考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷86

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷86

一、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

"Bah!Humbug",wasScrooge'sopinionofcharitablegivingandeventodaysome

economistsreckoncharitygoesagainsteconomicrationality.Itisoftenallegedthat

altruismisinconsistentwitheconomicrationality,whichassumesthatpeoplebehave

selfishly.Certainly,mucheconomicanalysisisconcernedwithhowindividualsbehave,

andhomoeconomicus（economicman）isusuallyassumedtoactinhisorherself-interest.

Someeconomicmodelsassumethatself-interestedindividualsbehavealtruistically

becausetheygetsomebenefit,orutility,fromdoingso.Forinstance,itmaymakethem

feelbetteraboutthemselves,orbeausefulinsurancepolicyagainstsocialunrest.Other

economicmodelsrelaxthetraditionalassumptionoffullyrationalbehaviourbysimply

assumingthatpeoplesometimesbehavealtruistically,evenifthismaybeagainsttheir

self-interest.ThePeaceCorpsisanexample,forpeopleoftengiveuppotentially

lucrativestartstotheircareersorinterruptthemtodogoodworkoverseas.Peoplewho

workforthePeaceCorpsdosobecausetheywanttoandtokeepthePeaceCorps

dynamicwithfreshideas.Sociologistswouldarguethatthereisanaturalinclinationof

humanbeingstoengagethemselvesinhelpingothers,asanaturalinstincttopreservethe

species.Thuspublicdutyisasurvivalact.Thequestionthenisraisedregardingpolitical

participation,whetheritcanbeclassifiedasanactofeconomicrationalityorofaltruism.

Publicdutymaynotnecessarilymeanofficialduty,althoughitmayincludethatconstant

andactivepracticalparticipationinthedetailsofpoliticswithoutwhich,uponthepartof

themostintelligentcitizens,theconductofpublicaffairsfallsunderthecontrolofselfish

andignorantorcraftyandvenalmen.Politicsoftenrequiresserviceincommittees,care

andtroubleandexpenseofmanykinds,patientenduranceofrebuffs,chagrins,ridicules,

disappointments,anddefeats.Allthesedutiesandservices,whenselfishlyandmeanly

performed,stigmatizeamanasamerepolitician,butwhenperformedwithhonestyand

vigilance,theybecomegradualbuildingblocks,stonebystoneandlayerbylayer,ofa

nationofself-restrainedliberty.

1、Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscussestheeconomictreatmentbehindaltruismin

orderto.

A、treatitinasociologicalperspectiveinstead

demonstratethattheeconomicviewofmanisinsufficient

C>argueihalallruismisreallyaformufself-iulcrusl

D、introducehisargumentthatcharilyispartofhumanity

标准答案：B

知识点解析：属信息归纳题。本文论述利他主义的重要性，第一段首先引述认为利

他主义有悖于经济理性的观点。参照全文结构，后文均是对“无私”展开论述可以判

断，第一段这样写的目的在于，表明只以经济学观点看待人是不充分的。

2、ThethirdparagraphbestsupportsthestatementthatPeaceCorpsemployees.

A、actincontradictiontotraditionalviewsofeconomicrationality

B、arehiredforalimitedtermofemploymenttopreventself-interestfromsettingin

C、arepeoplewhohavenodesireforself-interest

D、sacrificetheiracademicandworkexperienceentirelyjusttojoin

标准答案：A

知识点》析：属信息归纳题。第三段侧重论述无私的政治参与的重要性，也是对经

济理性传统观点的反驳。C项和第三段的“政治参与”无太大关联。

3、Theauthorindicatesinthetextthatpublicdutystresses.

A^anecessarykindofcraftinesstosucceed

B、therecognitionofanofficialdutyofeverycitizen

C、acertainattentiontodetailswhichmayinvolvemuchsacrifice

D、arecognitionthatyoushouldgainnothingfromitpersonally

标准答案：C

知识点解析：属事实细节题。第三段明确指出，公共义务往往要求劳心费神和各种

付出。

4、Thephrase"relaxthetraditionalassumption"(line3-4,para.2)probablymeans

to.

A、expandittoincludemore

B、replaceitwithanother

C、changeitsomewhat

D、makeitmoreaccommodating

标准答案：D

知识点解析：属词义推断题。在这个词组之后是一个方式状语，为这个词组的含义

做出重要提示：有些经济学模式认为人们彳j时即使违背自身利益也会表现得无私。

根据后续提示，并结合传统看法，可以判定，这个词组的意义应为“使这个传统看

法变得较为通融

5、Thetextisprobablymainlyintendedtoexpresstheideathat.

A^charityhasneverbeenunderthecontrolofselfishmen

B、personalattentionofofficeholdersinsuresahealthysociety

C>alliuisinisrationalandaninlcgialpailofanation

D^publicdutyissynonymouswithofficialduty

标准答案：C

知识点解析：属主旨思想题。本文主要论述利他主义的重要性，故选项C正确。

Marijuanahasbeenconsideredbysomeasa"gateway'drugthatcanlureyoung

experimenterstowardaddictiontostrongerdrugs.Inasimilarthoughlessinsidious

fashion,oftentheinitialcontactchildrenhavewithcomputerslurethemintotheworldof

computers.However,manypreadolescentsandadolescentsdonotenjoytheirinitial

experienceswiththeseplayfulintroductionstotechnology,andlargenumbersofthose

whoaredisenchantedaregirls.Girlsusuallyhavethesameaccesstocomputersasboys

butresearcherssay,bythetimetheygettohighschool,theyarevictimsofwhatthe

researcherscallamajornewgendergapintechnology.Girlstendtobelesscomfortable

thanboyswiththecomputer.Theyuseitmoreforwordprocessingratherthanfor

problemsolving,ratherthantodiscovernewwaysinwhichtounderstandinformation.

Researchersfoundthatgirlsmakeuponlyasmallpercentageofstudentsincomputer

scienceclasses.Girlsconsistentlyratethemselvessignificantlylowerthanboysintheir

abilityandconfidenceinusingcomputersandtheyusecomputerslessoftenthanboys

outsidetheclassroom.SocializationinAmericancultureisrifewithmessagesaboutthe

genderappropriatenessofcomputersfromthemedia,parentsandschools.Whilethere

arcnosignsatthedoorstocomputerlabsthatsay,nNogirlsallowed,"barriersdoexist

thatdiscouragegirlsfromparticipatingfullyintechnologicaladvancementsofthelate

20thcentury,andmanyofthemare,unfortunately,self-imposed.Girlsobservethe

associationbetweenmalesandcomputersanddecidetheydon'tbelong.Computerlabs

themselves,withtheirstarkwallsisolatingcubiclesanddistinctculturecomprisingits

ownvocabulary,humorandstatussystemamongmembers,cancausenonmembersofthe

culturetohavenegativeinitialencounterswithcomputersthatresultincomputer

avoidance.Especiallyduringtheirteenyears,whengirlsaredefiningthemselvesand

theirplaceinsociety,theriskofventuringontosuchunfriendlyturfcanseemtoogreat.

6、Girlsusuallyratethemselves.

A、asbeinguncomfortableusingcomputers

B、ascomfortableusingcomputers

C、asbeingonlygoodwithunderstandinginformation

D、asnotbeinggoodatwordprocessing

标准答案：A

知识点解析：属事实细节题。第二段第二句指出，和男孩相比，女孩往往对电脑的

运用不够自如。故A项正确。

7、Bythetimestudentsareinhighschool,.

A^manygirlsusecomputersforproblemsolvingratherthanforpleasure

B、girlsusuallygetlowerresultsincomputercourses

C、tendtousecomputersmoreintheclassthanoutoftheclass

D^manygirlshavelostinterestincomputers

标准答案：D

知识点解析：属信息归纳题。笫二段谈到，到了上中学的年龄，女孩使用电脑更多

的是处理文字，而不是解决问题或探索理解信息的新途径，而且电脑班只有一小部

分是女生使用电脑也不如男生频繁。这说明女生对电脑失去了兴趣。

8、Forgirlscomputerlabsseemstobe.

A、fullofpeoplewhotellgirlstheydon'tbelong

B、fullofsoftwarethatisonlyappealingtoboys

C^placesthatteachersdiscouragegirlstobe

D、intimidatingandassociatedasmaleareas

标准答案：D

知识点解析：属信息归纳题。第i段指出，在女孩看来，电脑房令人发悔，而且与

男性相联系。

9、Thoughtheproblemisdeep,theauthorthinksthegendergapneedstobeclosed

because.

A、itisn'tfairthatboysusethecomputersallthetime

thereisn'tenoughmoneyfbrcomputers

C、theabilitytousethecomputerisimportantintoday'sworld

D、itmayaddtothealreadyhighgenderdiscriminationinschools

标准答案：C

知识点解析：属态度推断题。综合全篇信息，可以看出，作者认为女孩应该提高应

用电脑的能力。

10、Accordingtothetext,whichdoestheauthorbelieveistrue?

A、Ifgirlshadanequalchanceatplayinggames,theywouldlikecomputers.

B、Ifthecomputergameswerelessviolent,girlswouldlikeitbetter.

C^Ifthesoftwarecontentwaschanged,girlswouldbemoreinterestedincomputers.

D、Ifgirlssomehowidentifiedthemselveswithcomputerstheywouldusethemmore.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：属信息推断题。在第三段第三句作者指出，女孩把男性和电脑相互联

系，导致她们对电脑敬而远之。由此可以推知，作者认为，如果女孩对电脑有认同

感，她们就会更多地使用电脑。

Asabicyclecommuter,clubcyclist,andfanoflightweightelectricvehicles,I'mvery

interestedinmaintainingthelegalrightofdriversofslowvehiclesloaccessevery

destinationtheychoose.Historically,driversofslowervehiclesincludingbicycles,

tractors,andhorse-drawncarriageshavebeenallowedtousevirtuallyeveryroadwaynot

postedwithaminimumspeedlimitbeyondthevehicle'scapabilities.Withfew

exceptions,theseminimumspeedlimitsapplyonlytocontrollcd-accessfreewaysthatdo

notprovideexclusiveaccesstodestinationsandarcredundanttolocalroadsaccessibleto

slowvehicles.Thisstatusquoprotectsthetravelrightsofpeoplewithouttheuseof

highspeedvehicles.Anincreasingnumberofnewsuburbancommunities,especiallyin

theSunbelt,featurehighspeed(40-50mph)arterialroadsastheonlyusefulthroughroads

conriecliiigincreasinglysegregatedlandusessuchasresidences,shopping,schools,and

employment.Atfirst,manystatesandcitiestriedtobancyclistsfromthesearterialroads,

claimingthemtobehazardousforthem,butbicyclingorganizationssuccessfully

challengedthesediscriminatorylawsbyshowingthattheseroadsarcessentialforcyclists

touseforbasictransportationtoeverydaydestinations,andthattheaccidentdatashowed

thattheinjuryrateonarterialsisnotmuchhigherthanotherroads.Bicycling

organizationsandsupportersoftheAmish,whotravelbyhorse-drawncarriage,have

wagedaconstantpoliticalbattleinthecourtsandlegislaturesformostofacenturyto

protecttherighttotravelonallstreetstoimportantdestinations,regardlessoftheposted

minimumspeedlimit.Bicyclistsalsoworkedhardtopreservethelegalrighttooperate

accordingtothesamerulesasdrivers,insteadofbypedestrianrules,becausetherules

fordriverswereshowntobemuchsaferandmuchmoreconvenientforcyclists.Instead

ofbanningbicycles,statesandmunicipalitiesinsteadturnedtheirattentiontowardhowto

improveaccommodationofcyclists.Itlookslikewemayfinallybewinningthewarto

protectourconstitutionaltravelrights.

11、Theauthorwantstomaintainthestatusquobecause.

A>hebelievesslowervehiclesdonotneedanymoreaccess

B、heagreeswithminimumspeedlimits

C、hebelievesthatminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeeradicated

D、hebelievesintherightsofslowervehicles

标准答案：D

知识点解析：属事实细节题。文章开头指出，作者热衷于维护慢速交通工具驾驶者

到达目的地的合法权利。第一段结尾又说到，这种现状保护了不使用高速交通工具

者的出行权利。

12^Accordingtotheauthor,.

A、cyclingislessdangerousthandrivingavehicle

B、theinjuryrateonarterialsisnothigh

C、arterialroadsarenotmuchmorehazardousthanotherroadsforcyclists

D、theaccidentrateforarterialsisnohigherthanotherroads

标准答案：c

知识点。析：属事实细节题。第二段末尾指出，对于自行车手来说，干线公路的伤

亡率并不比其他道路高多少，说明干线公路并不比其他道路危险。

13、Itisinferredthatcyclistsmaylosetheirrightstorideinmanyplacesunless.

A^therulesarechangedtoallowcyclistsmoreaccess

B、people,liketheauthor,constantlyfighttopreservethestatusquo

C、peopleareeducatedastotheimportanceofslowmovingvehicleslikebicycles

D^cyclistsaregiventhesamerightsaspedestrians

标准答案：B

知识点解析：属信息推断题。第三段介绍了自行车运动组织和自行车手一直努力坚

持维护自己的权利。不难判断，如果没有他们不懈的努力，自行车手在很多地方就

会失去出行的权利。

14、Accordingtothetext,.

A^bicyclesshouldbetreatedaspedestrians

motoristshavebeentakingtherightsofcyclistsincourts

C、itissaferifcyclistsaremadetofollowtherulesofcardrivers

D、municipalitiesmustturntheirattentiontoaccommodatinginsteadofbanning

bicyclists

标准答案：C

知识点解析：属事实细节题。第三段明确提到，适用于司机的规章对自行车手来说

更为安全。

15、Onereasonwhycyclistswontheirfightagainstcitieswhotriedtobanthem

was.

A、thecourtsawthebenefitsofbicyclingfortheenvironmentandhealth

B、thecourtdidnotseethesafetyissueasimportantenoughtobanbicycles

C、itwasproventhatbicyclesarenomoredangerousihancars

D、thesafetyconcernclaimsweresuccessfullychallenged

标准答案：D

知识点解析：属逻辑关系题。第二、三两段都写道，自行车运动组织和运动者们用

事实推翻了干线公路危险的说法。这与各州和市政当局没有禁止自行车明显形成因

果关系。

Dietingisoftendoomedtofailure.Theproblemis,wedon'tfollowtheruleswelearn.No

carbsafter6pm?Noproblem-untilwe'reoutfordinner,onoursecondglassofwine

andreachingforthebreadbasket.Everyonehasaflashpointthatmakesithardtosayno,

butultimately,resistingtemptationisthekeytosuccessfulweightloss.Nowresearch

fromleadingpsychologistshasidentifiedthepartsofthebraininvolvedinresisting

temptation,andhowwecanusethemtostopreachingforchocolatecake.Leadingthe

chargeisProfessorWalterMischel,thepsychologistwho,inthe1960s,developedthe

"marshmallowtest",whichdemonstratedthatifchildrenwereabletodelaygratification,

theywouldbemoresuccessfulinlaterlife.Mischel'sresearchhasshownthattoresist

temptation,wehavetoshiftactivityawayfromthe"hot"partsofourbraintothe"cool"

parts.Themindbrainhastwosystems:oneiscool,slowanddeliberate,andallowsfor

self-control,goal-settingandwillpower-the'no'system,ifyoulike.Theotherishot,

emotionalandinstinctual,andpresentfrombirth—thego'system.Sowhenyouseea

chocolatecake,the"hot"partofyourbrainreactstothoughtsofthedelicioustaste,and

thesugarrushthatyouhavelearntaslicewillgiveyou.Insteadofgivingin,whatyou

needtodoistoactivatethe"cool"partofyourbrainbythinkingaboutyourgoalsand

practicingfarsightedness.Imaginethesenseofsatisfaciionyou'dget,fromfittinginto

yourfavouritedressinacoupleofweeks'time,say,orfromlosingyourunsightlytummy

bulgebeforeyougosunbathingthissummer.It'sasimplestrategy,butexperimentshave

shownitishighlyeffective.Perceptionisalsoimportant.Feastingyoureyesondesirable

foodactivatesthehotsysteminthebrain,whichexplainswhatweknowinstinctively:

puttingbiscuitsoutofsightinacupboardwillmeanyoueatfewerofthem."Theproblem

withdietsistheyarealsofullofpicturesofdeliciousdietfood,andallofthisisjust

primingthehotsystem,"Mischelsays.Stressisanotherkeyissue.Ithasbeenshownto

switchonthehotpartofthebrainandcauseustoovereat.Thefirstthingtodoistobe

awareofhowstresschangesyourbehavior.Thendevelopanactionplantodealwithit.

Thismightinvolvetakinghealthysnackstoworkorfindingwaystocopebetterwith

yourtimeandemotions.Brainscanshavealsoshownthatmemoryplaysasignificant

roleinovereating.Ifyouhabituallyeatchocolate,forinstance,theneverytimeyouseeit,

yourememberthehigh.Sotheresearchisclear:ifyouwanttobeslim,fitandhealthy,

it'stimetotakecontrolofyourmind.

16^ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph1that.

A^it'simpossibleforpeopletoloseweight

B、oneonadietshouldn'tdrinkwine

C^onewillsurelyloseweightbyresistingtemptation

D、eatinglateatnightisn'thelpfulfbrdieting

标准答案：D

知识点解析：属信息推断题。选项A曲解文意，文章笫一句说节食注定要失败，

但并不是说人不可能减轻体重，故错误。选项B犯了移花接木的错误，是将人们

难以抵抗诱惑的几样食物中的红酒与其他成分拼凑而成的，故错误。选项C犯了

夸大其词的错误，文中只是说抵抗诱惑是减肥成功的关键，而并非抵抗诱惑就一定

可以减肥成功，故错误。文章第二句讲到人们不遵守减肥规则，而第三句开头就提

到了晚上6点以后不吃碳水化合物，由此可见这一条就是减肥规则之一，故可判断

选项D正确。

17、Toresisttemptation,onehasto.

A、goseeoneoftheleadingpsychologists

B、knowhowthebrainfunctionstowardstemptation

C、thinkwiththenosystemratherthanthegoone

D、trusttheirinstinctandemotion

标准答案：C

知识点解析：属事实细节题。选项A属于移花接木，用到了文中提到的“权威心理

学家”，但纯属拼凑而成，故错误。心理学家的研究确实让人们知道了在面对诱惑

时大脑是如何运转的，但这不是减肥者必须了解的，而如何根据这个原理去实