阅读理解之议论文-2023年高考英语复习专练（新高考专用）学生版

阅读理解之议波文

2023年高考英语【热点・重点•难点】专练（新高考专用）

新高考阅读理解两年（2021-2022）之体裁和主题内容统计

年份语篇卷别体裁主题内容

I卷应用文文学概论课程评分办法

A篇

n卷应用文儿童博物馆团体游

I卷说明文以实际行动减少食物浪费

2022B篇

U卷记叙文新型阅读体验

新高

I卷新闻报道养鸡提升老年人幸福感

考卷C篇

n卷说明文使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车

I卷说明文饮食变化带来发音变化

D篇n卷说明文锻炼对于心脏的好处

I卷应用文罗马的四个旅馆

A篇

n卷应用文约克郡的四个活动

I卷记叙文介绍钢琴翻页的职业

B篇

2021n卷记叙文作者照顾老虎

新高

I卷说明文湿地破坏，保护环境

考卷

C篇

II卷记叙文捐资助学

I卷说明文情商是品质还是技能

D篇

n卷说明文机器人监测牧牛的健康状况

两年阅读理解考得最多的文体是“说明文”，其次为“记叙文”，再次为“应用文”，而“议论文”

则没有涉及。在“三新（新课标新教材新高考）”背景下，2023年是否要考“议论文”体裁的阅读理解，我

们将拭目以待。不过，新高考两年未考，不等于将来不考。本着“未雨绸缪、有备无患”的精神，对于

议论文的阅读理解解题我们还是要予以关注的。

热点解读

议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事情进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张

的一种文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或是驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点

为主要目的。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点明确且正确，论据充分，论证合乎逻辑，

结构层次清晰。议论文的题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多个领域，涵盖文化、历史、文学、

科学和教育等各个方面，以及和自然科学交叉的学科。

议论文，有论点，有事实。作者往往根据一些很普通的事实，通过严谨的思维，缜密的推理得出一

个具有普遍性或前瞻性的观点。该类文章逻辑性非常强，命题人往往从事实的有关细节以及文章的主旨

或作者想表达的意图等方面着手，考查考生的批判性思维和辩证思维的能力。

议论文常见的设题方式四种题型都有可能涉及到。主旨大意题主要考查考生对议论文全篇思想内容

的理解；细节理解题虽然可以通过直接的查找的方法找出答案，但要注意选项中与文章的细微差别，避

免扩大、缩小乃至于误读作者的本意；推理判断题和作者观点态度题的解答一般是建立在对议论文中心

立场的基本把握上，在此基础上推断出作者的“言外之意”、未言明的思想内涵以及篇章结构。

满分技巧

一、抓论点，找论据

议论文体裁的阅读理解主要考查考生对论点及论据的把握。因此在解题时，考生应该抓主题句的方

法来把握文章主旨，弄清作者的观点。一般来说，作者的论点通常在文章的首段被引出，接着是对这一

论点的逻辑推理和论证，最后得出结论。考生还应该注意的是：作者在对论点论证的过程中，每一段的

首句通常都是该段的主题句（也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾）。把握全文论点、弄清论证各段的主题句、

理解文章层次、找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。

二、析结构，理脉络

借助下列两个“了解”分析文章结构，以便厘清文章脉络。

1.了解篇章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的篇章结构有三种：总分式结构（总一分；

总一分一总；分一总）、并列式结构（段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立）、对照式结构（结构形式上是一

正一反）、递进式结构（几个段落之间属于递进关系）；

2.了解文章的论证结构和方法。从论证结构上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类:Putforwardaquestion

—>Analyzethequestion—>Solvethequestion即"提出问题、分析问题、解决问题（或得出结论）”的结构；

Argument/Idea^Evidence—>Conclusion/RestatingtheideaBP”论点、论据、结论/强调论点”的结构。从论

证方法上讲，常用的论证方法有：归纳，即通过分析个别事物，寻找共同点，再得出结论；并列，即几

个论据之间是平等的关系；递进，即几个论据之间是递进的关系；对照，即把两种事物加以对比，分析、

说明，得出结论；驳论，即阐述别人的错误观点，逐条批驳，阐明观点。

三、细揣摩，善推理

体会文章语言特点，仔细揣摩作者写作态度，善于进行推理判断。能否正确把握作者的观点和态度

是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论

据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，考生应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表

达出来的，需要我们认真体会。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。

【经典考例1］（引用原题号，以下同）

（2021•全国高考甲卷D篇）Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.

Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewant

togobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmore

intelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?

Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthis

isnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissionto

thegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub-women,orpeopleofadifferent

colororbelief~~theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.

AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboystosaythat

membersoftheirgender（性另lj）are"really,reallysmart."Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:

Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare“really,reallysmart."Canourplanet

affordtohaveanygreatthinkersbecomediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:

absolutelynot.

Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reallpositionedtosee

flashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors（因素）like

gender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefrom

thosewith''intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力），andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangethe

world.^^

12.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvictors9standardsforjoiningthegeniusclub?

A.They'reunfair.B.They'reconservative.

C.They'reobjective.D.They'restrict.

13.WhatcanweinferaboutgirlsfromthestudyinScience?

A.Theythinkthemselvessmart.B.Theylookuptogreatthinkers.

C.Theyseegenderdifferencesearlierthanboys.D.Theyarelikelytobeinfluencedbysocialbeliefs

14.Whyaremoregeniusesknowntothepublic?

A.Improvedglobalcommunication.B.Lessdiscriminationagainstwomen.

C.Acceptanceofvictors5concepts.D.Changesinpeople'ssocialpositions.

15.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.GeniusesThinkAlikeB.GeniusTakesManyForms

C.GeniusandIntelligenceD.GeniusandLuck

【经典考例2】

（2020•天津卷D篇）Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethe

differencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihave

neverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.The

twobelongtogether.

Together,thesedeephumanurges（马区策力）countformuchmorethatambition.Galileowasnotmerely

ambitiouswhenhedroppedobjectsofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltothe

ground.LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,tcWhy?Why?Why?”

Fortunately,curiosityanddiscontentdon'thavetobelearned.Wearebomwiththemandneedonly

recapturethem.

“Thegreatman,^^saidMencius（孟子），“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild'sheart.^^Yetmostofusdoloseit.

Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.Andthecrowddesiresrestful

average.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecomer,toavoidfoolishleapsintothedark,tobesatisfied.

Mostofusmeetnewpeople,andnewideas,withhesitation.Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem,wethink

howterribleitwouldhavebeen,hadwemissedthechance.Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowaken

ourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.

Howshouldyoustart?Modestly,soasnottobecomediscouraged.Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn't

arrangeflowerstosatisfyherself.Shewascuriousabouthowtheexpertsdidit.Howsheisoneoftheexperts,

writingbooksonflowerarrangement.

Onewaytobeginistoansweryourownexcuses.Youhaven'tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon't;there

areonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven?tanytime?That'sgood,becauseit'salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhoget

thingsdone.HarrietStowe,motherofsix,wrotepartsofUncleTomsCabinwhilecooking.You'retooold?

RememberthatThomasCostainwas57whenhepublishedhisfirstnovel,andthatGrandmaMosesshowedher

firstpictureswhenshewas78.

Howeveryoustart,rememberthereisnobettertimetostartthanrightnow,foryou'llneverbemorealive

thanyouareatthismoment.

51.InwritingParagraph1,theauthoraimsto.

A.proposeadefinitionB.makeacomparison

C.reachaconclusionD.presentanargument

52.WhatdoestheexampleofGalileotellus?

A.Trialanderrorleadstothefindingoftruth.B.Scientiststendtobecuriousandambitious.

C.Creativityresultsfromchallengingauthority.D.Greatnesscomesfromalastingdesiretoexplore.

53.Whatcanyoudotorecapturecuriosityanddiscontent?

A.Observetheunknownaroundyou.B.Developaquestioningmind.

C.Leadalifeofadventure.D.Followthefashion.

54.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs6and7?

A.Gainingsuccesshelpsyoubecomeanexpert.

B.Thegeniustendstogetthingsdonecreatively.

C.Lackoftalentandtimeisnoreasonfortakingnoaction.

D.Youshouldremainmodestwhenapproachingperfection.

55.Whatcouldbethebesttileorthepassage?

A.CuriousMindsNeverFeelContentedB.ReflectionsonHumanNature

C.TheKeystoAchievementD.NeverTooLatetoLearn

限时检测

（题目序号高考真题用原序号，其余仿新嵩考阅读理解D篇）

每篇答题时间不超过8分钟

Passage1

（2022•北京卷D篇）Quantum（量子）computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensending

mearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.Fve

alsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeas

someonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.

Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanies

haveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantum

machinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.^^This

isthesortofhype（炒作）thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan'tkeep.

“What'snew,^^Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputing

researchers.^^

Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,

thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork'spotential.Ifresearcherscan'tkeeptheirpromises,

excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshave

gonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,

Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“'quantum'standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn'tbeabletounderstand.^^

AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.

AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.Healsoansweredmyquestions

aboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson'sconcernsabouthype,buthesays

thoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.

Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm"byaverylargemargin（幅度）“tobuildinga"usefiil”

quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.^^

Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparing

whatwearedoingwithothers.^^

CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition"byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon'tknow.

I'mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,just

asItrustJohnson.

31.RegardingJohnson'sconcerns,theauthorfeels.

A.sympatheticB.unconcernedC.doubtfulD.excited

32.WhatleadstoTaylor5soptimismaboutquantumcomputing?

A.Hisdominanceinphysics.B.Thecompetitioninthefield.

C.HisconfidenceinPyQuantum.D.Theinvestmentoftechcompanies.

33.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone“inParagraph3mostprobablymean?

A.Open.B.Cool.C.Useful.D.Resistant.

34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.IsJohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?

B.IsQuantumComputingRedefiningTechnology?

C.WillQuantumComputersEverComeintoBeing?

D.WillQuantumComputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?

Passage2

（2022•吉林省吉林市模拟预测）Nobusinesswouldwelcomebeingcomparedtogambling（赌博）.Yetthatis

whatishappeningtomakersofvideogames.Foryearsparentshavecomplainedthattheirchildrenare"addicted”

totheirvideogamesandsmartphones.Today,however,evenmoredoctorsareusingtheterm.OnJanuary1this

year,"gamingdisorder”——inwhichgamesareplayeduncontrollably,despitecausingharm-gainedrecognition

fromtheWorldHealthOrganization（WHO）.

Aregamesreallyaddictive?Psychologistshavedifferentopinions.Thosewhodon'tthinksosaythatthisis

justanothermoralpanic.Similarwarningshavebeengivenabouttelevision,rock'n'roll,jazz,comicbooks,

novelsandevencrosswordpuzzles,butitturnsoutthattheyarenotasharmfulasexpected.

However,supportersarguethatgamesdevelopershavethemotivationandthemeanstodesigntheir

productstomakethemextremelyattractive.Foronething,thebusiness-modelhaschanged.Intheolddays

gameswereboughtonceandforall.Butthesedays,gamesarefreeandmoneyisearnedfrompurchasesof

in-gamegoods,whichtiesplaytimedirectlytorevenue（收益）.Foranother,games-makerscombine

psychologicaltheoryanddata,whichhelpsthemmaximizetheplaytime.Smartphonesandmodemvideogame

machinesusetheirpermanentInternetconnectionstosendgameplaydatabacktodevelopers.Inthisway

productsareconstantlyadjustedtoencourageplayers9spending.Thebiggestspendersareknownas“whales”,a

termthatoriginatedincasinos（赌场）.

Thegamingindustryshouldrealizethat,intherealworld,ithasaproblem,andthatproblemisgrowing.

NowthatgamingaddictioncomeswithanofficialWHOrecognition,diagnoseswillbecomemorecommon.

Anyway,beingputtogetherwithgamblinginthepublicmind,whetheritisfairlyornot,willnotdotheindustry

anygood.

32.WhatdoweknowfromParagraph1?

A.Itisnotsuitabletocomparevideogamestogambling.

B.Parentscomplainabouttheirchildren'saddictiontogambling.

C.Moredoctorsareagainsttheuseoftheterm"addicted”.

D.Gamingaddictionwasofficiallyrecognizedasadisease.

33.Whatdoestheunderlinedwords“moralpanic^^inParagraph2mean?

A.Wrongjudgmentonhowharmfulsomethingis.

B.Troublecausedbysomeone'simmoralbehavior.

C.Socialprogresscausedbyscienceandtechnology.

D.Panicduetothegapbetweentherichandthepoor.

34.Whatdogamesdevelopersdotomakegamesattractive?

A.Theydon'tchargeplayersforin-gamegoods.

B.Theyadjustproductsbasedonreceiveddata.

C.Theykeepplayers5videogamemachinesupdated.

D.Theyrewardbigspenderswithauniquetitle.

35.1nthelastparagraph,theauthoraimsto.

A.offerasuggestionB.makeapredictionC.giveawarningD.putforwardasolution

Passage3

(2022•上海市复兴高级中学高三期中)Weareencounteringreal-worldexamplesofhowAIcanharm

humanrelations.AsdigitalassistantssuchasAlexaorSiribecomepopular,wearebecomingaccustomedto

talkingtothemasthoughtheywerealive;writinginthesepageslastyear,JudithShulevitzdescribedhowsome

ofusarestartingtotreatthemasfriendsandtherapists.ShulevitzherselfsayssheconfessesthingstoGoogle

Assistantthatshewouldn'ttellherhusband.Ifwegrowmorecomfortabletalkingtoourdevicesaboutour

secrets,whathappenstoourhumanmarriagesandfriendships?Designersandprogrammerstypicallycreate

deviceswhoseresponsesmakeusfeelbetter-butmaynothelpusbeself-reflectiveorthinkoverpainfultruths.

AsAIgoesdeeperintoourlives,wemustfacethepossibilitythatitwillpreventouremotionsanddeephuman

connects.

Besides,wewillfightwithsomeotherchallenges.Theageofdriverlesscars,afterall,isuponus.These

vehiclespromisetosubstantiallyreducetheexhaustionanddistractionthatputhumandriversindanger,thus

preventingaccidents.Butwhatothereffectsmighttheyhaveonpeople?Drivingisaverymodernkindofsocial

interaction,requiringhighlevelsofcooperation.Iworrythatdriverlesscars,bytakingawayfromusanoccasion

toexercisethisability,couldcontributetoitsdecline.

Notonlywillthesevehiclesbeprogrammedtotakeoverdrivingdutiesandhencetoremovefromhumans

thepowertomakemoraljudgments(forexample,aboutwhichpedestriantohitwhenacrashisinevitable),they

willalsoaffecthumanswithwhomthey'vehadnodirectcontact.Forinstance,driverswhohavesteeredawhile

alongsideanautonomousvehicletravelingatasteady,invariantspeedmightdrivelessattentively,thus

increasingtheirlikelihoodofaccidentsoncethey'vemovedtoapartofthehighwayoccupiedonlybyhuman

drivers.Alternatively,experiencemayrevealthatdrivingalongsideautonomousvehiclestravellinginperfect

accordancewithtrafficlawsactuallyimproveshumanperformance.

Eitherway,weshouldbecarefultolaunchnewformsofAIwithoutfirsttakingsuchsocialspillovers一or

externalities,asthey'reoftencalled-intoaccount.Wemustapplythesameeffortthatweapplytothehardware

andsoftwarethatmakeself-drivingcarspossibletomanagingAFspotentialeffectsonthoseoutsidethecar.

Afterall,weinstallbrakelightsonthebackofyourcarnotjust,orevenprimarily,foryourbenefit,butforthe

sakeofthepeoplebehindyou.

32.Whatcanbeinferredabouthumanrelationshipsfromthefirstparagraph?

A.Wewillfeelcomfortablespeakingtoothersonline.

B.AIwillleadtoshallowinter-personalrelationships.

C.AIwillenablepeopletocommunicatemorewithothers.

D.Wewillbemoreself-reflectiveininteractionthankstoAL

33.Inparagraph2,thephrase“itsdecIine^^referstothedeclinein.

A.drivers5interactionwiththecars

B.drivers9exhaustionanddistraction

C.ourabilitytocooperatewithotherswhiledriving

D.ourabilitytodealwithemergencieswhiledriving

34.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofdriverlesscars?

A.Theymaybebetteratmakingmorejudgmentsthanhumandrivers.

B.Theyneedtovarytheirspeedtomakecontactwithhumandrivers.

C.Theymaymakehumandriversinothercarsdrivemoresafely.

D.Theyneedtoforcehumandriverstoconcentrateinthecar.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthewritermostlikelytoagreewith?

A.Brakelightsonthebackofourcarareinstalledmainlytowarnusofdanger.

B.Weshouldfigureouthownewtechnologyaffectspeoplebeforedevelopingit.

C.Itishardtosaywhysocialspilloverswillworkintermsofself-drivingcars.

D.Moreeffortshouldbemadetoadvancethehardwareandsoftwareofdriverlesscars.

Passage4

（2022•湖南高三阶段练）Asmanyofficeworkersadapttoremotework,citiesmayundergofundamental

changeifofficesremainunder-utilized.Whowillbenefitifworkingfromhomebecomesthenorm?

Employersarguetheymakeconsiderablesavingsonrealestatewhenworkersshiftfromofficetohome

work.However,thesesavingsresultfrompassingcostsontoworkers.

Unlessemployeesarefullycompensated,thiscouldbecomeavariantofparasitic（变异的）capitalism,

wherebycorporateprofitsincreasinglyrelyonextractingvaluefromthepublic-andnowpersonal-realm,rather

thanongeneratingnewvalue.

Thoughemployersarebackedbyachorusofremoteworkadvocates,othersnotetheloneliness,reduced

productivityandinefficienciesofextendedremotework.

Ifworkingfromhomebecomespermanent,employeeswillhavetodedicatepartoftheirprivatespaceto

work.Thisrequirespurchasingdesks,chairsandofficeequipment.

Italsomeanshavingprivatespaceded