考研英语翻译-(二)

考研英语翻译-（二）

（总分：500.00,做题时间：90分钟）

一、{{B}}SectionIUseofEnglish{{/B}}（总题数：5,分数：500.00）

Muchhasbeenmadeofthe400thanniversarythisyearofGalileopointing

atelescopeatthemoonandjottingdownwhathesaw.But2009isalso

the400thanniversaryofthepublicationbyJohannesKepler,aGerman

mathematicianandastronomer,of^AstronomiaNovaz，.{{U}}{{U}}1{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}Thiswasabookthatcontainedanaccountofhisdiscoveryof

howtheplanetsmovearoundthesun,correctingCopernicus，sownmore

famousbutincorrectlyformulateddescriptionofthesolarsystem.{{/U}}

AnditestablishedthelawsforplanetarymotiononwhichIsaacNewton

basedhiswork.

FourcenturiesagothereceivedwisdomwasthatofAristotle,whoasserted

thattheEarthwasthecentreoftheuniverse,andthatitwasencircled

bythespheresofthemoon,thesun,theplanetsandthestarsbeyondthem.

Copernicushadnoticedinconsistenciesinthistheoryandhadplacedthe

sanatthecentre,withtheEarthandtheotherplanetstravellingaround

thesun.

{{U}}{{U}}2{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}SomesixdecadeslaterwhenKeplertackled

themotionofMars,heproposedanumberofgeometricmodels,checking

hisresultsagainstthepositionoftheplanetasrecordedbyhis

boss{{/U}}.Keplerrepeatedlyfoundthathismodelfailedtopredictthe

correctpositionoftheplanet.Healtereditand,insodoing,created

firstegg-shaped〃orbits"and,finally,anellipse（椭圆）withthesun

placedatonefocus.{{U}}{{U}}3{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Keplerwentonto

showthatanellipticalorbitissufficienttoexplainthemovementof

theotherplanetsandtodevisethelawsofplanetary,motionthatNewton

builton.{{/U}}

A.E.L.Davisthisweektoldastronomersandhistoriansthatitwasthe

rotationofthesunthatprovideKeplerwithwhathethoughtwasoneof

thecausesoftheplanetarymotionthathislawsdescribed,althoughhis

reasoningwouldtodaybeconsideredentirelywrong.

{{U}}{{U}}4{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}In1609astronomyandastrologywereseen

asintimatelyrelated;mathematicsandnaturalphilosophy,meanwhile,

werequiteseparateareasofendeavor;however,Keplersoughtphysical

mechanismstoexplainhismathematicalresult.{{/U}}Hewantedtoknow

howitcouldbethattheplanetsorbitedthesun.{{U}}{{U}}5{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}Oncehelearnedthatthesunrotated,hecomfortedhimselfwith

thethoughtthatthesun'sraysmustsomehowsweeptheplanetsaroundit

whilesomemagnetismaccountedfortheexactellipticalpath.{{/U}}As

today，sastronomersstruggletodeterminewhethertheycanlearnfromthe

past,Kepler，staleprovidesasalutaryreminderthatonlysome

explanationsstandthetestoftime.（分数：100.00）

正确答案：（这部著作论述了他发现的行星围绕太阳运行的规律，从而修正了哥白尼给太阳系作的错误描述,

尽管哥白尼的论述更加广为人知。）

解析：

正确答案：（大约60年后，开普勒为研究火星运行轨迹假设了大量的几何模型，但是根据这些模型预测出

的结果和他上司记录的火星位置不一致。）

解析：

正确答案：（接着，开普勒又证明椭圆轨道模型同样适用于解释其他行星的运行轨迹，并且依此模型足以归

纳出行星运行定律，而这些定律日后成为了牛顿的理论基础。）

解析：

正确答案：（1609年，天文学和星象学被视为联系紧密的两个学科，而数学和物理学则是完全独立的两个

研究领域，但开普勒却试图以物理机制来验证数学结果。）

解析：

正确答案：（当他得知太阳存在自转现象时，他就自欺欺人地认为太阳的光线无论如何一定会照射到周围的

行星，而某种磁力使得这些行星沿着规则的椭圆轨道运行。）

解析：

Themiddleclasseshavealwaysbeenthedefensewallofsociety.{{U}}

{{U}}6{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Aristotlebelievedtheyweredemocracy'ssecret

weapon-theprotectorsofsocialvalues,themoderatorsofpolitical

extremism,andbelieversinasocietyrunbylawsinsteadofby

strongmen.{{/U}}Theyhavealsobeentheenginesofeconomicgrowth,

settingthestagecenturiesagofortheexpansionofcapitalismandglobal

trade,andcontinuingthroughtheagestosnapupeverynewgadgetinsight.

{{U}}{{U}}7{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Now,withtheWesternmiddleclasses

sinkingintodebtanddistress,manyeconomistslooktoanew

emerging-marketmiddleclassasthepotentialfoundationforanewage

ofglobalsafetyandprosperity.{{/U}}Aslargedevelopingnationsbecame

moreprosperous,itwasalwaysassumedthattheywouldbecomemorelike

thesuburbsofWashingtonorLondon-liberal,democratic,market-friendly

bastionsnotonlyofWestern-styleconsumerismbutalsoofpolitical

liberty.Withtimeandwealth,"they"wouldbecomejustlike〃us・〃

Thetruthisthat〃they〃arenotbecomingjustlike〃us.〃{{U}}{{U}}8

{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Theglobalmiddleclassisrisingfasterthanexpected,

innumbersandinwealth,butconvergingincomesarenotyieldingshared

values{{/U}}.Theemergingbourgeoisieisapatchworkofcontradictions:

clamorousbutrarelyconfrontationalpolitically,supportersof

globalizationyethighlynationalistic,proudoftheirnations，upward

mobilityyetinsecureandfearfultheywillfallback,fiercely

individualisticbutreliantongovernmentsubsidies,andoftensocially

conservative.Manyoftheaspiringeliteseemwillingtoletthepowers

thatbe-whetherauthoritariangovernmentsorelectedones-calltheshots

aslongastheydeliverthespoilsofgrowth.

It'salsoworthrememberingthatthenewmiddleclassesare

psychologicallydrivenbyanoddmixofprideandinsecurity.{{U}}{{U}}

9{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Closeto30percentofBraziFsnewmiddleclassowes

itslivelihoodtotheinformalmarket,whereincomeisirregular,safety

netsarenonexistent,andopportunityforentrepreneurshipis

limited{{/U}}.Manyhaveborrowedtheirwaytohigherlivingstandards,

onereasonperhapsthat53percentsaytheyliveinfearofunemployment,

lossofincome,orevenbankruptcy.Theyhavebenefitedfromtheexplosion

ofprivateschoolsbuthaveseentheoverallqualityofeducationplummet,

erodingoneoftheclassicmiddle-classpathstosocialmobility.{{U}}

{{U}}10{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Indeed,somedevelopmenteconomistsarguethat

thepoorwillbeagreaterforceforsocialchange,buttheirabilityto

becomeaforceforbettergovernment,greaterfreedoms,lesscorruption,

andmoreeconomiclibertyismuchlesscertain.{{/U}}“They"haveavery

longwaytogobeforebecoming〃us.〃（分数：IOO.oo）

正确答案：（亚里士多德认为中产阶级是民主政治的秘密武器一一他们保护社会价值，调和政治极端主义，

并且相信社会是由法律而非一两个强权者主导。）

解析：

正确答案：（现在，西方许多中产阶级深陷债务和苦恼之中，因此，很多经济学家都在指望新兴市场上的中

产阶级，将他们看做是全球安全繁荣新时代下的潜在基石。）

解析：

正确答案：（全球中产阶级兴起的速度，不论是从数量上看还是从财富上看，都要比想象中快得多。然而,

聚集在中产阶级身上的那些财富并没有相应带来统一的价值观。）

解析：

正确答案：（巴西有将近30%的新兴中产阶级还靠着非正式市场谋生，那里收入不稳定，没有安全网络，创

业机会也十分有限。）

解析：

正确答案：（的确，有些发展经济学家争论说，贫困阶级将是社会变革更大的推动力，但是他们是否能推动

建立一个更好的政府、实现更大程度的自由、减少腐败滋生、最终达到经济自由，这就未可知了。）

解析：

LeeKuanYew（李光耀）embodiesauniquelyAsianapproachtogovernance

thathasoftenbeenatoddswiththeWesterndemocraticprinciples.{{U}}

{{U}}11{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Fordecades,hehasspokeninfavorof"Asian

values”,apoliticalphilosophythatmightbelooselysummedupasrespect

forauthorityandorder,whileputtingthegoodofsocietyabovethatof

theindividual.{{/U}}Hiscriticismshavefocusedontheexcessesof

democracy,particularlyfreedomofspeech,andtheimpacttheyhaveon

thesearchforeconomicgrowth.

{{U}}{{U}}12{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Inthepast,Leehasnotbeenshyabout

singlingoutthosenationsinwhichanexcessofdemocracy，smessiness

hastemperedsteadyeconomicprogressandthebettermentofthelife

chancesofordinaryfolk.{{/U}}Butthestrengthofhisargumentdoesnot

restonlyonothernations，failures.Forasanyvisitorcanattest,the

scaleofwhatLeeandhiscolleagueshaveachievedbyapplyinghis

principlesissimplyastonishing.

Itisanalmostmiraculousachievement,andoneinwhichLeeandhis

colleaguestakejustifiablepride.Itis,moreover,somethingthathas

beenmuchadmired,tothepointofimitation,aroundtheregion.{{U}}

{{U}}13{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}AsianleaderslikeMalaysia，sPrimeMinister

MahathirandIndonesia，sPresidentSuhartomayrarelyhavechosentoadmit

it,buttheir"economyfirst"strategyowesmuchtotheintelligenceof

thisCambridge-educatedlawyer{{/U}}.AboveallChina，sleadershavefor

threedecadescometoSingaporetolisten,tolearn,andtoadmire.

YetforallSingapore，ssuccess,thereremainsafeelingthatithascome

ataprice.Lee'smethodshavefoundplentyofcriticsathomeandabroad.

{{U}}{{U}}14{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}OrdinarySingaporeanswhenquestioned

aboutticsofLeeandhisfamily,withoutquiteknowingit,theyoften

instinctivelylowertheirvoicesandglanceovertheirshoulders.{{/U}}

“Peoplearestilltoofrightenedtotalkaboutthetaboosubjects,wrote

CatherineLim.Therearefewvoicespreparedtospeakoutinfavorofwider

democraticdebate.

{{U}}{{U}}15{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Forhispart,LeeKuanYewacknowledges

thatthereisaneedtomakeSingaporeanslessdependentonthegovernment

andtoencouragemoreopendebate{{/U}}.HeinsiststhattherulingParty

canabsorbandbenefitfromdissentingvoices.Butheisdeterminedthat

Singaporeansarenotyetreadyforthevociferousfreemarketofideas

thattypifies,forexample,politicsintheU.S.〃Iseethemarketplace

ofideas,asinthePhilippines,andIseechaos,〃hesays,whileadding:

''Gradually,wewillloosenup.〃（分数：100.00）

正确答案：（几十年来，他始终提倡“亚洲价值观”，这一政治哲学思想大致可概括为尊重权力和秩序，同

时强调社会利益高于个人利益。）

解析：

正确答案：（过去，李光耀总是毫不顾忌地指出哪些国家因民主造成了过度混乱的局面，因此阻碍了经济的

稳步发展以及老百姓生活的改善。）

解析：

正确答案：（一些亚洲国家领导人，如马来西亚总理马哈蒂尔、印度尼西亚总统苏哈托可能不愿承认这一点,

但他们推行的“以经济建设为中心”的策略很大程度上都是受到这位剑桥毕业的律师的启发。）

解析：

正确答案：（普通的新加坡公民•旦被问及李光耀的执政情况和他的家庭时，通常不自觉地压低了声音，回

头张望，尽管他们知道的并不多。）

解析：

正确答案：（在李光耀看来，减少公民对政府的依赖，鼓励更多的公开言论是有必要的。）

解析：

Likeotherformsoflifeonthisplanet,humanbeingsconfrontabasic

task:todealsatisfactorilywiththeirconflictsandtherebysecurethe

advantagesofcommunityandcooperation.{{U}}{{U}}16{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}Uniikeotherformsoflife,humanbeingsareendowedwitha

capacitytoreflectonthistaskandtosearchforbettersolutionsby

consciousthoughtanddeliberatechoices.{{/U}}

Thetaskofovercomingconflictsandachievingcommunityandcooperation

arisesbecausehumanbeingsareunableandunwillingtoliveincomplete

isolation.{{U}}{{U}}17{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Theadvantagesofcooperation

andcommunitylifearesonumerousandsoobviousthattheymusthavebeen

evidenttomanfromearliesttimes.{{/U}}Bynow,ourancestorshave

closedoffthechoice;formostofustheoptionoftotalisolationfrom

acommunityis,realisticallyspeaking,nolongeropen.

{{U}}{{U}}18{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Nonetheless,howeverstrongly_human

beingsaredriventoseekthecompanyofoneanother,anddespitethousands

ofyears'practicetheyhaveneverdiscoveredawayinwhichtheycanlive

togetherwithoutconflict{{/U}}.Conflictexistswhenoneindividual

wishestofollowalineofactionthatwouldmakeitdifficultor

impossibleforsomeoneelsetopursuehisowndesires.Conflictseemsto

beaninescapableaspectofthecommunityandconsequentlyofhumanbeing.

Whyconflictseemsinescapableisaquestionthathastroubledmanypeople:

philosophers,theologians,historians,socialscientists,anddoubtless

agreatmanyordinarypeople.JamesMadisonheldthatconflictwasbuilt

intotheverynatureofmenandwomen.Humanbeingshavediverseabilities,

hewroteinTheFederalist,andtheseinturnproducediverseinterests.

{{U}}{{U}}19{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}“Aslongasmanhasirrationalideas,

andheisatlibertytoexerciseit,〃Madisonwrote,“differentopinions

willbeformed.z/{{/U}}

Whatevertheexplanationforconflictmaybe,andMadison'sisbutone

ofmany,itsexperienceisoneoftheprimefactsofallcommunityoflife.

Yetifthisweretheonlyfact,thenhumanlifewouldfitthedescription

bytheEnglishpoliticalphilosopher,ThomasHobbes,inhisLeviathan

（1651）.Hobbesdescribesmankindinastateofnature-aconditionwithout

government-havinglittleinthewayofagriculture,industry,trade,

knowledge,arts,lettersorsociety.{{U}}{{U}}20{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}“Andwhichisworstofall,〃heconcludedinafamoussentence,

toexistwithoutgovernmentwouldmean"continualfear,anddangerof

violentdeathandthelifeofman,solitary,poor,nastyandshort.z，{{/U}}

（分数：100.00）

正确答案：（不同于其他生物的是，面对这一难题，人类生来就能认真思考，慎重选择，寻找更好的解决办

法。）

解析：

正确答案：（人类在远占时期一定已经明白，合作和社群生活有诸多明显的优势。）

解析：

正确答案：（然而，尽管人类强烈需要结伴生活，也经历了几千年的磨合，但人类还是没有找到能和睦共处

的方法。）

解析：

正确答案：（“只要人类一直存在不理性的想法，并能随意付诸实施，”麦迪逊写道，“意见分歧就会形

成。”）

解析：

正确答案：（“最糟糕的是，”他以一句名言做了总结，无政府的人类存在就意味着“持续的恐慌、暴毙的

危险，以及孤独、穷困、肮脏而短暂的人生”。）

解析：

Environmenta1istsclaimthemoralhighground:theirinterestsarein

preservingourpreciousplanet,protectingdefenselessanimals,ensuring

ourchildrenhavecleanwatertodrinkandairtobreathe.Yet

environmentalists*policieshavebeenamuchmoremixedbagintermsof

theiractualconsequences.{{U}}{{U}}21{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Indisputably,

manyregulationsandinitiativeshavereducedpollutionandimprovedair

andwaterquality,tothebenefitofeveryone,butotherenvironmental

effortshavebackfired,somewithtrulydisastrousconsequences.{{/U}}

Considerwhat'shappenedwithDDT(achemicalusedtokillinsectsthat

harmcrops).ThepesticidecameintouseduringWorldWarIIandhelped

eliminatemalaria.Howeverin1962,anenvironmentalistwrotethatthe

chemicalwascausingcanceranddestroyingwildlife.In1972,DDTwas

bannedintheU.S.andultimatelyworldwide.Asaresultoftheban,

malariaremainedaplagueinmanypoorcountries.{{U}}{{U}}22{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}SoduringthedecadesinwhichDDTwasnotused,whentheworld

bowedtoundoubtedlywell-intentionedenvironmentalactivists,about50

millionpeople-overwhelminglyAfricanchildren-died,mostly

unnecessarily.{{/U}}

Ethanolprovidesanotherexample.Foryears,biofuelswereheraldedas

thepromisingalternativetofossilfuels,yetitturnsoutbiofueTs

environmentalimpactismuchmorecomplicated.In2008,Timemagazine

wroteaboutethanol，sdubiousenvironmentalbenefits.{{U}}{{U}}23

{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Thearticlewarnedthatforests,wetlands,and

grasslandswerebeingsacrificedinarushtofarmcropsthatcouldbe

turnedintogasoline,sotheonceenvironmentallyfavoredsolutiontoour

energyproblemsisnowrecognizedasapotentialenvironmental

catastrophe{{/U}}.It'sworthnotingthat,beyondbiofueTs

environmentaleffects,usingfoodforfuelha