《计算机英语》计算机英语第三章

计算机英语Chapter3ComputerSoftware11SystemSoftware2ApplicationSoftware目录CONTENT3DifferentFormsofSoftware4SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycle2Applicationandsoftwaredesignispreparedfromandinstallthatthephysicalinterconnectionsanddevicesrequiredtonotfailaftercategories:[dɪ'lɪvərəbl]Reliable—acceptablelevelofbreakdownsorfailure:Spreadsheetsoftwareallowsuserstocalculatenumbersarrangeddividedintocalculations.software,educationalandcustomerrealizesandcolumns,whichMeetingswithmanagers,stakeholdersandusersareheldLeadinComputersoftware,alsocalledacomputerprogramorsimplyaprogram,isaseriesofinstructionsthattellthehardwareofacomputerwhattoencompassesthephysicalinterconnectionsanddevicesrequiredtostoreandrunthesoftware.[1]do.Itissocalledincontrasttocomputerhardware,whichThesoftwaresystemcanbedividedintotwobroadcategories:systemexecutingfromhardwarewhichultimatelyreceivestheinstructionasmachinecode.[2]softwareandapplicationsoftware.Computersoperatebythecomputerprogram,whichinvolvespassinginstructionstheapplicationsoftware,throughthesystemsoftware,tothe31SystemSoftware41SystemSoftwareSystemsoftware,whichconsistsofprogramsthatcontroltheoperationofthecomputeranditsdevices,servesastheinterfacebetweensupportsoperationsofcomputersystemsandnetworks.auserandthecomputer'shardware.ItmanagesandCommonsystemsoftwareincludesoperatingsystem(OS),languagetranslators,andutilityprograms,withtheOSasthecore.Theoperatingsystemisinchargeofmanaginghardwareandsoftwareresources,organizingworkprocess,andprovidinguserswithmostbasiccannotrunonthecomputer.MicrosoftWindowsandLinuxareexamplesofoperatingsystems.positiveworksystemenvironmentsandfriendlyinterfaces.Itisthesoftware,withoutwhichanyothersoftware51SystemSoftwareLanguagetranslatorsareprogramsdesignedtotranslateinstructionslanguage.directlyprograms,translationidentifiedcorrespondingsoftwaremustbeturnedintotheassemblers,compilersandinterpreters.writteninprogramminglanguagesintomachineProgramswritteninhigh-levellanguagescannotbeidentifiedandexecutedonthecomputer.Toexecutethesetheyshouldbefirsttranslatedbythelanguagebeprogramintothebinaryinstructionsthatcanbythecomputer.Thenthecomputercanruntheprograms.Bothsystemsoftwareandapplicationmachinelanguageforexecutionbycomputer.Therearethreetypesoflanguagetranslators:61SystemSoftwareUtilityprogramsaregenerallyusedtosupport,enhance,computerconfiguresettingsforcomputersystemtheincludebackup,datarecovery,virusprotection,datacompression,defragmentation,etc.programsareformattinganddiskcleanup.orexpandexistingprogramsinaandsystem.Theyhelptomonitorequipment,functionsOS,orapplicationsoftware.TheirSomeutilityincludedwiththeOS,suchasdisk72ApplicationSoftware82ApplicationSoftwareAllsoftwareexceptsystemsoftwarebelongstoapplicationsoftware.Applicationmanufacturersdirectlygraphicsdesign,etc.[3]softwareconsistsofprogramsdesignedbycomputerfunctionsorsoftwarecompaniestocarryoutspecificforusers,suchaswordprocessing,emailsendingandreceiving,Basically,applicationsoftwarecanbedividedintofourbroadcategories:referencesoftware,andentertainmentsoftware.productivitysoftware,businesssoftware,educationaland92ApplicationSoftwareLiterally,educationalandreferencesoftwareisusedforeducationandself-learning.Courseware,classroomsoftwarepopular.Therelists,maps,andreproductionoffamousart.Entertainmentsoftwarereferstomusic,andthroughuseofacomputer.managementsoftware,assessmentallbelongtoeducationalsoftware.ReferencesoftwareisalsoareCD-ROMswithencyclopedias,phonebooks,mailingvideogames,programstodisplaymotionpicturesorplayrecordedexperiencedotherformsofentertainmentwhichcanbeBelowwemainlyintroducetheproductivitysoftwareandthebusinesssoftware.102ApplicationSoftwareProductivitySoftware112ApplicationSoftwareParticularly,wordprocessingsoftwareallowsuserstocreate,edit,store,andprintdocuments.Spreadsheetsoftwareallowsuserstocalculatenumbersarrangedinfinancialtasks.Presentationgraphicssoftwarecalledslidesthatcanperformanimationandvideoclips.Databasesoftwareisusedtoway,aswellastoretrieve,manipulate,anddisplaythatdatainPersonalinformationmanager(PIM)actsasapersonalorganizer,whichfacilitatestherecording,tracking,andmanagementofcertainThesefiveapplicationsarewhichpresentssoftwaresuitesofdifferentcompanies.rowandcolumns,whichisoftenusedforbudgeting,forecastingandotherallowsuserstocreatedocumentsmultimediapresentationsincludinggraphics,photos,storedatainanorganizedameaningfulform.typesofpersonalinformation.oftensoldtogetherasasingleunit,calledasuite,inindividualapplicationsarepackagedinthesamebox.Thetablebelow122ApplicationSoftwareBusinessSoftwareBusinesssoftware,oftencalledverticalmarketsoftware,consistsofprogramsdevelopedforaspecificbusinesssoftwaretoolsavailable,includingdesktop-publishing(DTP)software,projectmanufacturingsoftware,multimediasomeofthem.businessorindustry.Thereareavarietyofmanagementsoftware,computer-aideddesign(CAD)andpainting(CAM)software,accountingsoftware,drawingandauthoringsoftwareandsoon.BelowareintroductionstoDesktopsophisticatedAlthoughmanywordprocessingpackageshavesomeofthecapabilitiesofDTPsoftware,professionaldesignersandgraphicartistsuseDTPsoftwarebecauseitisdesignedspecificallytosupportpagelayout.[4]publishingsoftwarethatallowsuserstodesignandproducedocumentscontaintext,graphics,andbrilliantcolors.132ApplicationSoftwareProjectmanagementsoftwarehasthecapacityplan,organize,andmanageresourcepoolstoandexample,mightuseittoproducingatextbook.helpdevelopresourceestimates.Apublisher,forcoordinatetheprocessofCADsoftwareisusedinart,architecture,engineeringandmanufacturingtoassistindrawing.Forinstance,anengineermightuseCADtocreatesystems.precisiondesignplansforairplanesandsecurity143DifferentFormsofSoftware153DifferentFormsofSoftwareWithwidespreadapplication,increasinglydifferentformsofsoftwarehavecomeabout.Theyarefreeware,sharewareandgreensoftware.availableascommercialsoftware,opensourcesoftware,Commercialsoftwarereferstothesoftwarebeingtradedasgoods.Itisnamedcommercialnotbecauseitisonlyusedinindevelopersafee.Atpresent,mostkindsofthesoftwarearecommercial.commercebutbecauseitisinitselfgoodsthemarket.[5]Thus,usersofcommercialsoftwareneedtopaythesoftwareAsgoods,commercialsoftwarenotonlyplaysapositiveroleinsocialdevelopment,butalsoindustryinsoftwarehinderstheapplicationofnewtechnologiesandmethods.[6]impactssignificantlyonthedevelopmentofsoftwareaquitelongperiod.Tosomeextent,however,thestrictprotectionofthe163DifferentFormsofSoftwareCommercialsoftwareisoftenreferredtoclosedsourcesoftware,whichmeansobtaining,using,andmodificationofitssourcecodesarespecificallyaddition,somekindsofsoftwarearerestrictedonduplicationanddistribution.restricted.InIncontrasttocommercialsoftware,opensourcesoftwareisnotrestrictedonoperationsonsourcedistributeduserstolearn,modifyandimprovethequalityofthesoftware.Thereby,thesoftwareisdevelopedjointly.codes.Instead,itssourcecodesaredisclosedandcanbefree.Usually,thecopyrighterreservessomecertainrightandallowsFreewareissoftwarethatisprovidedatnocosttoauserbyanindividualoracompany.Althoughfree,freewareiscopyrighted,meaninguserscannotresellitastheirown.Onethingtobenotedisthatnotallopensourcesoftwareisfreewareandviceversa.[7]173DifferentFormsofSoftwareSharewareisaspecialformofcommercialsoftware,whichtrialperiod,usersareallowedtosoftwareuninstallitormakeapaymenttothesoftwaredeveloperifthey'dliketokeepusingit.isdistributedfreeforatrialperiod.Duringtheobtainandinstallthatfree.Whentheperiodexpires,usersshouldGreensoftware,orportablesoftware,isafreeapplet.ItcanbeusedwithoutinstallationandstoredinremovableUSBdisk.Also,recordssuchaslog-innotremainconvenience,greensoftwareiswidelyused.storagemediasuchasmobileharddiskandinformationwillinthecomputerafteritsremoval.Withits184SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycle194SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycleSoftwaredevelopmentlifecycle(SDLC)issoftwareprocessinvolvedinsoftwaresoftwarepartsoftheworld.processinvolvedinthedevelopmentofproducts.SDLCisastep-by-stepthedevelopmentofaproduct.Itisalsodenotedasdevelopmentprocessincertain204SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycleThefollowingsaresixphasesin1.everySDLCmodel:RequirementGatheringandAnalysis:Businessrequirementsaregatheredinandstakeholders.Meetingswithmanagers,stakeholdersandusersareheldinHowwilltheyusethesystem?WhatdatashouldWhatdatashouldgetansweredduringarequirementgatheringphase.Afterbeinggathered,theseincorporatingthemthisphase.Thisphaseisthemainfocusoftheprojectmanagersordertodeterminetherequirementslike:Whoisgoingtousethesystem?thesystem?beinputintobeoutputbythesystem?Thesearegeneralquestionsthatrequirementsareanalyzedfortheirvalidityandthepossibilityofinthesystemtobedevelopedisalsostudied.[8]Finally,aRequirementSpecificationdocumentiscreatedwhichservesthepurposeofguidelineforthenextphaseofthemodel.214SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycle2.Design:Inthisphasethesystemandsoftwaredesignispreparedfromtherequirementspecificationsstudiedininoverallsystemthenextphaseofthemodel.thefirstphase.Systemdesignhelpsspecifyinghardwareandsystemrequirementsandalsohelpsindefiningarchitecture.ThesystemdesignspecificationsserveasinputforInthisphasethetesterscomeupwiththeteststrategy,wheretheymentionwhattotestandhowtotest.224SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycle3.ImplementationisorCoding:dividedintoOnreceivingsystemdesigndocuments,theworkcodingisstarted.[9]Inmainimportantphaseofthesoftwaredevelopmentlifecycle.modulesorunitsandactualthisphasethecodeisproducedsoitisthethelongestandthemostfocusforthedeveloper.Thisis4.Testing:Afterthecodeisdeveloped,itistestedagainstthesolvingtherequirementstomakesurethattheproductisactuallyneedsaddressedandgatheredduringtherequirementsphase.5.Deployment:Aftersuccessfultestingtheproductisdeliveredordeployedtothecustomersfortheiruse.234SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycleAssoonastheproductisgiventothecustomers,theywillfirstdothebetatesting.[10]Ifanychangesarerequiredorifanybugsarecaught,thentheywillreportittotheengineeringteam.Oncethosechangesaremadeorthebugsarefixed,thenthefinaldeploymentwillhappen.6.Maintenance:Oncewhenthecustomersstartsusingthedevelopedsoftware,thentheactualproblemscomesupandneedstobesolvedfromtoknownasmaintenance.[11]timetime.Thisprocesswherethecareistakenforthedevelopedproductis24Words25Wordsencompass[in'kʌmpəs]v.包含load[ləud]v.载入assembler[ə'semblə]n.汇编程序n.编译程序n.解释程序compiler[kəm'paɪlə][in'təːpritə]interpreterconfigure[kən'figə]v.使成形；配置backup['bækʌp]n.备份defragmentation[defrægmen'teɪʃn]n.磁盘碎片整理encyclopediareproduction[enˌsaikləu'piːdjə]n.百科全书[ˌriːprə'dʌkʃən]n.复制spreadsheet['spredʃiːt]n.电子制表软件collaboration[kəˌlæbə'reiʃən]n.合作browse[brauz]v.浏览row[rəu]n.行26Wordscolumn['kɔləm]n.列budgeting['budʒitiŋ]n.预算管理slide[slaid]n.幻灯片layout['leiaut]n.布局n.动画animation[ˌæni'meiʃən]suite[swiːt]n.程序组freeware['friːwεə]['ʃεəwεə]n.免费软件n.共享软件sharewarehinder['hɪndə]v.阻碍v.卸载uninstall[ʌnɪn'stɔːl]applet['æplɪt]n.小应用程序step-by-step['step-bai-'step]adj.逐步的deliverable[dɪ'lɪvərəbl]n.交付物deployment[dɪ'plɔɪmənt]n.部署bug[bʌg]n.程序错误27Phrases28Phrasescontrolflowlanguagetranslatorutilityprogramprogramminglanguagemachinelanguagedatarecoverydatacompressiondiskformattingdiskcleanupenduser控制流语言翻译程序实用程序编程语言机器语言数据恢复数据压缩磁盘格式化磁盘清理终端用户29Phrasesbeinchargeofverticalmarketopensourcesoftwareclosedsourcesoftwaresourcecoderequirementspecificationcomeupwithfromtimetotime负责垂直市场开源软件闭源软件源代码需求规格说明提出；想出不时；有时30Abbreviations31AbbreviationsOSDBMSPIMDTPCADCAMUSBSDLC操作系统(OperatingSystem)数据库管理系统(DatabaseManagementSystem)个人信息管理(PersonalInformationManagement)桌面出版(DesktopPublishing)计算机辅助设计(Computer-aidedDesign)计算机辅助制造(Computer-aidedManufacturing)通用串行总线(UniversalSerialBus)软件开发生命周期(SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycle)32Notes33Notes01Itissocalledincontrasttocomputerhardware,whichencompassesstoreandrunthethephysicalinterconnectionsanddevicesrequiredtosoftware.本句中，主语it指代前文的software。whichencompassesthephysicalinterconnectionsanddevicesrequiredtostoreandrunthesoftware是一个非限制性定语从句，对computertoinhardware作补充说明。在该从句中，requiredstoreandrunthesoftware是一个过去分词短语作定语，修饰和限定devices。contrastto的意思是“与……形成对比”。译文：计算机软件如此称呼是与计算机硬件相对应的，硬件包含外部连接和存储与运行软件所需的设备。34Notes02Computersoperatebyexecutingthecomputerprogram,whichinvolvespassinginstructionsfromsysteminstructionasmachinecode.theapplicationsoftware,throughthethesoftware,tothehardwarewhichultimatelyreceives本句中，第一个which引导的非限制性定语从句对前句进行补充说明，在该从句中，fromhardware为并列介词短语。第二个which引导的定语从句修饰和限定hardware，在该从句中，asmachinecode为介词短语作后置定语，修饰instruction。theapplicationsoftware,throughthesystemsoftware,tothe译文：计算机通过执行计算机程序来运行。这涉及把来自应用软件的指令经过操作系统传达给最终以机器代码形式接受该指令的硬件。35Notes03Applicationsoftwareconsistsofprogramsdesignedbycomputerfunctionsmanufacturersdirectlygraphicsdesign,etc.orsoftwarecompaniestocarryoutspecificforusers,suchaswordprocessing,emailsendingandreceiving,本句中，designedbycomputermanufacturesorsoftwarecompanies为过去分词作后置定语，修饰programs。todirectlygraphicsdesign,etc为不定式短语作目的状语。carryoutspecificfunctionsforusers,suchaswordprocessing,emailsendingandreceiving,译文：应用软件由计算机制造商或软件公司设计的程序组成，直接为用户执行特定功能，比如文字处理、收发邮件、图像设计等等。36Notes04AlthoughmanywordprocessingpackageshavesomeofthecapabilitiesofDTPsoftware,professionaldesignersandgraphicuselayout.artistsDTPsoftwarebecauseitisdesignedspecificallytosupportpage本句中，Although引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然”，不能与however，butsupport连用，但可与yet，still连用。becauseitpagelayout是一个原因状语从句，because从句位于句首时要用逗号分开，放在句末时，可不用逗号分开。because表示直接原因，语气最强，注意：because和so不可同时出现在一个句子里。isdesignedspecificallyto37Notes050638NotesOnethingtobenotedisthatnotallopensourcesoftwareisfreewareandviceversa.07本句中，thatnotallopensourcesoftwareisfreewarebenoted为主语，其中tobenoted为不定式作后置定语，修饰Onething，意为“值得注意的一点”。viceversa意为“反之亦然”，常与and或or搭配。andviceversa是一个表语从句。Onethingto39Notes08Afterbeinggathered,theserequirementsareanalyzedfortheirvalidityandthepossibilityofincorporatingthemstudied.inthesystemtobedevelopedisalso本句是一个并列句，并列的句子为theserequirementsareanalyzedfortheirvalidity和thepossibilityofincorporatingthemalsodevelopedisalsostudied中ofincorporatingthem作为后置定语，修饰和限定thepossibility，故句子的简单结构为thepossibilitystudied。inthesystemintobedevelopedisstudied，其中thepossibilityofincorporatingthemthesystemtobeinthesystemtobedevelopedisalso译文：需求收集完成后，程序员分析这些需求的有效性，并研究将其整合到待开发系统的可能性。40Notes0910Onreceivingsystemdesignbetatesting：贝塔测试。这是一documents,theworkisdividedintomodulesorunitsandactualcodingisstarted.种验收测试，所谓验收测试是软件产品完成了功能测试和系统测试之后，在产品发布之前所进行的软件测试活动，它是技术测试的最后一个阶段，通过了验收测试，产品就会进入发布阶段。验收测试应检查软件能否按合同要求进行工作，即是否满足软件需求说明书中的确认标准。本句中，on后接动名词短语，表示“一……就”，相当于upon，与“assoon引导时间状语从句。as”表示的意思一致，一般在句中41Notes1142Exercise43Exercise1Explainthefollowingabbreviations.个人信息管理1PIM(PersonalInformationManagement)操作系统2OS(OperatingSystem)计算机辅助制造3CAM(Computer-aidedManufacturing)数据库管理系统4DBMS(DatabaseManagementSystem)44Exercise1Explainthefollowingabbreviations.桌面出版5DTP(DesktopPublishing)软件开发生命周期6SDLC(SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycle)计算机辅助设计7CAD(Computer-aidedDesign)通用串行总线8USB(UniversalSerialBus)45Exercise2Fillineachblankwithasuitabletermoraphraseaccordingtoitsdefinition._______suite____:applicationsthataresoldtogetherasasingleunit01__shareware_____________:atypeofsoftwaredistributedfreeforatrialperiod02____requirementspecification________________________:asoftwaretobedevelopeddocumentspecifiestherequirementsof0346Exercise2Fillineachblankwithasuitabletermoraphraseaccordingtoitsdefinition.__opensourcesoftware________________________:atypeofsoftwarewhosesourcecodesare04disclosedandcanbedistributedfree_____testing______:thephasethathappensrightbeforethedevelopedsoftwareisdeliveredtothecustomers05__languagetranslators______________________:writteninprogramsdesignedtotranslateinstructions06programminglanguagesintomachinelanguage47Exercise3Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.MicrosoftOfficeisatypicalsoftwaresuite.TSpreadsheetsoftwareenablesusersto“what-if”performcalculations.TSomeoperatingprogramsformanagingdiskdrives,printers,andotherdevices.systemsincludeseveralutilityT48Exercise3Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.Intheteststrategy.F(Inthephaseofdesign,testerscomeupwiththeteststrategy,wheretheymentionwhattotestandhowtotest)thetestingphaseofSDLC,testerscomeupwithSincefreewareisfree,userscanresellitastheirown.F(Althoughfree,freewareiscopyrighted,meaninguserscannotresellitastheirown)Wordprocessing,presentationgraphicsandpersonalinformationsoftware.managementbelongtoproductivityT49Exercise4TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa.compiler电子制表软件编译程序spreadsheetdefragmentation编程语言磁盘碎片整理interpreterrequirementspecification文字处理程序需求规格说明wordprocessingprogramutilityprogram程序组实用程序suiteopensourcesoftware磁盘格式化开源软件diskformatting50Exercise5TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.51Exercise我们有各种已被界定和设计的软件开发方法。这些方法会在软件开发过程中得到采用，它们也被称为“软件开发过程模型”。每个过程模型都遵循一个特定的生命周期，以确保软件开发过程的顺利。软件生命周期模型描述了软件周期的各个阶段以及这些阶段执行