【高二下期末】陕西省西安市阎良区2021-2022学年高二下学期期末质量检测英语试题（解析版）

2/2阎良区2021~2022学年度第二学期期末质量检测高二英语注意事项：1.本试卷共10页，全卷满分150分，答题时间为120分钟；2.答卷前，考生须准确填写自己的姓名、准考证号，并认真核准条形码上的姓名、准考证号；3.选择题必须使用2B铅笔填涂，非选择题必须使用0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔书写，涂写要工整、清晰；4.考试结束后，监考员将答题卡按顺序收回，装袋整理；试题卷不回收。第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题，每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1.Howdoesthewomanfeelnow?A.Tired.B.Excited.C.Relaxed.2.WherehasJohnmoved?A.Inaquietplace.B.Neartheschool.C.Intheschool.3.Whatdoesthewomanwanttofeedherchild?A.Icecream.B.Milk.C.Rice.4.WhatdoesthemantellJanetodo?A.Returnat3o’clock.B.MeetMr.Douglas.C.Putoffhisappointment.5.Howmuchwillthemanpay?A.$100.B.$80.C.$20.第二节（共15小题，每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。6.Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?A.Inthehospital.B.Inthezoo.C.Intheman’shome.7.Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?A.Tryanothercatfood.B.Buyapetcat.C.Feedacat.听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。8.Whydoesthewomantalkwiththeman?A.Toinvitehimtotheclub.B.Toborrowabookfromhim.C.Toaskhisopinionaboutabook.9.Howoftendoesthegroupmeet?A.Twiceamonth.B.Onceamonth.C.Onceaweek.10.WhatcanwelearnaboutTheKiteRunner?A.Itwasmainlyaboutmakingkites.B.Itwaswritteninthe1970s.C.ItwassetinAfghanistan.听第8段材料，回答第11至14题。11.Whichpartoftheman’sbodywasinjured?A.Aneye.B.Aleg.C.Anarm.12.Whenwillthemanprobablygobacktowork?A.Inonemonth.B.Nextyear.C.Thisweek.13.WhoisMollymostprobably?A.Theman’swife.B.Theman’sboss.C.Theman’sdoctor.14.Wherehasthemanbeenforhisholiday?A.Tothewoods.B.Totheseaside.C.Tothemountains.听第9段材料，回答第15至17题。15.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?A.Moderntechnologies.B.Washingmachines.C.Unemployment.16.Whodoesthehouseworkatthewoman’shouse?A.Thewoman’sfather.B.Machines.C.Themaid.17.Whatdothespeakersagreeaboutmachineteachers?A.Theyarebothartistsandscientists.B.Theywillreplacehumanteachers.C.Theyareusefulbutcan’treplacehuman.听第10段材料，回答第18至20题。18.Whatisthemostspecialpartofthetoymysterybox?A.Itscollectibletoys.B.Itspackaging.C.Itsvalue.19.Whatattractsmillionsofpeopletobooktheairticketmysterybox?A.Thelowprice.B.Thedestination.C.Theadventure.20.Whydosomepeoplethinktheairticketmysteryboxmakespeoplespendmoremoney?A.Becauseoftheuncertaindate.B.Becauseoftheunknownroute.C.Becauseoftheactualexpenses.第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题，每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。ABostonTravelGuideBostonishometoAmerica'sfirstlargefreepubliclibrary,firstsubwaysystem,firstpublicschoolandfirstpubicpark.Awell-roundedtriptoBostonmixestheclassicwiththemodern.Don'tmissoutontheopportunitytovisithere.BestThingstoDoBoston'snearlyfour-century-longhistoryisdisplayedbythecity'smust-seesights.StartyourtourontheFreedomTrail,whichwillleadyoutolandmarkslikethePaulRevereHouseandBostonCommon,acentralpublicpark.Or,discoverBoston'sartisticsideattheMuseumofFineArtsanditsfashionsensealongNewburyStreet.Ifyou'reafanofbaseball,youcan'tmisscatchingagameatFenwayPark,hometothebelovedBostonRedSox.BestMonthstoVisitThebesttimetovisitBostonisfromJunetoOctober.MildtallweathermakestouringaroundonfootnJoy.Andeventhoughsummerbringsinacrowdoftouristsandexpensivehotelrates,thesidewalkcafes,baseballgamesandoutdoorconcertsmakeitworthatrip.Winteriscold.Butthebenefitisthatyoumightsaveagreatdealonahotelinwinter.Ifwinteristoocoldforyouandsummerandautumn'shotelratesfalloutsideyourbudget,tryvisitingatthestartofthespringseason.CultureBostontakesprideInItsIntellectual（智力的）andacademicroots.Around100collegesanduniversitiescalltheGreaterBostonareahome,includingsomeofthecountry'smostfamous.Today,thisimpressivecollectionofschoolsalsokeepstheareayoungandforward-thinking,asBostonhasoneofthelargeststudentpopulationsinthecountry.1.Wherecanvisitorswatchabaseballgame?A.AtPaulRevereHouse. B.InBostonCommon. C.OnNewburyStreet. D.AtFenwayPark.2.WhatistheadvantageofvisitingBostoninwinter?A.Morevisitors. B.Lowerhotelcosts. C.Funwinteractivities. D.Wonderfuloutsideconcerts.3.WhatmakesBostonyoungandforward-thinking?A.Itscollectingexpertsinmanyfields. B.Itsofferingexcitingactivitiestovisitors.C.Itsholdingnumerousnewlybuiltcolleges. D.Itshavingalargenumberofyoungstudents.【答案】1.D2.B3.D【解析】【分析】本文是应用文。文章是波士顿的旅游指南，介绍了游览波士顿必做的事情，最佳游览时间和波士顿的文化。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Ifyou'reafanofbaseball,youcan'tmisscatchingagameatFenwayPark,hometothebelovedBostonRedSox.(如果你是一个棒球球迷，你不能错过在芬威公园的比赛，这里是心爱的波士顿红袜队的主场)”可知，游客可以在芬威公园观看棒球比赛。故选D。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段的“Winteriscold.Butthebenefitisthatyoumightsaveagreatdealonahotelinwinter.(冬天很冷。但好处是，你可以在冬天在酒店上节省一大笔费用)”可知，冬天游览波士顿的好处是较低的酒店费用。故选B。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Today,thisimpressivecollectionofschoolsalsokeepstheareayoungandforward-thinking,asBostonhasoneofthelargeststudentpopulationsinthecountry.(今天，这个令人印象深刻的学校聚集地让该地区年轻和有远见，因为波士顿是美国学生人数最多的地方之一)”可知，波士顿有大量的年轻学生让波士顿年轻并有远见。故选D。BNoisecreatedbyhumans,suchascartraffic,quietedbyabout30%betweenlateMarchandearlyMay,2020,whenGovernorGregAbbottclosedschoolsandrestaurantsacrossTexas,accordingtoanalysisbyresearchersatSouthernMethodistUniversity(SMU).“Therewasquiteabigchangeinsomeareas,”saidStephenArrowsmith,aseismologistatSMU,whotookontheprojectwithaclassofundergraduateandgraduatestudents.Arrowsmithandhisstudentslookedatdatafromadozenseismometers(地震仪)acrossNorthTexas.Seismometersareusedtodetectearthquakes,buttheyaresensitivetojustabouteverythingthatmakesthegroundvibrate,suchasstrongwinds,oceanwaves,constructionandtraffic.TheinnovativeideaofusingseismometerstotrackurbannoisegainedpopularitylastMarchwhenBelgianseismologistThomasLecocqpostedsomeofhisurbannoisedatafromBrusselsonTwitter.Lecocq,oftheRoyalObservatoryofBelgium,receivedsuchanenthusiasticresponsefromscientiststhathelaunchedthegroup“LockdownSeismology”online.“It’swhereboredseismologistsaroundtheworldareworkingtogether,”Arrowsmithjoked.Arrowsmithhopeshisfindingswillcontributetoagrowinglistofcreativewaysinwhichresearchersareusingseismometers.Inhiscourse,Arrowsmithteachesstudentshowseismicstationscanhelpinvestigatorssolvecrimes,liketerroristbombings,aidscientistsintrackingnucleartestsorassistinspectorsininvestigatingaccidents,likechemicalplantexplosions.OnepotentialapplicationofhisresearchistobetterunderstandtheshallowlayersofEarthbeneathcities.“Thatcouldbeusefulinplaceswherethere’sarealseismichazard,likeSanFranciscoorLosAngeles,”hesaid,“wherejustknowingwhatthatshallowstructureistellsyoualotabouthowitwouldrespondinabigearthquake.”4.WhatdidtheresearchersdotoobtainthedataofnoiseinTexas?A.Theyobservedcartraffic. B.Theysurveyedtheirstudents.C.Theyconsultedthegovernor. D.TheyemployedSeismometers.5.WhatisadirectresultofLecocq’spostingsomeofhisurbannoisedata?A.Urbannoiseisreduced. B.Crimeinvestigationissimplified.C.Seismologistsareattracted. D.Earthquakedetectionisimproved.6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hazard”inParagraph4referto?A.Risk. B.Spot. C.Assistance. D.Report.7.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningtheseismometer?A.Itspossiblerisks. B.Itspotentialapplications.C.Itsappealtothepublic. D.Itsmarketvalue.【答案】4.D5.C6.A7.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究人员使用地震仪来获得德州的噪音数据，以及地震仪在其他方面的潜在应用。【4题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“Arrowsmithandhisstudentslookedatdatafromadozenseismometers(地震仪)acrossNorthTexas.Seismometersareusedtodetectearthquakes,buttheyaresensitivetojustabouteverythingthatmakesthegroundvibrate,suchasstrongwinds,oceanwaves,constructionandtraffic.(Arrowsmith和他的学生研究了来自北德克萨斯州的12个地震仪的数据。地震检波器被用来探测地震，但它们对几乎所有引起地面震动的东西都很敏感，比如强风、海浪、建筑和交通)”可知，研究人员通过使用地震仪来获得德州的噪音数据。故选D。【5题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中“TheinnovativeideaofusingseismometerstotrackurbannoisegainedpopularitylastMarchwhenBelgianseismologistThomasLecocqpostedsomeofhisurbannoisedatafromBrusselsonTwitter.Lecocq,oftheRoyalObservatoryofBelgium,receivedsuchanenthusiasticresponsefromscientiststhathelaunchedthegroup“LockdownSeismology”online.(去年3月，比利时地震学家ThomasLecocq在推特上发布了他从布鲁塞尔收集的一些城市噪音数据，这一用地震仪追踪城市噪音的创新想法开始流行起来。比利时皇家天文台的Lecocq收到了科学家们如此热情的回应，以至于他在网上成立了“封锁地震学”组织)”可知，Lecocq公布一些城市噪音数据的直接结果是许多地震学家被吸引了。故选C。【6题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Thatcouldbeusefulinplaceswherethere’sarealseismic”以及画线词后文“wherejustknowingwhatthatshallowstructureistellsyoualotabouthowitwouldrespondinabigearthquake.”可知，这在真正有地震风险的地方可能很有用，比如旧金山或洛杉矶，在这些地方，只要知道浅层结构是什么，就能告诉你它在大地震中会如何反应。故画线词意思是“风险”。故选A。【7题详解】主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Arrowsmithhopeshisfindingswillcontributetoagrowinglistofcreativewaysinwhichresearchersareusingseismometers.Inhiscourse,Arrowsmithteachesstudentshowseismicstationscanhelpinvestigatorssolvecrimes,liketerroristbombings,aidscientistsintrackingnucleartestsorassistinspectorsininvestigatingaccidents,likechemicalplantexplosions.OnepotentialapplicationofhisresearchistobetterunderstandtheshallowlayersofEarthbeneathcities.“Thatcouldbeusefulinplaceswherethere’sarealseismichazard,likeSanFranciscoorLosAngeles,”hesaid,“wherejustknowingwhatthatshallowstructureistellsyoualotabouthowitwouldrespondinabigearthquake.”(阿罗史密斯希望他的发现能对研究人员使用地震仪的创造性方法做出贡献。在他的课程中，阿罗史密斯教授学生地震站如何帮助调查人员解决犯罪，如恐怖主义爆炸，帮助科学家跟踪核试验或协助检查员调查事故，如化工厂爆炸。他的研究的一个潜在应用是更好地了解城市地下的浅层。“这在真正有地震危险的地方可能很有用，比如旧金山或洛杉矶，”他说，“在这些地方，只要知道浅层结构是什么，就能告诉你它在大地震中会如何反应。”)”可知，最后一段主要讲了关于地震仪的潜在应用。故选B。CAlcoholwastheleadingriskfactorfordiseaseandprematuredeathinmenandwomenbetweentheagesof15and49worldwidein2016,accountingfornearlyoneintendeaths,accordingtoastudypublishedinTheLancetin2018.“Ithasbeenknownfordecadesthatheavydrinkingisbadforbrainhealth,”saidSadieBoniface,headofresearchattheUK’sInstituteofAlcoholStudies.Whilethereisnosuchthingasa“safe”levelofdrinking,withincreasedconsumptionofalcoholassociatedwithpoorerbrainhealth,accordingtoarecentstudy.Intheobservationalstudy,researchersfromtheUniversityofOxfordstudiedtherelationshipbetweentheself-reportedalcoholintakeofsome25,000peopleintheUK,andtheirbrainscans.Theresearchersnotedthatdrinkinghadaneffectonthebrain’sgraymatter—regionsinthebrainthatmakeup“importantbitswhereinformationisprocessed,”accordingtoleadauthorAnyaTopiwala,aseniorclinicalresearcheratOxford.“Themorepeopledrank,thelessthevolumeoftheirgraymatter,”Topiwalasaidviaemail.“Brainvolumereduceswithageandmoreseverelywithdementia(痴呆).Smallerbrainvolumealsopredictsworseperformanceonmemorytesting,”sheexplained.“Whilealcoholonlymadeasmallcontributiontothis(0.8%),itwasagreatercontributionthanother‘changeable’riskfactors,”shesaid,explainingthatchangeableriskfactorsare“onesyoucandosomethingabout,incontrasttoaging.”Theteamalsoinvestigatedwhethercertaindrinkingpatterns,beveragetypesandotherhealthconditionsmadeadifferencetotheimpactofalcoholonbrainhealth.Theyfoundthattherewasno“safe”levelofdrinking—meaningthatconsuminganyamountofalcoholwasworsethannotdrinkingit.Theyalsofoundnoevidencethatthetypeofdrink—suchaswine,spiritsorbeer—affectedtheharmdonetothebrain.However,certaincharacteristics,suchashighbloodpressureorobesity,couldputpeopleathigherrisk,researchersadded.Soweshouldn’tforgetalcoholaffectsallpartsofthebodyandtherearemultiplehealthrisks.8.Howwastheobservationalstudydeveloped?A.Bycomparingbrainandhealth.B.Bycomparingpeopleandtheresearchers.C.Bycomparinginformationandgraymatter.D.Bycomparingalcoholintakeandbrainscans.9.Whatistheresultoftheresearch?A.Drinkingwinehavenoimpactonbrain.B.Drinkingspiritshavemoreimpactonbrain.C.Drinkingalcoholcancausereducingofbrainvolume.D.Drinkingalcoholcanleadtoobesity.10.Whichofthefollowinggroupshasahigherriskwhendrinkingalcohol?A.Peopledrinkingmoretypes. B.Peoplewithhighbloodpressure.C.Peoplesellingthewine. D.Peoplewithdiabetes.11.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.StayAwayFromAlcohol B.LackofSleepC.ConsumerHealth D.Keep-fitExercise【答案】8.D9.C10.B11.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍一项关于饮酒量对脑部影响的研究，研究表明无论饮多少酒都会对脑部造成损害。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句“Intheobservationalstudy,researchersfromtheUniversityofOxfordstudiedtherelationshipbetweentheself-reportedalcoholintakeofsome25,000peopleintheUK,andtheirbrainscans.(在这项观察性研究中，牛津大学的研究人员研究了英国约2.5万人报告的饮酒量和他们的大脑扫描图像之间的关系。)”可知，这项研究是通过对比不同饮酒量对应的大脑扫描图像来开展的。故选D项。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的第二句“Theresearchersnotedthatdrinkinghadaneffectonthebrain’sgraymatter.(研究人员指出，饮酒会影响大脑灰质。)”以及第三段的第一句“Themorepeopledrank,thelessthevolumeoftheirgraymatter.(人们喝的酒越多，大脑灰质就越少。)”可知，这项研究的结果为饮酒越多，大脑灰质越少，脑容量也就会变少。故选C项。【10题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段的第一句“However,certaincharacteristics,suchashighbloodpressureorobesity,couldputpeopleathigherrisk,researchersadded.(不过，研究人员补充道，高血压、肥胖等身体特征会提高大脑受损风险。)”可知，高血压人群饮酒的风险比常人更高。故选B项。【11题详解】主旨大意题。文章第一段引入一项有关饮酒量影响脑健康的研究；第二至四段介绍该研究的开展与研究结果，即饮酒量不论多少，都会减少大脑灰质容量，损害大脑；第五段强调饮酒会对身体各部位带来健康风险。所以A项“远离酒精”最适合作为文章标题。故选A项。DSeastarscangrownewarms.Crayfishcangrownewclaws.Thereareinterestingcreaturesthatcangrowbackbodypartsifaccidentshappen.However,thatischild’splayafterwhatresearcherssawaseaslugdo.AccordingtoanewdiscoverybySayakaMitohandhercolleaguesofNaraWomen’sUniversityinJapan,twospeciesofseaslugsmanagedtolosetheirheadsandthenbegancrawlingaround.Eventually,theygrewanentirelynewbody.“Weweresurprisedtoseetheheadmovingjustafteritwasremoved,”saidSayakaMitoh.“Wethoughtthatitwoulddiesoonwithoutaheartandotherimportantorgans,butweweresurprisedagaintofindthatitregeneratedthewholebody.”Aftertheinitialdiscovery,theresearchersfoundthatforyoungerslugs,thedetachedheadsbeganeatingalgaewithinhours.Thewoundtypicallyclosedatthebackoftheheadwithindays.Theystartedregrowingaheartwithinaweekandtheregenerationoftheentirebodywasfinishedafteraroundthreeweeks.Olderslugsweren’tasfortunate.Oftentheheadsdidn’tfeed,sotheydiedinabout10days.Youngorold,theheadlessbodiesnevergeneratedanewhead.Buttheydidmovearoundandrespondtobeingtouchedforseveraldaysandsometimesmonthsafterlosingtheirheads.Theresearchersaren’tsurewhytheseaslugsdroppedtheirheadsorhowthey’reabletogrownewbodies.Theymayhaveparasites(寄生虫)thatcanhurtreproductionsotheyareremovingtheirheadsinordertoalsoremovetheparasites.Buttheresearchersaren’tsurewhatpromptsthemtoknowwhentocastoffthebodywhentheydoit.SayakaMitohsaystheybelievetheremustbecellslocatedintheneckthataresimilartostemcells.Theseareabletoregenerateanewbody.Howtheheadscansurvivewithoutaheartandothervitalorgansisanotherpuzzle.Theresearcherssaytheseseaslugsfueltheirbodiesbyphotosynthesis(光合作用).Theyrelyonchloroplastsfromalgaeintheirownbodieswhenotherfoodisn’tavailable,aprocessknownaskleptoplasty(盗食质体).Theythinkthismighthelpthemsurvivelongenoughtoregenerateabody.“Astheseparatedbodyisoftenactiveformonths,wemaybeabletostudythemechanismandfunctionsofkleptoplastyusinglivingorgans,tissues,orevencells,”SayakaMitohsaid.“Suchstudiesarealmostcompletelylacking,asmoststudiesonkleptoplastyintheseanimalsaredoneeitheratthegeneticorindividuallevels.”12.WhatsurprisedSayakaMitohandhercolleagues?A.Theseaslugcouldsurvivewithoutorgans.B.Theseaslugcouldregrowanewbody.C.Theseaslugcouldremoveitsownhead.D.Theheadlessseaslugcouldgrowanewhead.13.Whathappenedtoolderseaslugsaftertheylosttheirheads?A.Theirbodieskeptmovingaroundforsometime.B.Theyhealedthewoundwithintendays.C.Theylosttheirsenseoftouchanddiedsoon.D.Theirheadssurvivedbyeatingalgae.14.Whatmaymakeseaslugsdroptheirheadsaccordingtoresearchers?A.Togetridofparasites.B.Toendtheirreproductivecycle.C.Togeneratenewstemcells.D.Togetawayfrompredators.15.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Theprocessofseaslugshuntingforfood.B.Theimportanceofstudyingfunctionsofkleptoplasty.C.Theconditionforseaslugstoperformphotosynthesis.D.Thereasonforseaslugstosurvivethelossoftheirbodies.【答案】12.B13.C14.A15.D【解析】【导语】本文为一篇说明文。研究者发现，海蛞蝓断头后，头部仍能存活并再生整个身体，文章说明了这一现象并解释了原因。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段““Weweresurprisedtoseetheheadmovingjustafteritwasremoved,”saidSayakaMitoh.“Wethoughtthatitwoulddiesoonwithoutaheartandotherimportantorgans,butweweresurprisedagaintofindthatitregeneratedthewholebody.””（SayakaMitoh说:“我们很惊讶地看到它的头部在被移除后还在动。”“我们认为，没有心脏和其它重要器官，它很快就会死亡，但我们再次惊讶地发现，它再生了整个身体。”）可知，当SayakaMitoh看到海蛞蝓的头部被移除后还能存活，并且还再生了整个身体，她和同事们都十分惊讶。故选B项。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Olderslugsweren’tasfortunate.Oftentheheadsdidn’tfeed,sotheydiedinabout10days.”（年长的蛞蝓就没这么幸运了。通常它们的头部不进食，所以它们在大约10天内死亡。）可知，年长的海蛞蝓在丢失了头部之后，它们失去了触觉，很快就死了。故选C项。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Theymayhaveparasitesthatcanhurtreproductionsotheyareremovingtheirheadsinordertoalsoremovetheparasites.”（它们身上可能有会损害繁殖的寄生虫，所以它们会把自己的头也割掉，以清除寄生虫。）可知，根据研究者发现，海蛞蝓断头也许是为了消灭寄生虫。故选A项。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“Howtheheadscansurvivewithoutaheartandothervitalorgansisanotherpuzzle.Theresearcherssaytheseseaslugsfueltheirbodiesbyphotosynthesis.Theyrelyonchloroplastsfromalgaeintheirownbodieswhenotherfoodisn’tavailable,aprocessknownaskleptoplasty.Theythinkthismighthelpthemsurvivelongenoughtoregenerateabody.”（大脑在没有心脏和其它重要器官的情况下如何存活是另一个难题。研究人员说，这些海蛞蝓通过光合作用为身体提供能量。当没有其它食物时，它们依靠自己体内藻类的叶绿体，这一过程被称为“盗食质体”。他们认为这可能会帮助它们存活足够长的时间来再生身体。）可知，第五段介绍了海蛞蝓在失去身体后，头部仍能存活的原因。故选D项。第二节（共5小题，每小题2分，满分10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Asisknown,AlbertEinsteinwasoneofthegreatestscientistsofalltime.Hewasalsoareallygreatperson.Einsteinlearnedfrommakingmistakes____16____,someoneaskedhimwhatheneeded.Hesaidheneededadesk,somepaperandpencil.Healsoneededabaskettoholdhismistakes.Thisshowsthathekneweventhecleverestmanintheworldcanonlylearnbymakingmistakes.____17____Manychildrenwroteletterstoaskhimforhelpwiththeirhomework.Oneday,hewrotealettertoayounggirltotellhernottoworryaboutherMathshomeworkbecausehethoughtMathswasdifficulttoo.EinsteinconsideredtimetobeimportantHeneverworesocksbecausehethoughtputtingonsockswasawasteoftimeaspeoplealreadyworeshoes.Healsothoughtrememberingthingsfoundinbookswasnotworthit.____18____.Heknewwhatwasworthremembering.Itistruethatifwearegoingtodogreatthingsinourlives,wecannotwastetime.EinsteinlikedtojoketooInoneexam,astudentaskedhimwhyallthequestionswerethesameaslastyear’s.Einsteinrepliedthequestionswerethesame,buttheanswersweredifferent.____19____!WhenEinsteinwasachild,histeachersusedtosayhewasnotclever.However,Einsteinkeptworkinghardandsurprisedtheworldwithhisachievements.____20____,weshouldthinkofhim.So,neverbediscouraged!A.EinsteinwasalsoverymodestB.WhatahumorouspersonheisC.EinsteinwasalsostrictwithhisstudentsD.WhenEinsteinstartedtoworkinAmericaE.GivestudentsachancetocorrecttheirmistakesF.IfweeverfeellikegivingupwhenwehaveproblemsG.That’swhyheneverrememberedhisownphonenumber【答案】16.D17.A18.G19.B20.F【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了爱因斯坦个人的一些伟大之处。【16题详解】分析句子结构可知，该空缺乏一个从句。D选项“当爱因斯坦开始在美国工作时”用When引导时间状语从句，表明下文“someoneaskedhimwhatheneeded(有人问他需要什么)”事情发生的时间点，引出下文“Hesaidheneededadesk,somepaperandpencil.(他说他需要一张桌子，一些纸和铅笔)”讲工作需要的工具。故选D项。【17题详解】该空为小标题，起总结段落作用。由下文“Manychildrenwroteletterstoaskhimforhelpwiththeirhomework.Oneday,hewrotealettertoayounggirltotellhernottoworryaboutherMathshomeworkbecausehethoughtMathswasdifficulttoo.(许多孩子写信要求他帮他们做作业。一天，他写信给一个年轻女孩，告诉她不要担心她的数学作业，因为他认为数学也很难)”可知，下文讲最伟大的科学家爱因斯坦也认为数学也很难，说明他谦虚的品质，承接下文，A选项“爱因斯坦也很谦虚”是最佳小标题。故选A项。【18题详解】由小标题“Einsteinconsideredtimetobeimportant(爱因斯坦认为时间很重要)”和上文“Heneverworesocksbecausehethoughtputtingonsockswasawasteoftimeaspeoplealreadyworeshoes.Healsothoughtrememberingthingsfoundinbookswasnotworthit.(他从不穿袜子，因为人们已经穿鞋子了，所以他认为穿袜子是浪费时间。他还认为，记住书本上的东西是不值得的)”可知，上文用具体事例讲明爱因斯坦不会做浪费时间的一些事，表明他注重时间的重要性，G选项“这就是为什么他从不记得自己的电话号码”承接上文举出另一个爱因斯坦看重时间的例子，也讲明爱因斯坦为什么会这样做。故选G项。【19题详解】由小标题“Einsteinlikedtojoketoo(爱因斯坦也喜欢开玩笑)”和“Inoneexam,astudentaskedhimwhyallthequestionswerethesameaslastyear’s.Einsteinrepliedthequestionswerethesame,buttheanswersweredifferent.(在一次考试中，一个学生问爱因斯坦为什么所有的问题都和去年的一样。爱因斯坦回答的问题都一样，但答案不同)”可知，B选项“他是一个多么幽默的人啊”承接上文讲爱因斯坦拥有幽默感。故选B项。【20题详解】分析句子结构可知，该空缺乏一个从句。由上文“WhenEinsteinwasachild,histeachersusedtosayhewasnotclever.However,Einsteinkeptworkinghardandsurprisedtheworldwithhisachievements.(爱因斯坦小时候，老师们常说他不聪明。然而，爱因斯坦一直在努力工作，他的成就令世界惊讶)”可知，爱因斯坦被老师说不聪明，也没有放弃努力工作，可见永远不要遇到问题就放弃、气馁，承接上文，F选项“如果我们遇到问题时想放弃”用If引导条件状语从句，表明下文“weshouldthinkofhim(我们应该想想他)”事情发生的条件。故选F项。第三部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节完形填空（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出适合填入对应空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。Thefirstprizeusuallygoestotheswiftest,butsometimes,thefirstonetocrossthefinishlineisn’ttheonlywinner.Nowherewasthatmore___21___thaninarecentraceinShelbyville,Indiana.Withlessthanamiletogo,LeviLaGrangefromWesternBooneHighSchoolaccidentally___22___asmallstoneontheroughground,twistinghisankle.HesignaledtoSheridanHighSchoolseniorAxelAlemanthathecould___23___him,butatthatmoment,theracebecameamatterAlemanwasless___24___about.“Isawhewasin___25___,”Alemanrecalled.“AsIgotclosertohim,hewas___26___tomove.Iaskedifhewasfine.Hesaidhefeltlikesomethingbroken.”Inanextraordinaryactoftruesportsmanship,Aleman___27___toleaveLaGrangebehind.Placinganencouraginghandatthebackofhis___28___,fortherestlegoftherace,Aleman___29___LaGrange.Thetwocrossedthe___30___andAlemanevenensuredLaGrangewentfirst.LaGrange’smotherwasimpressedbyAleman’sthoughtful___31___—especiallysincethetwohad___32___metbefore.“Ittakesalotforan18-year-oldto___33___hispositioninthecompetition,”shesaid.“AxelneverleftLevi’sside.”Aleman’sownmother,___34___,wasnotatallsurprisedbyhisson’sgoodwill.“ItreallyspeakstoAxel’s___35___.Heisalwaysconcernedaboutothersmorethanhimself,”shesaid.Whenyou’restandingatacrossroad—orrunningbyit—youcanchoosethepathof___36___,oryoucangotheextramileforsomeone___37___.Forthisteenathlete,the___38___isclear.Whilewemightnotalwaysrecognizewhenlifehandsusa___39___forgrace(风度),whenitdoes,inthewordsofAxelAleman,“Iwouldjustreallyhopepeopledothe___40___thing.”21.A.common B.true C.ridiculous D.unreasonable22.A.hit B.spotted C.picked D.threw23.A.help B.follow C.pass D.heal24.A.concerned B.curious C.certain D.hopeful25.A.afield B.theway C.ahurry D.greatpain26.A.continuing B.pretending C.struggling D.conducting27.A.chose B.refused C.preferred D.meant28.A.competitor B.teammate C.schoolmate D.acquaintance29.A.dealtwith B.caughtupwith C.accompaniedwith D.putupwith30.A.checkpoint B.cheeringcrowds C.sportsfield D.finishline31.A.service B.behaviour C.guidance D.operation32.A.already B.just C.once D.never33.A.findout B.giveup C.showoff D.dependon34.A.however B.otherwise C.therefore D.besides35.A.ability B.courage C.appearance D.character36.A.self-control B.self-interest C.self-discipline D.self-confidence37.A.inpeace B.inorder C.inneed D.inrelief38.A.question B.arrangement C.choice D.process39.A.chance B.demand C.talent D.skill40.A.urgent B.unexpected C.awful D.right【答案】21.B22.A23.C24.A25.D26.C27.B28.A29.C30.D31.B32.D33.B34.A35.D36.B37.C38.C39.A40.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一位少年运动员放弃赢得比赛的机会而选择护送受伤的竞争对手越过终点的故事。【21题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这一点在最近印第安纳州谢尔比维尔的一场竞选中体现得最为真切。A.common普通的；B.true真实的；C.ridiculous可笑的；D.unreasonable不合理的。根据上文“Thefirstprizeusuallygoestotheswiftest,butsometimes,thefirstonetocrossthefinishlineisn’ttheonlywinner.(第一名通常是最快的，但有时，第一个冲过终点线的人并不是唯一的赢家。)”可知，此处指这一点在本次竞赛中体现的更“真切”符合语境。故选B项。【22题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在还剩不到一英里的时候，来自西布恩高中的利瓦伊·拉格朗日不小心撞到了粗糙地面上的一块小石头，扭伤了脚踝。A.hit撞击；B.spotted发现；C.picked挑选；D.threw抛、扔。根据下文“twistinghisankle(扭伤脚踝)”可知，此处用hit表示“撞上”一块小石头符合语境。故选A项。【23题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他向谢里丹高中的高年级学生阿克塞尔·阿勒曼示意，他可以超过他，但在那一刻，比赛成了阿勒曼不太关心的事情。A.help帮助；B.follow跟随；C.pass经过；D.heal痊愈。根据上文第2题可知，利瓦伊·拉格朗日不小心撞到了粗糙地面上的一块小石头，扭伤了脚踝，所以此处指示意他的对手可以“超过”他。故选C项。【24题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同上。A.concerned关心的、担心的；B.curious好奇的；C.certain确定的；D.hopeful有希望的。根据下文“AlemanevenensuredLaGrangewentfirst.(阿勒曼甚至确保拉格朗日领先。)”可知，阿勒曼确保让他的对手领先，所以赛跑成了他次要关心的事情。故选A项。【25题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：“我看到他非常痛苦，”阿勒曼回忆说。A.afield田地；B.theway方式；C.ahurry匆忙；D.greatpain巨大痛苦。根据下文“Iaskedifhewasfine.Hesaidhefeltlikesomethingbroken.(我问他是否还好。他说他觉得好像有什么东西坏了。)”可知，他十分痛苦。故选D项。【26题详解】考查动名词词义辨析。句意：当我走近他时，他挣扎着移动。A.continuing继续；B.pretending假装C.struggling奋斗；D.conducting指挥。根据上文第5题“Isawhewasingreatpain(我看到他非常痛苦)”可知，他非常痛苦，所以应该是“挣扎”着移动，符合语境。故选C项。【27题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：阿勒曼拒绝离开拉格朗日，这是真正的体育精神的非凡表现。A.chose选择；B.refused拒绝；C.preferred更喜欢；D.meant意味着。根据上文“Inanextraordinaryactoftruesportsmanship(这是真正的体育精神)”可知，此处指阿莱曼“拒绝”离开拉格朗日