温度传感器temperaturesensor车辆检测技术V

郑州铁路职业技术学院温度传感器temperaturesensor车辆检测技术Vehicledetectiontechnology主讲人：时蕾FUNDAMENTALSOFSENSORTECHNOLOGYLecturer:ShiLei任务五温度传感器temperaturesensor01熟悉温度传感器的工作原理Familiarwiththeworkingprincipleoftemperaturesensor02认识温度传感器Understandingtemperaturesensor03学会分析温度传感器的应用Learntoanalyzetheapplicationoftemperaturesensors学习目标/LEARNINGGOALS目录CATALOGPART

01了解温度传感器UnderstandingtemperaturesensorsPART

02金属热电阻MetalthermistorPART

03热敏电阻thermistorPART

04红外线传感器infraredsensor了解温度传感器UnderstandingtemperaturesensorsPart

01车辆检测技术Vehicledetectiontechnology了解温度传感器一、了解温度传感器

Understandingtemperaturesensors因此，人类离不开温度，当然也离不开温度传感器。Therefore,humanbeingscannotlivewithouttemperature,andofcoursecannotlivewithouttemperaturesensors.温度是反映物体冷热状态的物理参数。Temperatureisaphysicalparameterthatreflectsthecoldandhotstateofanobject.温度是与人类生活息息相关的物理量。在2000多年前，就开始为检测温度进行了各种努力，并开始使用温度传感器检测温度。人类社会中，工业、农业、商业、科研、国防、医学及环保等部门都与温度有着密切的关系。工业生产自动化流程,温度测量点要占全部测量点的一半左右。Temperatureisaphysicalquantitycloselyrelatedtohumanlife.Morethan2,000yearsago,variouseffortstodetecttemperaturebegan,andtemperaturesensorsbegantobeusedtodetecttemperature.Inhumansociety,industry,agriculture,commerce,scientificresearch,nationaldefense,medicineandenvironmentalprotectionandothersectorshaveacloserelationshipwithtemperature.Intheindustrialproductionautomationprocess,thetemperaturemeasurementpointsshouldaccountforabouthalfofthetotalmeasurementpoints.1.温度传感器temperaturesensor指能感受温度并转换成可用输出信号的传感器。Asensorthatsensestemperatureandconvertsitintoausableoutputsignal.在种类繁多的传感器中，温度传感器实现温度检测控制和的重要器件。是应用最广泛发展最快温度传感器是的传感器之一。了解温度传感器Temperaturesensoristheimportantdeviceofrealizetemperaturedetectionandcontrol.Inawidevarietyofsensors,temperaturesensorisoneofthemostwidelyusedand

rapidlydevelopingsensors.

1.温度传感器temperaturesensor指能感受温度并转换成可用输出信号的传感器。Asensorthatsensestemperatureandconvertsitintoausableoutputsignal.在种类繁多的传感器中，温度传感器实现温度检测控制和的重要器件。是应用最广泛发展最快温度传感器是的传感器之一。了解温度传感器了解温度传感器温度感温元件转换电路温度显示温度传感器的组成框图温度不能直接测量，需要借助于某种物体的物理参数随温度冷热不同而明显变化的特性进行间接测量。Temperaturecannotbemeasureddirectly,needtorelyonthephysicalparametersofanobjectwiththetemperatureofthecoldandhotandobviouschangesinthecharacteristicsofindirectmeasurement.温度传感器就是通过测量某些物理量参数随温度的变化而间接测量温度的。Temperaturesensoristomeasurethetemperatureindirectlybymeasuringthechangeofsomephysicalparameterswiththetemperature.温度传感器是由温度敏感元件（感温元件）和转换电路组成的。Thetemperaturesensoriscomposedofatemperaturesensingelement(temperaturesensingelement)andaconversioncircuit温度传感器的工作原理Howthetemperaturesensorworks01temperaturetemperature-sensingelementswitchingcircuittemperaturedisplayBlockdiagramoftemperaturesensor按测量方式分类Classificationbymeasurement了解温度传感器非接触式non-contact不与被测物体接触，不破坏原有的温度场，精度一般不高。Doesnotcontactwiththemeasuredobject,doesnotdestroytheoriginaltemperaturefield,theaccuracyisgenerallynothigh.接触式

contact

直观、可靠、测量仪表比较简单。Intuitive,reliable,simplemeasuringinstrument红外线辐射温度计的使用温度传感器的分类Classificationoftemperaturesensors02了解温度传感器特点

characteristic不需要电源，耐用；但感温部分体积比较大。Nopowerrequired,durable;Butthevolumeofthetemperaturesensingpartislarger.特点

characteristic自发电型，结构简单，机械强度高，测温范围宽，精度高。需注意冷端温度补偿。Self-electrictype,simplestructure,highmechanicalstrength,widetemperaturemeasurementrange,highprecision.Payattentiontocoldendtemperaturecompensation.气体膨胀式温度计Gasexpansionthermometer温度传感器的特点Characteristicsoftemperaturesensor03了解温度传感器特点

characteristic灵敏度高,稳定性强,互换性以及准确性都会比较好,但是需要电源的激励,不能够瞬时地测量温度的变化。Highsensitivity,strongstability,interchangeabilityandaccuracywillbebetter,buttheexcitationofthepowersupplyisrequired,andthetemperaturechangecannotbemeasuredinstantaneously.特点

characteristic面积大，可得到温度图像，但易衰老，精度低。Theareaislarge,andthetemperatureimagecanbeobtained,butitiseasytoageandtheaccuracyislow.热电阻传感器Thermalresistancesensor示温涂料thermo-color了解温度传感器红外辐射温度计infraredradiationthermometer红外线光子探头Infraredphotonprobe特点非接触式测量，反应快；但易受环境及被测体表面状态影响，标定困难。Non-contactmeasurement,fastresponse;However,itiseasytobeaffectedbytheenvironmentandthesurfacestateofthemeasuredbody,sothecalibrationisdifficult.光敏电阻photoresistor了解温度传感器是利用导体或半导体的电阻值随温度变化而变化的原理进行测温的。用金属或半导体材料作为感温元件的传感器，分别称为金属热电阻和热敏电阻。Thetemperatureismeasuredusingtheprinciplethattheresistancevalueofaconductororsemiconductorchangeswiththetemperature.Sensorsthatusemetalorsemiconductormaterialsastemperaturesensingelementsarecalledmetalthermistorsandthermistors,respectively.2.热电阻传感器Thermalresistancesensor热电阻传感器分为金属热电阻和半导体热电阻两大Thethermalresistancesensorisdividedintometalthermalresistanceandsemiconductorthermalresistance热电阻热敏电阻而把半导热电阻广泛用来测量-200℃～850℃范围内的温度，少数情况下，低温可测量至1K，高温达1000℃。Thermalresistanceiswidelyusedtomeasurethetemperatureintherangeof-200℃~850℃,inafewcases,lowtemperaturecanbemeasuredto1K,hightemperatureupto1000℃热电阻传感器由热电阻、连接导线及显示仪表组成。Thethermalresistancesensoriscomposedofthermalresistance,connectingwireanddisplayinstrument热电阻也可与温度变送器连接，转换为标准电流信号输出。Thethermalresistancecanalsobeconnectedtoatemperaturetransmitterandconvertedintoastandardcurrentsignaloutput.类，一般把金属热电阻称为体热电阻称为Generally,themetalthermalresistanceiscalledthethermalresistanceandthesemiconductingBodyheatresistanceiscalledthermistor金属热电阻MetalthermistorPart

02车辆检测技术Vehicledetectiontechnology金属热电阻二、金属热电阻

Metalthermistor认识金属热电阻Understandingmetalthermalresistance01取一只100W/220V灯泡，用万用表测量其电阻值，可以发现其冷态阻值只有几十欧姆，而计算得到的额定热态电阻值应为484Ω

。

Takea100W/220Vbulbandmeasureitsresistancevaluewithamultimeter,youcanfindthatitscoldresistancevalueisonlytensofohms,andthecalculatedratedhotresistancevalueshouldbe484Ω.热电阻的主要技术性能Themaintechnicalpropertiesofthermalresistance金属热电阻易提纯、复现性好的金属材料才可用于制作热电阻Metalmaterialsthatareeasytopurifyandhavegoodreproducibilitycanbeusedtomakethermalresistors（1）金属热电阻铂热电阻

platinumthermistor铂电阻温度计的使用范围是-200℃～850℃。Theuserangeofplatinumresistancethermometeris-200℃~850℃.

例如

电阻比W(100)越大，其纯度越高。按IEC标准，工业使用的铂热电阻的W(100)≥1.3850。目前技术水平可达到W(100)=1.3930，其对应铂的纯度为99.9995%。一般情况下，工业铂热电阻由直径为0.03mm～0.07mm的纯铂丝绕在平板形支架，用银线作为引出线。ThehighertheresistanceratioW(100),thehigheritspurity.AccordingtoIECstandards,theW(100)ofplatinumthermalresistanceusedinindustryis≥1.3850.Atpresent,thetechnicallevelcanreachW(100)=1.3930,andthecorrespondingplatinumpurityis99.9995%.Undernormalcircumstances,theindustrialplatinumthermistorconsistsofapureplatinumwirewithadiameterof0.03mm~0.07mmwrappedaroundaflat-shapedbracket,andasilverwireisusedastheleadwire.铂热电阻中的铂丝纯度用电阻比W(100)表示，即PlatinumwirepurityinplatinumthermalresistanceisexpressedbyresistanceratioW(100),thatis金属热电阻铂是一种贵金属。它的特点是精度高，稳定性好，性能可靠，尤其是耐氧化性能很强。Platinumisapreciousmetal.Itischaracterizedbyhighprecision,goodstability,reliableperformance,especiallystrongoxidationresistance.铂电阻的电阻温度系数比较小；Theresistancetemperaturecoefficientofplatinumresistanceisrelativelysmall铂在很宽的温度范围内约1200℃以下都能保证上述特性。铂很容易提纯，复现性好，有良好的工艺性，可制成很细的铂丝(0.02mm或更细)或极薄的铂箔。与其它材料相比，铂有较高的电阻率，因此普遍认为是一种较好的热电阻材料。Platinumcanguaranteetheabovecharacteristicsinawidetemperaturerangeofabout1200°C.Platinumiseasytopurify,hasgoodreproducibility,hasgoodprocessability,canbemadeintoveryfineplatinumwire(0.02mmorthinner)orverythinplatinumfoil.Comparedwithothermaterials,platinumhasahigherresistivity,soitisgenerallyconsideredtobeabetterthermalresistancematerial.价格贵

highprice优点

advantage缺点

drawback薄膜型及普通型铂热电阻Thinfilmandordinaryplatinumthermistors金属热电阻小型铂热电阻Smallplatinumthermalresistance金属热电阻铂电阻温度显示、变送器Platinumresistancetemperaturedisplay,transmitter金属热电阻（2）金属热电阻铜热电阻

Copperthermistor

铜热电阻的电阻温度系数比铂高，电阻与温度的关系(R-t)曲线几乎是线性的，并且铜价格便宜、易于提纯、工艺性好。因此，在一些测量精度要求不高、测温范围不大且温度较低的测温场合，可采用铜热电阻进行测温。在-50℃～100℃的使用范围内其电阻值与温度的关系几乎是线性的。Theresistancetemperaturecoefficientofcopperthermalresistanceishigherthanthatofplatinum,therelationshipbetweenresistanceandtemperature(R-t)curveisalmostlinear,andcopperischeap,easytopurifyandgoodtechnology.Therefore,insomemeasuringaccuracyrequirementsarenothigh,thetemperaturerangeisnotlargeandthetemperatureislow,copperthermalresistancecanbeusedfortemperaturemeasurement.Intherangeof-50℃~100℃,therelationshipbetweentheresistancevalueandtemperatureisalmostlinear.金属热电阻汽车用水温传感器及水温表Watertemperaturesensorandwatertemperaturemeterforautomobile铜热电阻Copperthermistor金属热电阻金属热电阻的结构Structureofmetalthermalresistance02工业用金属热电阻由热电阻体、引出线、绝缘骨架、保护套管、接线盒等部分组成。热电阻的电阻体由电阻丝和电阻支架组成。Industrialmetalthermalresistanceiscomposedofthermalresistancebody,leadwire,insulationframe,protectivesleeve,junctionboxandsoon.Theresistancebodyofthethermalresistanceiscomposedofresistancewireandresistancebracket.电阻丝采用双线无感绕法绕制在一定形状的云母、石英或陶瓷塑料支架上，支架起支撑和绝缘作用，引出线通常采用直径1mm的银丝或镀银铜丝，它与接线盒柱相接，以便与外接线路相连而测量及显示温度。Theresistancewireiswoundonacertainshapeofmica,quartzorceramicplasticbracketbydouble-wirenon-inductivewinding.Thebracketplaysasupportingandinsulatingrole.Theleadwireisusuallysilverwireorsilver-platedcopperwirewithadiameterof1mm,whichisconnectedwiththejunctionboxcolumntomeasureanddisplaythetemperature.（1）金属热电阻金属热电阻的应用电路Applicationcircuitofmetalthermalresistance03金属热电阻广泛的应用

Metalthermalresistanceiswidelyused在轴瓦、缸体、油管、汽管、纺机、空调、热水器等狭小空间工业设备测温和控制。汽车空调、冰箱、冷柜、饮水机、咖啡机、烘干机以及中低温干燥箱、恒温箱等场合也经常采用。Inthebearing,cylinder,oilpipe,steampipe,spinningmachine,airconditioning,waterheaterandothersmallspaceindustrialequipmenttemperaturecontrol.Automobileairconditioning,refrigerator,freezer,waterdispenser,coffeemachine,dryerandlowtemperaturedryingbox,thermostatandotheroccasionsareoftenused.金属热电阻的连接法

Connectionmethodofmetalthermalresistance用热电阻传感器进行测温时，

Whenmeasuringtemperaturewithathermalresistancesensor,热电阻与检测仪表相隔一段距离，因为热电阻的引线对测量结果有较大的影响，所以测量电路经常采用电桥电路。Thethermalresistanceandthedetectioninstrumentareseparatedbyadistance,becausetheleadofthethermalresistancehasagreaterimpactonthemeasurementresult,sothemeasurementcircuitoftenusesthebridgecircuit.可采用三线或四线电桥连接法。

Threeorfourwirebridgeconnectionmethodcanbeused.说明

explain金属热电阻三线制

three-wiresystem

图6—8热电阻的三线制接法原理图Figure6-8Schematicdiagramofthree-wireconnectionofthermalresistance用于工业测量，一般精度Forindustrialmeasurement,generalaccuracy说明

explain金属热电阻四线制

four-wiresystem回路中要采用线性好的恒流源，依靠电路结构可以完全消除测量误差,比三线制精度更高,可用于计量和化工科研单位,可以作为温场记录等。Thecircuitshoulduseagoodlinearconstantcurrentsource,relyingonthecircuitstructurecancompletelyeliminatethemeasurementerror,higherprecisionthanthethree-wiresystem,canbeusedformeasurementandchemicalresearchunits,canbeusedastemperaturefieldrecords.实验室用，高精度测量Highprecisionmeasurementforlaboratoryuse图6-9热电阻的四线制接法原理图Figure6-9Schematicdiagramofthefour-wireconnectionofthethermalresistor右图是一个热电阻流量计的原理图。两个铂电阻探头Rt1、Rt2

，Rt1放在管道中央，它的散热情况受介质流速的影响。Rt2放在温度与流体相同，但不受介质流速影响的小室中。Thediagramontherightisaschematicdiagramofathermalresistanceflowmeter.TwoplatinumresistanceprobesRt1,Rt2,Rt1inthemiddleofthepipeline,itsheatdissipationisaffectedbytheflowrateofthemedium.Rt2isplacedinachamberthathasthesametemperatureasthefluidbutisnotaffectedbytheflowrateofthemedium.当介质处于静止状态时电桥处于平衡状态，流量计没有指示。WhenthemediumisatrestThebridgeisinequilibriumandtheflowmeterisnotindicating.当介质流动时由于介质流动带走热量，温度的变化引起阻值变化，电桥失去平衡而有输出，电流计的指示直接反映了流量的大小。WhenthemediumflowsBecausethemediumflowtakesawaytheheat,thechangeoftemperaturecausestheresistancevaluetochange,thebridgeisoutofbalanceandhastheoutput,theammeterindicationdirectlyreflectsthesizeoftheflow金属热电阻金属热电阻的应用电路Applicationcircuitofmetalthermalresistance04热电阻式流量计

Thermalresistanceflowmeter（1）热敏电阻thermistorPart

03车辆检测技术Vehicledetectiontechnology等特点得到广泛地应用。

Thesecharacteristicshavebeenwidelyused热敏电阻因其电阻温度系数大，灵敏度高；热惯性小，反应速度快；体积小，结构简单；使用方便，寿命长，易于实现远距离测量Thermistorhashighsensitivitybecauseofitslargeresistancetemperaturecoefficient.Thethermalinertiaissmall,thereactionspeedisfast;Smallsize,simplestructure;Easytouse,longlife,easytoachieveremotemeasurement热敏电阻是一种利用半导体制成的敏感元件，其特点是电阻率随温度而显著变化。Athermistorisasensitiveelementmadeofsemiconductors,whichischaracterizedbyasignificantchangeinresistivitywithtemperature.三、热敏电阻

thermistor认识热敏电阻Understandingthermistors01在温度变化相同时，热敏电阻的阻值变化约为铂热电阻的10倍，因此可以用它来测量0.01℃或更小的温度差异。Withthesametemperaturechange,theresistancevalueofathermistorchangesabout10timesasmuchasaplatinumthermistor,soitcanbeusedtomeasureatemperaturedifferenceof0.01°Corless.热敏电阻热敏电阻(珠形）高精度负温度系数热敏电阻（Bead)Highprecisionnegativetemperaturecoefficientthermistor热敏电阻MF55薄膜型热敏电阻MF73大功率型热敏电阻

WMZ71/72/73消磁型PTC热敏电阻测温型正温系数WMZ58热敏电阻器玻璃封装MF55thinfilmthermistorMF73HighpowerthermistorWMZ71/72/73DegaussingtypePTCthermistor热敏电阻热敏电阻的电阻－温度特性Resistance-temperaturecharacteristicsofthermistors02NTCPTCCTR负温度系数热敏电阻，温度越高，阻值越小，且有明显的非线性。最常见的是由金属氧化物组成的，如锰，钴，铁，镍，铜等多种氧化物混合烧结而成。NTC热敏电阻具有很高的负电阻温度系数，特别适用于：－100～＋300℃之间测温。广泛应用于需要定点测温的自动控制电路中，如冰箱，空调等。Negativetemperaturecoefficientthermistor,thehigherthetemperature,thesmallertheresistancevalue,andthereisanobviousnonlinear.Themostcommoniscomposedofmetaloxides,suchasmanganese,cobalt,iron,nickel,copperandotheroxidesmixedandsintered.NTCthermistorshaveahighnegativeresistancetemperaturecoefficientandareespeciallysuitablefortemperaturemeasurementbetween-100and+300°C.Itiswidelyusedinautomaticcontrolcircuitsthatrequirefixedpointtemperaturemeasurement,suchasrefrigerators,airconditioners,etc.正温度系数，BaTiO3（钛酸钡）系列材料制成热敏电阻的阻值随温度升高而增大，且有斜率最大的区域，当温度超过某一数值时，其电阻值朝正的方向快速变化。其用途主要是彩电消磁、各种电器设备的过热保护等。Positivetemperaturecoefficient:TheresistancevalueofthethermistormadeofBaTiO3(bariumtitanate)seriesmaterialsincreaseswiththeincreaseoftemperature,andthereisaregionwiththelargestslope.Whenthetemperatureexceedsacertainvalue,theresistancevaluechangesrapidlyinthepositivedirection.ItsmainuseiscolorTVdegaussing,variouselectricalequipmentoverheatingprotection也具有负温度系数，VO3（氧化钒）系列材料制作，但在某个温度范围内电阻值急剧下降，曲线斜率在此区段特别陡，灵敏度极高。主要用作温度开关。Italsohasanegativetemperaturecoefficient,madeofVO3(vanadiumoxide)seriesmaterials,buttheresistancevaluedropssharplyinacertaintemperaturerange,theslopeofthecurveisparticularlysteepinthissection,andthesensitivityisextremelyhigh.Mainlyusedasatemperatureswitch各种热敏电阻的阻值在常温下很大，不必采用三线制或四线制接法，给使用带来方便。Theresistancevalueofvariousthermistorsisverylargeatroomtemperature,anditisnotnecessarytousethree-wireorfour-wireconnectionmethod,whichbringsconveniencetouse热敏电阻热敏电阻的电阻－温度特性曲线Resistance-temperaturecharacteristicofathermistor热敏电阻热敏电阻的应用Theapplicationofthermistors03温度控制

temperaturecontrol（1）PTC温控PTC热敏电阻利用PTC热敏电阻器在居里温度以上电阻值陡然升高的特性，当环境温度异常升高时，装有PTC热敏电阻器的保护线路通过阻值的改变而接通或断开回路，达到温度控制的目的。TemperaturecontrolPTCthermistorusesthecharacteristicthattheresistancevalueofPTCthermistorrisesabruptlyabovetheCurietemperature.Whentheambienttemperaturerisesabnormally,theprotectionlineequippedwithPTCthermistorisswitchedonoroffbychangingtheresistancevaluetoachievethepurposeoftemperaturecontrolWMZ6

过热保护型热敏电阻

热敏电阻热敏电阻用于CPU的温度测量ThethermistorisusedtomeasurethetemperatureoftheCPU热敏电阻热敏电阻用于电热水器的温度控制Thermistorsareusedfortemperaturecontrolofelectricwaterheaters热敏电阻热敏电阻体温表

Thermistorthermometer（2）电子体温计electronicthermometer热敏电阻电动机过载或缺相保护

Motoroverloadorphaselossprotection（3）RtaRtbRtc热敏电阻(NTC)，安装在三相绕组附近Thermistor(NTC),installednearthethree-phasewinding温度低时Atlowtemperature电阻高三极管不导通继电器不吸合电机运行Highresistancetriodenoonrelaydoesnotdrawmotoroperation温度高时Athightemperature电阻低三极管导通继电器吸合电机停止Lowresistancetriodeon-relaydrawsmotortostop红外线传感器infraredsensorPart

04车辆检测技术Vehicledetectiontechnology四、红外线传感器

infraredsensor红外线温度传感器是利用红外线的物理性质来进行无接触测温的传感器，它是一种将红外辐射转换成电量变化的装置。Infraredtemperaturesensorisasensorthatusesthephysicalpropertiesofinfraredtomeasuretemperaturewithoutcontact,anditisadevicethatconvertsinfraredradiationintoelectricitychange.任何物质的温度只要高于绝对零度，都能辐射红外线，物体的温度越高，辐射功率就越大。Aslongasthetemperatureofanysubstanceisaboveabsolutezero,itcanradiateinfraredrays,andthehigh