考研英语语法

考研英语语法

'非限定动词(3)、

动词最重要

1I简洁句f种基本句型)》

限定动词=>并列句I名词性从句(4)

长难句分析

V复合句］定语从句(5)

状语从句(6))

时态(1)被动(2)

It(7)：做先行代词的用法

在强调结构中的用法

倒装(8)：if在虚拟结构中的条件从句

Only或否定词提前

As或however在前的让步状语从句

比较级句子：跟句子、短语等

(9)在句中的意义：解释说明和插入(不影响句子本身结构)

带“的形容词(10)

五种基本句型：

最基本的，有助于分析句子结构，理解长难句。

1、动词时态：

在英语中，不同时间一不同方式发生的动作或存在的状态要用不同的动词形式来表示。在时间上分为四大类--

现在时、过去时、将来时和过去将来时；在行为上又分为四种一一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。

考研中常用到的有肯定难度的：过去进行时、过去将来时(would表过去习惯动作)、现在完成时

、现在完成进行时等。

现在完成时(表示动作或状况发生在现在以前的某个未经明确指出的过去时间内，目前已经完成或结束，给现

在造成了影响；或者这个动作至今还未完成，可能连续下去也可能停止)

Hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongand

intentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.(08)

现在完成进行时(表示由过去某时开头或发生至今仍将连续进行或刚刚结束的动作；重复发生的动作)

Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsiderinq,amore

formalkindofeducation.(09)

2、被动语态：

当主语是动作的承受者时，动词要用被动语态，只有及物动词才有被动语态；

由助动词be加动词的过去分词构成，它的时态由be动词的变化体现。

考研中常用的被动语态与时态的结合：一般现在时、现在完成时、一般过去时

一般现在时：

Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlyway

tosolveourproblems.(02)

一般过去时：

Theoilpricewas球venanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.(02)

现在完成时：

Traditionally,legallearninghasbionviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthana

necessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.(07)

3、非限定动词

(不能单独做谓语，没有性数变化，不包括在句子的主干中)

包括动词不定式、分词(-ed-ing)^动名词

1、动词不定式:

由(not)+to+动词原形构成，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语或状语

做主语和宾语：

TotakethisaimroachtotheNewEnqlandcrsnormallymeantostartwiththePuritans'theologicalinnovations

andtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.(09)

做表语：

ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoften

astheyusedtobe.(07)

做宾补：

IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwould

findthisstrangephenomenontobeevermoreDrenoueced.(07)

做状语：

Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonial

prejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.(01)

2、分词：

它兼有动词、形容词、和副词的特征；有两种形式，-ed被动完成，-ing主动进行；在句中担当定语、表语、

宾语补足语和状语等。

现在分词和过去分词的区分：

amovingfilmfsurprisingfTheplaywasboring.

{amovedaudience[surprised[IleftbecauseIwasbored.

做定语：

Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.(08)

Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd.(09)

Specialisationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.

(01)

做状语：(-ing与主句主语是主动关系；-ed与主句主语被动关系)

Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsnnautspilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortuf

familiarroutine.(09)

Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.(03)

状语(while或when)

whileexamininghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexican

workersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthe

buildingindustryJsworko(09)

独立结构：

Notlongago,withthecountryenterincarecessinTandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak.TheU.S.workforcewas

deridedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.(09)

3、动名词：兼出名词和动词的特征，可在句中做主语、表语、宾语等

Findinipromisingoueningscanbetime-consumingandinefficient.(04)

4、名词性从句：

在句中起名次作用的从句，包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。

(连接词that,whether...or,if在从句中不做任何成分

Who,whom,whose,which,what,whatever,whoever在句中充当语法成分

When,where,why,how在从句中做状语成分)

主语从句：

Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.(06)

表语从句：

Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,

feelin*traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.(02)

宾语从句：

NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctors.(02)

Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyedcoatianisn'tdevelopinumorequicklythere

thanitis.(09)

同位语从句：

Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofour

imconsciousdesiresandfears.(05)

5、定语从句：

在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句。先行词和关系词。关系词既起着联系从句

和主句的作用，又代替先行词在从句中担当有语法成分。(that,which,who,whom,whose;when,where,why)

关系代词：

It'saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthem

whenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.(04)(作主语)

Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfosiegthepublicand

therebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.(03)

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe'reunaware.(09)(力口介词)

Thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid・'90$equivalentofdropcingout.(01)

HereisanexamDle,whichIheardatanurses'convention,ofastory,whichworkswellbecausetheaudienceall

sharedthesameviewofdoctors.(02)(非限制性)

关系副词：

Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwhereloeicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak。(05)

6、状语从句：

在复合句中做状语的从句，有连接词。分为时间、地点、缘由、条件、让步、目的、结果、方式和比较

时间(whenwhileas;whenevereverytime;tilluntil;beforeafter;assoonasoncetheminute;nosooner...than

hardly...when主句部分倒装)

Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.(06)

Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility.(04)

AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccesso(01)

Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonly

waytosolveourproblems.(02)

让步状语：(although,though,eventhough；as从句半倒装)

AlthouchasearchaeentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.(04)

结果状语：

ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeand

SoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.(04)

方式状语：

Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,astheDCDPIKSwhospokethemdiedout

orbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.(04)

比较状语：

Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,filingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,either.(04)

Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselective

roleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognized

andstudied.(02)

Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonan

understandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.(07)

ThissuccessledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismureofacsjnitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.

(07)

条件状语：

Ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbill

inricheconomiesbyonly0.25%-0.5%ofGDP.

7^It:

先行代词，引导后面的短语或从句。当主语是动词不定式、动名词、主语从句时，往往把主语放在谓语动词之

后，将it放在句首。

Itseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.(09)

ItneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrcnd・(01)

强调句：当我们要强调句子的某一部分(一般是主语、宾语、状语)时，通常用“13$+被强调部分+山讥3|10)+

句子的其余部分”这种句子结构。

Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchildren.(09)

8、倒装：

if在虚拟结构中的条件从句

Only或否定词提前

As或however在前的让步状语从句

Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.(09)

Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses'convention,ofastory,whichworkswellbecausetheaudienceall

sharedthesameviewofdoctors.(02)

PerhapsnevnabeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.

(05)

9、“…”的用法：

插入解释说明：

Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanaiTowconcept-whatyouthinkyouwanttodo-thenbroadenit.

(04)

解释说明：

Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandablewaY-inhumanterms,not

inthelanquaweofmolecularbiolowy.(03)

10、合成形容词:

physician-assistedsuicideanti-intellectualismoff-the-cuffremarksopen-sourceintelligence

energy-servicesfirmback-and-forthingbelt-tightening

As

Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedout

orbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.(04)

Tylordefinedcultureas"...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyother

capabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.''(03)(regard...as)

Asaphysician,Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.(03)

Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneras

possiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.(06)

I句子成分

句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有肯定的组合关系，依据不同的关系，可以把句子分为不

同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）s表

语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语（adverbial）。

II基本句型

基本句型一:SV（主+谓）

基本句型二:SVP(主+谓+表)

基本句型三:SV0(主+谓+宾)

基本句型四:SV0O（主+谓+间宾+直宾）

基本句型五:sV0C（主+谓+宾+宾补）

1基本句型一sX（主+谓）

此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以

跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等

2基本句型-SVP（主+谓+表）

此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达•个完整的意思，必需加上一个表明主语身份或状

态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。be,look,keep,seem,get,grow,

become,turn等

ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.这是本英汉辞典。

Thedinnersmellsgood.午餐的气味很好。

Everythinglooksdifferent,一切看来都不同了。

Heisgrowingtallandstrong.他长得又高又壮。

Ourwellhasgonedry.我们的井干枯了。

Hisfaceturnedred.他的脸红了。

3基本句型三SV0（主+谓+宾）

此句型句子的共同特点是：