初高中英语衔接句子结构和三大从句

句子结构&三大从句objectcomplementreviewEnglishsentenceverbsubjectintransitive(vi.)transitive(vt.)objectIO+DODO+to/for+IOS+VS+V+OS+V+O+OCadverbiallinkingverbpredicativetime,place,reason,manner,degree,purpose,etc.S+V+IO+DOS+Link.V+PS+V+O+A/S+V+ASentencestructure句子按结构划分：简单句(simplesentence)并列句(compound

sentence)复合句(complexsentence)简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）1①He

oftenreads

Englishinthemorning.②TomandMike

areAmericanboys.③She

likesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthenewspapers.并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子2①HelikesEnglish,hisEnglishisverygood.②Hiswifewasill,hehadtosayathome.当一个句子中含有两个简单句时，就要考虑两个简单句的连接问题了。直接用逗号连接两个简单句是错误的。①这时我们可以用and,but,or等并列连词来连接这两个句子；②也可以用分号（；）来连接。此时，这两个简单句（此时也可称作分句）之间是并列关系。用并列连词或分号连接起来的句子是并列句。并列句用分号：Wefishedallday;wedidn’tcatchathing.用分号，后跟一个连接副词：Wefishedallday;however,wedidn’tcatchathing.用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）Wefishedallday,but(we)didn’tcatchathing.简单句+并列连词或分号+简单句常见的并列连词1.平行关系and,but,notonly...butalso...,both...and....,neither…nor,aswellas,then等It'sthesummervacationand

I'mhelpingmy

dadonthefarm.Heisnotonlyourteacher,butalsoourfriend.Ihavereadoneofhisnovelsaswellasafewofhisplays.常见的并列连词2.转折关系but,yet,however,while等Theworkerhuntedforjobsformonths,

yet

hecouldn'tfindanyjob.3.选择关系or,whether...or,either...or等Takethisbusor

youwon'tgetthereintime.Onecannotseewind,however,itdoesexist.注：however在使用时必须与句子的其他成分用逗号分隔开来。Theessayisgood;itcouldbeimproved,however.常见的并列连词4.因果关系Shewasconfused,forshedidn'tknowFrench.It'stimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.for,so,thereforeIt'sraining,therefore

wehadtostayathome.Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。Hewastired,sohewenttobed.1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.

2.Thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt.Hewasafraidofthedog.3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidn’tkeepit.Hemadeapromise,butHedidn’tkeepit.Thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt,forhewasafraidofthedog.复合句:复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成，指的是含有两个或更多的主谓结构的句子。3在复合句中，其中有一个（或更多）主谓结构充当句子的某一（些）成分，如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句都属于复合句，主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在，从句则只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。引导从句的关联词1.从属连词:that(无词义),

whether(是否),before(在…前)，whether(是否),

after(在…之后),

if(假如、是否),

since(既然、自从),because(因为),

as/solongas(只要),

when(当时…候),sothat(结果)。2.

疑问代词:who,which,whom,what,whose3.

疑问副词:when,why,where,how4.

关系代词:who,which,whom,that,whose5.

关系副词:when,why,where复合句副词性从句(状语从句—adverbialclause)：Iwasreadingabookwhenshecameintomymom.形容词性从句(定语从句—attributiveclause)：Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.名词性从句(主语从句—subjectclause、宾语从句—objectclause、表语从句—predicativeclause、同位语从句—appositiveclause)WhatImeanistoworkharder.Ihave

foundthatEnglishisveryimportant.

Thisis

where

Ifirstmether.The

thought

thatIwanttobuymymotherabirthdaygiftmakesmeexcited.简单句+关联词+简单句状语从句(adverbialclause)Part01状语：基本概念结构：从属连词连接两个（或多个）独立的句子本质：表达句子之间特定的逻辑语义关系九类状语从句时间条件原因地点目的结果让步比较方式用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语或整个句子等，一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当。状语从句时间状语从句圈出下列句子中的从句和引导词1)MymumwascookingwhenIgotintothekitchen.2)Afterheleftthecollege,hewenttoAmerica.3)I’llcallhimassoonasIgetthere.4)Hedidn’tgotobeduntilhisfathercameback.5)HehaslivedinBeijingsincehewasborn.步骤：1.先找关联词；2.关联词后的句子就是从句。时间状语从句说明动作或状态发生、存在的时间。常用引导词:when,while,as,until/till,before,after,assoonas,…特殊引导词:themoment,theminute,everytimethefirsttime…Thechildrenranawaythemomenttheysawtheguard.IfellinlovewiththebookthefirsttimeIsawit.易混引导词while，when，as的区别：①when既可以指“时间点”，与瞬间动词连用，也可以指“时间段”，与延续性动词连用(＝while)。如：Whenhecamein,

hismotherwascooking.When/Whilewewereatschool,

wewenttothelibraryeveryday.时间状语从句②while表示时间段，因此，while从句的谓语动词要用延续性动词。Pleasedon'ttalksoloudwhileothersareworking.③as与when用法相似，但着重强调主句动作与从句动作同时发生，有“随着……”或“一边……一边……”之意。Asyougetolder,

yougetmoreknowledge.条件状语从句连接词:

if,

unless,

aslongasWewon’tletyouinunlessyoushowyourpass.Ifyoufailagainthistime,whatwillyoudo?AslongasIamalive,

Iwillgoonstudying.说明动作或事情发生、存在的条件。原因状语从句连接词:as,because,sinceAsitisraining,you’dbettertakeataxi.IdoitbecauseIlikeit.Sincewelivenearthesea,weenjoyniceweather.说明动作或事情发生、存在的原因。原因状语从句because,

as,

since的区别：①because用于表示直接原因，回答why提出的问题，语气最强；Waterisveryimportantbecausewecan'tlivewithoutit.②as用于说明原因，着重点在主句，常译成“由于”；Hedidn'tcomeyesterdayashismotherwasill.③since表示显然的或已知的理由或事实，常译成“既然”。如：I'lldoitforyousinceyouarebusy.地点状语从句连接词:wherePutitwhereweallcanseeit.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.说明动作或事情发生、存在的地点。目的状语从句连接词:sothat,

inorderthatFinishthissothatyoucanstartanother.Healwaystakesaseatinthefirstrowsothat/inorderthathecanhearbetter.=Inorderthathecanhearbetter,healwaystakesaseatinthefirstrow.

说明动作或事情发生、存在的目的。结果状语从句连接词:sothat,so...that,such...thatHewassoangrythathecouldn'tsayaword.Hewenttothelectureearly,sothathegotagoodseat.Hemadesuchanexcellentspeechthateveryoneadmiredhim.说明动作或事情发生的结果。such...that,

so...that,

sothat引导状语从句的区别：(1)sothat表示结果和目的时的区别：sothat表示目的时，从句中往往有can,could,may,might等情态动词，而表示结果时没有；sothat引导结果状语从句可用逗号与主句分开，引导目的状语从句则不可。Theysetoutearlysothattheyarrivedintime.(结果)Theysetoutearlysothattheymightarriveintime.(目的)(2)so…that…与such…that…的区别so为副词，修饰形容词、副词，不能修饰名词；such是形容词，用来修饰名词。两者的常用结构如下：so＋形容词/副词＋that从句so＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋that从句so＋many/few＋可数名词复数＋that从句so＋much/little＋不可数名词＋that从句such＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋that从句such＋形容词＋可数名词复数＋that从句such＋形容词＋不可数名词＋that从句Sheissokindthatpeoplelikeherverymuch.Thisisso

interestingabookthatweallenjoyreadingit.Thereareso

manybooksherethatitisdifficulttocount.Ihaveso

littlemoneythatIcannotaffordacar.Thisissuch

aninterestingbookthatweallenjoyreadingit.Theyaresuch

interestingbooksthatweallenjoyreadingthem.Itwassuch

fineweatheryesterdaythatwewentoutforapicnic.让步状语从句连接词:though,although,while,evenif,however等Thoughitwasraining,shestillwentoutwithoutanumbrella.

Althoughtheweatherwasbad,theydecidedtogoonapicnic.Whileit'srainingoutside,Istillwanttogoforawalk.

Evenifhismotheragrees,hisfatherwon'tlethim

go.Some

people

will

gain

weight,however

hard

they

try

to

slim.

说明虽然存在一种情况或条件A，但另一种情况或条件B仍然存在。方式状语从句连接词:as,

as

if/though,(just)as

...so...,thewayWhen

inRome,doastheRomansdo.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifitwerebroken.Justaswateristofish,soairistoman.Hedidnotdoitthewayhisbrotherdid.说明动作或事情发生的方式。比较状语从句连接词:than,

(not)so/as…as…Althoughheisa10-year-oldboy,

heismoreintelligentthanmanypeople.

Theworkisn’taseasyasIthought.用于表示两个事物之间的比较关系。Quicksummary状语从句Adverbialclause原因时间条件地点目的结果方式比较让步when,while,as,until/till,before,after,assoonas,…as,because,sinceif,unless,aslongaswheresothat,inorderthatsothat,so...that,such...thatthough,although,while,evenif,howeveras,asif/though,(just)as

...so...,thewaythan,(not)so/as…as…宾语从句(objectclause)Part02宾语：基本概念结构：从属连词连接两个（或多个）独立的句子定义：置于动词、介词、形容词等后充当宾语成分的从句叫宾语从句。三类宾语从句指动作所涉及的人或事物，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，位于动词之后。宾语从句圈出下列句子中的从句和引导词1.Couldyoutellmewhoheiswaitingfor?2.Ourteachersaidthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.3.Idon'tknowifhewillcometonight.4.IamsorrythatIamlate.5.Iamthinkingaboutwhathesaid.宾语从句通常位于_______、_______或_______的后面动词形容词介词tellsaidknowsorryabout1.引导词Conjunction3.时态Tense2.语序OrderThreemainpointsofobjectclause宾语从句的三要素1.引导词Conjunctionloading…由______引导的宾语从句，其只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以________。Ibelieve__________

flyIbelieve__________touchtheskyIthinkaboutiteverynightanddaySpreadmywingsandflyawayIcanIcan省略听歌填词(that)

(that)

1.引导词Conjunctionthat在由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,why,how引导的宾语从句中，这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。Ifonlyyousaw______IcanseeYouwillunderstand______IwantyousodesperatelyRightnowI'mlookingatyouandIcan'tbelieveYoudon'tknowohohYoudon'tknowyou'rebeautifulOhohThat’s_______makesyoubeautiful听歌填词whywhat1.引导词ConjunctionwhatDoyouknowwhatisinthebox?Iwonderedwhotookmyumbrellabymistake.Telluswhoseshirtitis.Idon'tknowwhichIshouldchoose.Sheaskedwhomyouwerelookingfor.连接代词what“什么”指物

who“谁”指人whose“某人/物的”后要加名词which“哪一个”whom“谁”宾格只做宾语在从句中充当主语在从句中充当主语在从句中充当定语在从句中充当宾语在从句中充当宾语Weknowwhereshelives.Doyouknowhowhecametotheofficeyesterday?Theyhaven'tdecidedwhenthemeetingwillbeheld.Canyoutelluswhyyouliedtoyourmother?连接副词where“哪里”指地点

why“为什么”指原因

when“什么时候”指时间how“怎样”指方式Idon’tknow___I’mworthit.Maybewewereperfect.Ireallyneedtocallyoutonight.ififwhether听歌填词1.引导词Conjunction以____或___________引导的宾语从句，主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句。注意：一般情况下，whether和if可以互用，但有些情况例外。注意(1)当从句作介词的宾语时只用whether不用if。Everythingdependson

whetherwehaveenoughmoney.一切取决于我们是否有足够的钱。(2)引导词后直接跟动词不定式或ornot时，只用whether。Wewerewonderingwhether

togotodayortomorrow.我们想知道今天走还是明天走。1.Iwonder

Icangetsomeadvicefromyou.2.Ithink

it'sfuntodressupasacartooncharacter.3.——Excuseme，couldyoupleasetellme

Icanbuysomemedicine?——Sure.There'sasupermarketdownthestreet.4.Couldyoupleasetellme______canIgettopostoffice?为下列句子填入合适的引导词whether/ifthatwherehowloading…2.语序Order、宾语从句的语序句子的两种语序:1.陈述句结构叫陈述语序Thereisashopnearhere.2.

疑问句结构叫疑问语序Isthereashopnearhere?

宾语从句必须用___________。陈述语序OrderIknow(that)

Lily

isclever.Iwonderif/whether

he

canswim.Doyouknowwhereshe

lives?宾语从句用陈述语序＋＋＋······主语谓语引导词先主后谓Willtheygotomanyplaces?

Couldyoutellme?→Couldyoutellme_____________________gotomanyplaces.Whether/if

they

will3.时态Tenseloading…Idon'tknowwhereheworks.whatsheboughtyesterday.whomheisspeakingto.whenthecontestwillbegin.whetherhehasbeentoChinabefore.主句时态是一般现在时，宾语从句时态取决于从句。主句是一般将来时或祈使句时，从句时态也取决于从句。TenseTenseIhear(that)Jim

(be)aworkertwoyearsago.Jim

(be)anEnglishteacher.Jim(cook)dinnertomorrow.Jim(sing)apopularsongnow.Jim(be)totheGreatWalltwice.Jim(play)basketballwhenhisfathercameback.wasiswillcookissinginghasbeenwasplayingSuetoldmethatshewouldgoshoppingwithhersisterthenextday.Hesaidthathewantedtostayathome.Heaskedwhosehandwritingwasthebest.主句时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去式（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）1)HewillgotoHongKong.2)Heissick.3)Heisreadingabook.4)Hehasfinishedhiswork.1)he

toHongKong.2)he

sick.3)he

abook.4)he

hiswork.HesaidwouldgowaswasreadinghadfinishedTenseOurteachersaidthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.HesaidthatJanuaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.当主句是一般过去时，但宾语从句所陈述的是自然现象、客观真理、科学原理、格言等时，从句用一般现在时。引导词省略语序时态that陈述语序先主后谓Quicksummary·主现从不限·主过从必过·客观真理永一现if/whether连接代词连接副词宾语从句objectclause定语从句(attributiveclause)Part03定语：基本概念对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明，一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当，位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之后。定语从句定语从句在句中作定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。被修饰的名词、词组或代词叫作先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词—relativepronoun或关系副词—relativeadverb)引出。eg.Sheistheonethatyouneverforget.定语从句结构：从句关系词修饰名词或代词的句子先行词关系词被修饰的名词或代词引导定语从句替代先行词充当句子成分关系代词关系副词whowhomthatwhichwhosewhenwherewhy定义：Whatistheattributiveclause?(relativepronouns)(relativeadverbs)一、关系代词引导的定语从句1.

who,

whom,

that这些词代替的先行词是指人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?Heistheman(who/whom/that)Isawyesterday.(who/that在从句中作主语)(who/whom/that在从句中作宾语)2.whose用来指人或物(只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换)。如：Pleasepassmethebookwhose/ofwhichthecoverisgreen.3.which,that它们所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。如：Anairofprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.(which/that在从句中作宾语，可省略)(which/that在从句中作主语)Attention!:关系代词that和which都可以指物，that和who都可以指人，其用法区别：

(1)不用that的情况①在引导非限制性定语从句时Thetree,

whichisfourhundredyearsold，isveryfamoushere.②直接在介词后作宾语时Wedependonthelandfrom

whichwegetourfood.③下列情况多用whoa)关系代词指人且在从句中作主语Afriendwhohelpsyouintimeofneedisarealfriend.b)先行词为those,

people时Those

whowereeitherfoolsorunfitfortheirofficescouldnotseethecloth.c)先行词为all,

anyone,

ones,

one(指人时)One

whodoesn'tworkhardwillneversucceedinhiswork.d)在therebe句型中Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeyou.e)在被分隔的定语从句中Anewteacher

willcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.(2)只能用that的情况①在不定代词，如anything，nothing，everything，all，much，few，any，little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。All

thatisneededisasupplyofoil.②先行词被theonly，thevery，thejust等修饰时，只用that。Heistheverymanthathelpedthegirloutofthewater.③先行词被序数词(含thelast)或形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。ThefirstEnglishbookthatIread