物理化学专业术语

物理化学术语PhysicalChemicalTerms第十课第1页1.changesofstateSolidliquidgasSolidgasfusioncrystallizationvaporizationcondensation

sublimationdepositionliquefactionmelting第2页2.FluidityofasubstanceViscosity:TheresistanceofasubstancetoflowSurfacetension:theamountofenergyrequiredtoexpandthesurfaceofaliquidbyaunitarea.Impartsmembrane-likebehaviortothesurface.第3页3.SolidAmorphoussolid:asubstanceinwhichtheatoms,molecules,orionshavearandomandnonrepetitivethree-dimensionalarrangement.Crystallinesolid:asubstanceinwhichtheatoms,molecules,orionshaveacharacteristicregular,andrepetitivethree-dimensionalarrangement.第4页3.1CrystalCrystal:asolidthathasashapeboundedbyplanesurfacesintersectingatfixedanglesSpacelattice:asystemofpointsrepresentingsiteswithidenticalenvironmentsinthesameorientationinthecrystalUnitcell:themostconvenientsmallpartofaspacelattice,ifrepeatedinthreedimension,willgeneratetheentirelattice.第5页3.1.1Unitcell:Primitiveunitcell:aunitcellinwhichonlythecornersareoccupiedMultipleunitcell:containotherlatticepointsinadditiontothoseatthecornersTheoreticaldensity:themassoftheunitcelldividedbythevolumeoftheunitcell第6页Polymorphous:abletocrystallizeinmorethanonecrystalstructureIsomorphous:havethesamecrystalstructure第7页4.SolutionSaturatedsolution:theconcentrationofdissolvedsoluteisequaltothatwhichwouldbeinequilibriumwithundissolvedsoluteunderthegivenconditions.Solubility:theconcentrationofasaturatedsolution.unsaturatedsolution:candissolvemoresolute.Supersaturatedsolution:holdsmoresolutethanwouldbeinequilibriumwithundissolvedsolute第8页4.1miscibilityMiscibility:themutualsolubilityoftwosubstancesinthesamephase.Likedissolveslike:Substancesthataresimilarinstructure,bonding,andespeciallyinintermolecularforcestendtobehighlyoreveninfinitelymiscible.Immisicible:第9页4.2Idealsolution

Idealsolutionofamolecular:theforcesbetweenallparticleofbothsolventandsoluteareidentical.Idealsolutionofanionicsolute:theionsinsolutionareindependentofeachotherandattractedonlytosolventmolecules.Henry’slaw:Atconstanttemperature,thepartialpressureofagasoverasolutionisdirectlyproportionaltothesolubilityofthegasinthatsolution第10页4.3standardsolutionstandardsolution:asolutionofknownconcentrationConcentrationofsolution:

1.mass(weight)percent=

(massofsolute/massofsolution)×100%2.molarity=molesofsolute/litersofsolution3.molality=molesofsolute/kilogramofsolution第11页4.4colligativepropertyRaoult’slaw:Thevaporpressureofaliquidinasolutionisequaltothemolefractionofthatliquidinthesolutiontimesthevaporpressureofpureliquid.colligativeproperty:anypropertyofasolutionthatdependsontherelativenumbersofsoluteandsolventparticles第12页5.SemipermeablemembraneSemipermeablemembranes:membranesthatallowthepassageofsomemoleculesbutnotothers.Osmosis:thepassageofsolventmoleculesthroughasemipermeablemembranefromamoredilutesolutionintoamoreconcentratedsolution.Osmosispressure:theexternalpressureexactlysufficienttoopposeosmosisandstopit第13页6.colloidColloid:

colloidaldispersion,asubstancemadeupofsuspendedparticleslargerthanmostmolecules,buttoosmalltobeseeninanopticalmicroscopySol:solidparticlessuspendedinaliquid,suchasmudGel:solidparticles,usuallyverylargemolecules,uniteinarandomandintertwinedstructurethatgivesrigiditytothemixtureEmulsion:particlesofaliquidsuspendedinanotherliquidFoam:tinybubblesofgassuspendedinaliquidAerosol:airorgasisthesuspendingmedium第14页7.ChemicalkineticsChemicalkinetics:thestudyoftheratesandmechanismofchemicalreactionsActivationenergy:theminimumenergythatreactantsmusthaveforreactiontooccur第15页7.1reactionratereactionrate:thechangeinconcentrationofareactantoraproductinaunitoftimeRateequation:themathematicalrelationshipbetweenthereactionrateandtheconcentrationofoneormoreofthereactantsRateconstant:relatesreactionratetosomefunctionofreactantconcentrationsraisedtovariouspowersInhibitors;catalyst;promoters第16页7.2equilibriumconstantequilibriumconstant:Kisequaltotheproductoftheconcentrationsofthereactionsproducts,eachraisedtothepowerequaltoitsstoichiometriccoefficient,dividedbytheproductoftheconcentrationsofthereactants,eachraisedtothepowerequaltoitsstoichiometriccoefficientReactionquotient:Q,takesthesameformasKbutisusedforreactionnotatequilibrium第17页Solubilityproduct:Ksp,theequilibriumconstantforasolidelectrolyteinequilibriumwithitsionsinsolutionDissociationconstant:Kd,theequilibriumconstantforthedissociationofcomplexions第18页8.ElectrochemistryElectrochemistry:dealswithoxidation-reductionreactionsthateitherproduceorutilizeelectricalenergy第19页colligativepropertyRaoult’slaw:Thevaporpressureofaliquidinasolutionisequaltothemolefractionofthatliquidinthesolutiontimesthevaporpressureofpureliquid.colligativeproperty:anypropertyofasolutionthatdependsontherelativenumbersofsoluteandsolventparticles第20页Colloid:

colloidaldispersion,asubstancemadeupofsuspendedparticleslargerthanmostmolecules,buttoosmalltobeseeninanopticalmicroscopySol:solidparticlessuspendedinaliquid,suchasmudGel:solidparticles,usuallyverylargemolecules,uniteinarandomandintertwinedstructurethatgivesrigiditytothemixtureEmulsion:particlesofaliquidsuspendedinanotherliquidFoam:tinybubblesofgassuspendedinaliquidAerosol:airorgasisthesuspendingmediumcolloid第21页equilibriumconstantequilibriumconstant:Kisequaltotheproductoftheconcentrationsofthereactionsproducts,eachraisedtothep