundamentalcauseoftheiceagesis.

A^periodicchangesintheearth'sorbitaroundthesun

B、fossilremainsofone-celledanimals

C、alternatingcoldandwarmseasons

D、changesindistanceoftheearthfromthesun

标准答案：A

知识点解析：属事实细节题。第三段结尾指出：“地球轨道结构的变化导致了冰川

期。”

10、Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthistextistoarguethat.

A^thecirculationofatmosphereprotectsthebiosphereandmakeslifeonearthpossible

B、iftheprotectiveatmosphereistoodamagedbyhumanactivity,alllifewillcease

C>lifeistheresultofcomplexinterdependenteventsofnature

D^despitethecomplexityandpoweroftheatmospherehumanscanaffectitgreatly

标准答案：D

知识点解析：属主旨思想题。本文的结论是：人类的些许作用会对气候变化产生重

大影响。

Thelong,wetsummerhereinthenortheasternUSnotwithstanding,there'saworld

shortageofpure,freshwater.Asdemandforwaterhitsthelimitsoffinitesupply,

potentialconflictsarebrewingbetweennationsthatsharetransboundaryfreshwater

reserves.Manypeopleaskwhywecannotsimplytakeitfromthesea,usingour

sophisticatedtechnologyofdesalinization,butagoodwatersupplymustbehygienically

safeandpleasanttasting,andwatercontainingsaltwouldcorrodemachineryusedin

manufacturinginadditiontoproducingchemicalimpurities.Sincemorethan95%ofour

watersitsinthesaltyseas,manislefttofacetherealitythatmostwateronthesurfaceof

theearthisnotavailableforus.Oneveryfeasiblewayofsustainingoursupplyof

freshwateristoprotecttheecologyofourmountains.Mountainsandwatergotogether,a

facttowhichSecretaryGeneralKofiAnnanhasdrawnattentionmorethanonce.From

30to60%ofdownstreamfreshwaterinhumidareasandupto95%inaridandsemi-arid

environmentsaresuppliedbymountains.Withoutinterferencenaturehasitsownwayof

purifyingwater-eventhoughchlorinationandfiltrationarestillnecessaryasa

precaution.Inamountainousarea,aeration,duetoturbulentflowandwaterfalls,causes

anexchangeofgasesbetweentheatmosphereandthewater.Agriculture,industry,

hydroelectricgeneratorsandhomesthatneedwatertodrinkandfordomesticusedepend

ontheseresourcesand,thus,wemustprotectmountainousareasasameansofsurvival.

11、Theauthorofthistextstatesthat.

A、theproblemofobtaininggooddrinkingwaterhasplaguedmanthroughouttime

B、palatabilityissynonymouswithpurityofwater

C>mostoftheworld'swaterisunusableasawatersupply

D、mannolongerdependsondesalinizationforhiswatersupply

标准答案：C:

知识点解析：属事实细节题。第二段末尾指出：“地球表面的大部分水资源我们都

无法获得。”

12^Theauthorbelievesihatindustryavoidssaltywaterbecause.

A、waterisneededfbrlivestock

cropsmustbeconsideredbeforeman-madeproducts

C、itisusedindesalinizationplants

D、itcausescorrosion

标准答案：D

知识点解析•：属事实细节题。第二段指出，海水腐蚀生产设备。

13>Streamswouldpurifythemselvesifnotfor.

A、humanbeings

B、nature

C、chlorination

D、mountains

标准答案：A

知识点解析：属事实细节题。第三段指出：“在没有干预的情况下，大自然通过自

己的方式净化水源。”

14、Bysayingthatnature"hasitsownwayofpurifyingwater"(line4-5,para.3)the

authorisreferringto.

A、aeration

filtration

C>chlorination

D、absorption

标准答案：A

知识点解析：属指代关系题。大自然净化水源的方式指的是下一句提到的充气。

15、Thebesttitleforthistextis.

A、TheWaterProblem:TheDangersAhead

B、TheWaterSupplyProblem:OurOptions

C、TheMountains:OurOnlyHopeforWater

D^WaterConservation:TheChallengesAhead

标准答案：B-

知识点解析：属主旨思想题。本文探讨淡水资源的获取并且给出解决办法，只有B

项能恰如其分地概括文章主题。

Conventionaltrafficengineeringassumesthatgivennoincreaseinvehicles,moreroads

meanlesscongestion.SowhenplannersinSeoultoredownasix-lanehighwayafew

yearsagoandreplaceditwithafive-mile-longpark,manytransportationprofessionals

weresurprisedtolearnthatthecity'strafficflowhadactuallyimproved,insteadof

worsening.ItwaslikeaninverseofBraessrsparadox.MathematicianDietrichBraessof

RuhrUniversityBochuminGermanystatesthatinanetworkinwhichallthemoving

entitiesrationallyseekthemostefficientroute,addingextracapacitycanactuallyreduce

thenetwork'soverallefficiency.TheSeoulprojectinvertsthisdynamic:closinga

highway-thatis,reducingnetworkcapacity-improvesthesystem'seffectiveness.

AlthoughBraess'sparadoxwasfirstidentifiedinthe1960sandisrootedin1920s

economictheory,theconceptnevergainedenoughattentionintheautomobile-oriented

U.S.Butinthe21stcentury,economicandenvironmentalproblemsarebringingnew

scrutinylotheideathatlimitingspacesforcarsmaymovemorepeoplemoreefficiently.

Akeytothiscounterintuitiveapproachtotrafficdesignliesinmanipulatingtheinherent

self-interestofalldrivers.Acaseinpointis"ThePriceofAnarchyinTransportation

Networks,"publishedlastSeptemberinPhysicalReviewLettersbyMichaelGastner,a

computerscientistattheSantaFeInstitute,andhiscolleagues.Usinghypotheticaland

real-worldroadnetworks,theyexplainthatdriversseekingtheshortestroutetoagiven

destinationeventuallyreachwhatisknownastheNashequilibrium,inwhichnosingle

drivercandoanybetterbychanginghisorherstrategyunilaterally.Theproblemisthat

theNashequilibriumislessefficientthantheequilibriumreachedwhendriversact

unselfishly-thatis,whentheycoordinatetheirmovementstobenefittheentiregroup.

The"priceofanarchy"isameasureoftheinefficiencycausedbyselfishdrivers.

AnalyzingacommutefromHarvardSquaretoBostonCommon,theresearchersfound

thatthepricecanbehigh——selfishdriverstypicallywaste30percentmoretimethanthey

wouldunder"sociallyoptimal"conditions.ThesolutionhingesonBraess'sparadox,

Gastnersays."Selfishdriverscanbeledtoabettersolutionifyouremovesomeofthe

networklinks,inpartbecauseclosingroadsmakesitmoredifficultforindividualdrivers

tochoosethebest(andmostseifish)route."

16、ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph1that.

A、traditionaltrafficengineeringbelievesmoreroadsleadtolesstrafficjams

Seoulreplacedaparkwithahighwaytoraiseroadcapacity

C、alltransportationexpertsfeltsurprisedfacingthecaseofSeoul

D、SeouPscaseisnotexactlyliketheBraess'sparadox

标准答案：D

知识点解析：属信息归纳题。选项A犯了断章取义的错误，对于选项A的说法，

文章第一句有一个附加条件：汽车数量不增多，因此选项A错误。选项B犯了偷

梁换柱的错误，将原文的replace的两个对象顺序调换，因此选项B错误。选项C

犯了夸大其词的错误，文章提到许多专家对于首尔的例子感到吃惊，而非所有都是

如此，故错误。第一段最后一句讲到首尔的案例是逆向的柏拉斯悖论，而非一模一

样，故选项D正确。

17>WhichofthefollowingistrueabouttheBraessparadox?

A、Amathematician