特种设备安全技术SafetyTechnologyofSpe

《特种设备安全技术》SafetyTechnologyofSpecialEquipment第一节

起重机械和塔式起重机安全技术

1.SafetyTechnologyofHoistingMachineryandTowerCrane一、起重机械安全技术1.

Safetytechnologyofhoistingmachinery

(1)起重机严禁超过本机额定起重量工作。如果用两台起重机同时起吊一件重物时，必须有专人统一指挥，两机的升降速度应保持相等，其重物的重量不得超过两机额定起重量总和的75%;绑扎吊索时要注意重量的分配、每机分担的重量不能超过额定起重量的80%。(1)Thecraneshallnotworkbeyondtheratedliftingcapacityofthemachine.Iftwocranesareusedtoliftaheavyobjectatthesametime,theremustbeaspeciallyassignedpersonforunifiedcommandtoensurethattheliftingspeedofthetwomachinesshallbekeptequalandtheweightoftheheavyobjectshallnotexceed75%ofthesumoftheratedliftingcapacityofthetwomachines.Payattentiontoweightdistributionwhenbindingslingsandtheweightsharedbyeachmachineshallnotexceed80%oftheratedliftingcapacity.

(2)在起重臂达到最大仰角和吊钩在最低位置时，卷筒上的钢丝绳应至少保留3圈以上。(2)Thesteelwireropeonthedrumshallbereservedforatleast3turnswhenthecraneboomreachesthemaximumelevationandthehookisinthelowestposition.第一节

起重机械和塔式起重机安全技术

1.SafetyTechnologyofCraneAndTowerCrane二、塔式起重机的安全装置2.Safetyequipmentoftowercrane

(1)力矩限制器-限制起重臂相应幅度起重量。(1)Torquelimiter-limittheliftingcapacityofthecorrespondingamplitudeofthecraneboom.

(2)重量限制器-限制最大起重量。

(2)Capacitylimiter-limitmaximumliftingcapacity.

(3)高度限制器-限制最大起升高度。

(3)Altitudelimiter-limitthemaximumliftingheight.

(4)变幅限制器-限制起重臂最大和最小幅度。(4)Luffinglimiter-limitmaximumandminimumamplitudeofcraneboom.

(5)回转限制器-防止塔机相同--个方向转动扭断电缆线。(5)Rotationallimiter-preventthetowercranefromrotatinginthesamedirectionandtwistingthecable.

(6)防脱绳装置-防止钢丝绳脱离工作位置。(6)Anti-droppingdeviceofrope-preventthewireropefromleavingtheworkingposition.

(7)小车防断绳装置-防止变幅绳断裂小车自由滑动。(7)Anti-rope-breakingdeviceoftrolley-preventtheluffingropefrombreakingandthetrolleyfromslidingfreely.

(8)小车防断轴装置-防止小车走轮断轴后坠落.(8)Anti-shaft-brokendeviceoftrolley-preventthetrolleyfromfallingaftertheaxleisbroken.

(9)各部位制动器-既是工作装置，又是安全装置。(9)Brakesofallparts-itisbothaworkingdeviceandasafetydevice.第一节

起重机械和塔式起重机安全技术

1.SafetyTechnologyofCraneAndTowerCrane

三、塔式起重机常见事故隐患3.Commonpotentialaccidentsofthetoweringcrane

1.违章操作造成的事故

1.AccidentsCausedbyIllegalOperation

(1)超负荷使用造成塔机事故。

(1)Towercraneaccidentscausedbyoverloaduse.

(2)违规安装、拆卸造成事故。(2)Accidentscausedbyillegalinstallationanddisassembly.

(3)基础不符合要求引发事故。

(3)Accidentscausedbydisqualifiedfoundation.

(4)塔机附着不当引发事故。(4)Accidentscausedbyimproperattachmentoftowercrane.

2.塔机疲劳和使用保养不当造成的事故

2.Accidentscausedbytowercranefatigueandimproperuseandmaintenance.

(1)钢结构疲劳造成关键部位母材产生裂纹或关键焊缝产生裂纹。

(1)Thefatigueofsteelstructurecausescracksinthekeypartsofbasematerialorcracksinkeywelds.

(2)连接螺栓疲劳、松动引发事故。(2)Accidentscausedbyfatigueandloosenessofconnectingbolts.第一节

起重机械和塔式起重机安全技术

1.SafetyTechnologyofHoistingMachineryAndTowerCrane四、塔式起重机基本安全要求

4.Basicsafetyrequirementsfortowercrane(1)起重机作业前，应检查轨道基础平直无沉陷，鱼尾板连接螺栓及道钉无松动，并应清除轨道上的障碍物，松开夹轨器并向上固定好。(1)Beforecraneoperation,thetrackfoundationshallbecheckedforstraightnessandnosubsidence,theconnectingboltsandspikesoffishplateshallnotloose,obstaclesonthetrackshallberemoved,andtherailclampshallbeloossenedandfixedupward.(2)提升重物做水平移动时，应高出其跨越的障碍物0.5m以上。(2)Whenliftingaheavyobjectforhorizontalmovement,itshallbemorethan0.5mhigherthantheobstacleitcrosses.(3)装有上、下两套操纵系统的起重机，不得上、下同时使用。(3)Cranesequippedwithupperandlowercontrolsystemsshallnotbeusedupanddownatthesametime.(4)作业中如遇6级及以上大风或阵风，应立即停止作业，锁紧夹轨器，将回转机构的制动器完全松开，起重臂应能随风转动。(4)Incaseofstrongwindorgustofforce6oraboveduringoperation,stoptheoperationimmediately,locktherailclamp,completelyreleasethebrakeoftheslewingmechanism,andthejibshallbeabletorotatewiththewind.(5)起重机作业时，起重臂和重物下方严禁有人停留、工作或通过。重物吊运时，严禁从人上方通过。严禁用起重机载运人。

(5)Duringcraneoperation,nooneisallowedtostay,workorpassunderthecraneboomandheavyobjects.Whenliftingheavyobjects,itisstrictlyprohibitedtopassoverpeople.Itisstrictlyprohibitedtocarrypeoplewithcranes.第二节

物料提升机、施工升降机安全技术

2.SafetyTechnologyofMaterialElevatorAndBuilder’sHoist

一、物料提升机的安装、使用及拆卸

1.Installation,useanddisassemblyofmaterialelevator1.安装

1.Installation

(1)提升机附墙装置的设置应符合设计要求，其间隔一般不宜大于9m，且在建筑物的顶层必须设置1组，附墙后立柱顶部的自由高度不宜大于6m。当提升机安装高度大于9m时，应及时加设一道附墙装置，并应随安装高度增加加设附墙装置，而在实际安装过程中经常是安装完后再加附墙装置，出现在安装过程中架体倒塌事故。另外，附墙装置与建筑结构的连接应采用刚性连接，并形成稳定结构，附墙架严禁连接在脚手架上。(1)Thesettingofthewallattachmentdeviceofthehoistshallmeetthedesignrequirements,theintervalshouldgenerallynotbegreaterthan9meters,andonegroupmustbesetonthetopfloorofthebuilding,andthefreeheightofthetopofthecolumnattachedtothewallshouldnotbegreaterthan6meters.Whentheinstallationheightofthehoistisgreaterthan9meters,awallattachmentdeviceshallbeaddedintime,andawallattachmentdeviceshallbeaddedwiththeincreaseoftheinstallationheight.Butintheactualinstallationprocess,thewallattachmentdeviceisoftenaddedaftertheinstallation,resultinginthecollapseoftheframeintheinstallationprocess.Inaddition,theconnectionbetweenthewallattachmentdeviceandthebuildingstructureshalladoptrigidconnectionandformastablestructure.Thewallattachmentframeshallnotbeconnectedtothescaffold.第二节

物料提升机、施工升降机安全技术

2.SafetyTechnologyofMaterialElevatorAndBuilder’sHoist

(2)提升机“四门”安装不全。物料提升机“四门”包括进料口防护门，卸料平台防护门和吊篮前门、后门，现在施工现场的物料提升机大多数只有吊篮前门，而缺少其他“三门”。为了使用安全，施工现场应保证“四门”齐全且正常使用。

(2)Incompleteinstallationof"fourdoors"ofthehoist.The"fourdoors"ofthematerialelevatorincludetheprotectivedoorofthefeedinlet,theprotectivedooroftheunloadingplatformandthefrontandreardoorsofthebasket.Atpresent,mostofthematerialhoistsontheconstructionsiteonlyhavethefrontdoorofthebasket,butlackother"threedoors".Inordertoensurethesafetyofusage,theconstructionsiteshallensurethatthe"fourdoors"arecompleteandinnormaluse.

(3)提升机在安装完毕后，必须经正式验收，符合要求后方可投人使用。同时，使用单位应对每台提升机建立设备技术档案备查，其内容应包括:验收、检修、试验及事故情况。

(3)Afterinstallation,thehoistmustacceptformalacceptanceandcanbeputintouseonlyaftermeetingtherequirements.Meanwhile,theusershallestablishequipmenttechnicalfilesforeachhoistforfuturereference,whichshallincludeacceptance,maintenance,testandaccidentconditions.第二节

物料提升机、施工升降机安全技术

2.SafetyTechnologyofMaterialElevatorAndBuilder’sHoist

2.拆卸2.Disassembly

井架式物料提升机的一般安装顺序:将底架按要求就位→将第一节标准节安装于标准节底架上→提升抱杆安装卷扬机→利用卷扬机和抱杆安装标准节→安装吊笼→穿绕起升钢丝绳→安装安全装置。物料提升机的拆卸按安装架设的反程序进行。

Generalinstallationsequenceofderrickmaterialhoist:Puttheunderframeinplaceasrequired→Installthefirststandardsectiononthestandardsectionunderframe→Hoistderrickinstallationwinch→Usethewinchandderrickforstandardsection

installation→Installthecage→Threadthehoistingwirerope→Installsafetydevices.Thedisassemblyofthematerialelevatorshallbecarriedoutaccordingtothereverseprocedureofinstallationanderection.第二节

物料提升机、施工升降机安全技术

2.SafetyTechnologyofMaterialElevatorAndBuilder’sHoist二、施工升降机的安全装置2.Safetydeviceofbuilder’shoist电缆保护架的安装间距不应大于6m。Theinstallationspacingofcableprotectionframeshallnotbegreaterthan6meters.三、施工升降机常见事故隐患3.Commonpotentialaccidentsofbuilder’shoist

(1)施工升降机装拆隐患。

(1)Hiddendangersofinstallationanddisassemblyofbuilder’shoist.

(2)施工升降机的司机未持证上岗。

(2)Thedriverofconstructionelevatordoesnotworkwithcertificate.

(3)不按设计要求及时配置配重。

(3)Thecounterweightisnotconfiguredintimeaccordingtothedesignrequirements.

(4)安全装置装设不当甚至不装。

(4)Improperinstallationorevennoninstallationofsafetydevices.

(5)楼层门设置不符要求。

(5)Thesettingofthefloordoordoesnotmeettherequirements.

(6)不按升降机额定荷载控制人员数量和物料重量。

(6)Thenumberofpersonnelandmaterialweightarenotcontrolledaccordingtotheratedloadoftheelevator.

(7)限速器未按规定进行每三个月一次的坠落试验。

(7)Thespeed-limitinggovernorfailstoconductthefallingtesteverythreemonthsasrequired.第二节

物料提升机、施工升降机安全技术

2.SafetyTechnologyofMaterialElevatorAndBuilder’sHoist

四、施工升降机的安装、使用及拆卸4.Installation,useanddisassemblyofbuilder’shoist

1.施工升降机的安装

1.Installationofbuilder’shoist

(1)安装单位的专业技术人员、专职安全生产管理人员应进行现场监督。

(1)Theprofessionaltechniciansandfull-timesafetyproductionmanagementpersonneloftheinstallationunitshallconducton-sitesupervision.

(2)当遇大雨、大雪、大雾或风速大于13m/s(6级风)等恶劣天气时，应停止安装作业。

(2)Incaseofsevereweathersuchasheavyrain,heavysnow,heavyfogorwindspeedgreaterthan13m/s(level6wind),theinstallationoperationshallbestopped.

(3)施工升降机金属结构和电气设备金属外壳均应接地，接地电阻不应大于40。(3)Themetalstructureofbuilder’shoistandthemetalshellofelectricalequipmentshallbegrounded,andthegroundingresistanceshallnotbegreaterthan40.第二节

物料提升机、施工升降机安全技术

2.SafetyTechnologyofMaterialElevatorandBuilder’sHoist

2.施工升降机的使用

2.Useofbuilder’shoist

(1)当电源电压值与施工升降机额定电压值的偏差超过士5%，或供电总功率小于施工升降机的规定值时，不得使用施工升降机。

(1)Whenthedeviationbetweenthepowersupplyvoltageandtheratedvoltageofthebuilder’shoistexceeds±5%,orthetotalpowersupplyislessthanthespecifiedvalueofthebuilder’shoist,thebuilder’shoistshallnotbeused.

(2)应在施工升降机作业范围内设置明显的安全警示标志，应在集中作业区做好安全防护。(2)Obvioussafetywarningsignsshallbesetwithintheoperationrangeofthebuilder’shoist,andsafetyprotectionshallbedoneinthecentralizedoperationarea.

(3)当建筑物超过2层时，施工升降机地面通道上方应搭设防护棚。当建筑物高度超过24m时，应设置双层防护棚。(3)Whenthebuildingexceeds2floors,aprotectiveshedshallbesetupabovethegroundpassageofthebuilder’shoist.Whentheheightofthebuildingexceeds24meters,adouble-layerprotectiveshedshallbeset.